1、：
(1)由名詞、代(人代用主)、動不式、動等充,說動是“誰”發(fā)的。如：The painter painted a very nice picture. (畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳聽為虛眼見為實). / Helping animals is to help people. (幫助動物就是幫助人類。)
(2)動不式或動做主時可it代,而不式或動移表或賓之。如：It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在長途旅行中能有個甲等座位簡直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多對你的身體不利。)
(3)口中常見主或“主--系”省：(It is) nothing. ((那)沒有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)沒有關系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)謝謝你。)
(4)反的附,主必是代：The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (這個人看上去很著急不是嗎？) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危險的動物不是嗎？)
(5)祈一省略主。加主時往用指某個。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子們請保持鍵盤的清潔。) (省略了主語) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去給我弄一杯水來。)
(6)主一在,但在問中會處第二位和句；倒及there be句主在動之。如：Computers are made in this factory. (計算機生產(chǎn)于這家工廠。) / Where are they? (他們在哪兒？) / Does the boy like staying home? (這個男孩喜歡呆在家里嗎？)
(7)主與謂必保單、復數(shù)的一, 而謂語與表或賓之間沒這一要。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都沒有通過考試。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中華民族是一個勤勞勇敢的民族。)
(8)主語可以由從句充當,詳見“
主語從句”。
2、謂：
(1)由“不及物動詞”、“及物動詞+賓語”或“系動詞+表語”等構(gòu)成,說明主語所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么樣”。如：
He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？) / The pizza has gone bad. (那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變壞。) /
(2)謂語動詞必須反映出人稱、單復數(shù)、時態(tài)等信息,謂語動詞往往由下列詞語依序排列構(gòu)成：［情態(tài)動詞］+［時態(tài)助動詞］+［語態(tài)助動詞］+［主要動詞］(不一定全部出現(xiàn))。(見
動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)構(gòu)成表) 記?。褐^語部分第一個動詞往往是變形動詞。如：
I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (對不起我發(fā)出了太大的聲音但是只能這樣。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (該采取措施防止
禽流感蔓延。)
(3)謂語動詞切忌用“行為動詞1 + 原形動詞”、“be + 原形動詞”。
記住使用下列正確形式：
①情態(tài)動詞+原形動詞。如：You’d better go over the lesson.（你最好復習這一課。）
②shall/ will/ would+原形動詞。如：They should have been there once.（他們應該去過那兒。）
③be+現(xiàn)在分詞或者過去分詞。如：What are you doing this evening?（今晚你打算做什么？）/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（自從20世紀70年代大批樹木被砍伐。）
④have+過去分詞。如：Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.（意思同上）
⑤一般時問句和否定句中：do/does/did+原形動詞。如：He does not enjoy himself very much.（他日子過的不好。）/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?（你們當中有誰見過恐龍蛋嗎？）
⑥行為動詞1+行為動詞2 (不定式、動名詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等形式)。如：He made up his mind to be a vet.（他拿定主意要做個獸醫(yī)。）/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.（自尊自愛是享受生活的根本。）/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”（他們叫醒家庭的其他成員,呼喊著：圣誕快樂?。? The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.（古代的埃及國王讓人給他們自己修建堅固的墳墓。）
(4)不可用形容詞、名詞、代詞、副詞、介詞短語等獨立作謂語,必須在此之前加連系動詞。
(5)謂語動詞單復數(shù)形式：單數(shù)形式的動詞有：is,was,has,does以及“動詞+s”；復數(shù)形式的動詞有：are,were,have以及動詞原形。其他動詞不分單、復數(shù)。
謂語部分第一個動詞的形式
單數(shù)形式
復數(shù)形式
一般現(xiàn)在時be(是)動詞；
現(xiàn)在某些時態(tài)和語態(tài)的助動詞be
am (單一); are (單二); is (單三);
are
一般過去時be(是)動詞；
過去某些時態(tài)和語態(tài)的助動詞be
was (單一); were (單二); was;(單三)
were
一般現(xiàn)在時have(有)動詞；
現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的助動詞have
have (單一); have (單二); has (單三);
have
一般現(xiàn)在時行為動詞和助動詞do
do (單一、單二); does (單三)
do
實意動詞和連系動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時動詞（否定和疑問句除外）
原形動詞(單一、單二); 動詞+s /es (單三)
原形動詞
其他各時態(tài)語態(tài)的謂語動詞
單復數(shù)形式相同
記?。褐髡Z、謂語單復數(shù)必須保持一致。（
4、名詞或代詞作主語時和謂語之間的單復數(shù)的一致問題：”） Air and water is necessary to us all.(空氣和水對于我們大家是必不可少的。)
(6)一般問句和反意問句的回答不使用行為動詞,應該使用“是”動詞、情態(tài)動詞、助動詞(be,will,have,do以及變形)。如：The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奧運會每兩年舉辦一次,是嗎？----是的。)
3、：
(1) 由名詞、代詞(人稱代詞要用賓格)、不定式、動名詞、(賓語)從句充當,表示動作的承受者是“誰”或者是“何物”。如： The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那個天使同樣來到約瑟夫面前并且告訴他同樣的事情。)(代詞和名詞充當兩個賓語) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告訴我說公司付不起他那么多的錢。)(不定式作賓語) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他們?nèi)绱讼矏劭醋闱蛞灾劣诔３Ｍ浟怂麄兊墓φn。)(動名詞作賓語) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我認為當個兒童醫(yī)生是很值得的。)(從句作賓語)
(2) 只有及物動詞或介詞才有賓語,不及物動詞沒有賓語,如果涉及到事物,則必須在不及物動詞后面加合適的介詞。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物動詞,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能聽到什么令人興奮的消息嗎？)
(3) 賓語一般放在及物動詞或介詞的后面,但是在疑問句中,如果賓語是疑問詞,則賓語要放在句首。介詞的賓語如果是疑問詞,則可以放在介詞后或句首。如：What did he see? (他看見了什么？) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么寫的信？) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么寫的信？)
(4)“動詞+副詞+賓語”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是代詞,則代詞必須放在“動”“副”之間。如：Please put the shoes away. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put away the shoes. (請把鞋子收起來。) / Please put them away. (請把它們收起來。)
(5) 動詞后面跟雙賓語時可以采用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：
①動詞+間接賓語(人)+直接賓語(物)。如：He often gives me some help. (他常常幫我。)
②動詞+直接賓語+介詞+間接賓語。注意,一般情況介詞用to,但動詞是make, buy, borrow時,介詞用for.如： Please make me a kite. (請給我做個風箏。)或Please make a kite for me.
(6) 在“動詞+賓語+賓補”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果賓語是不定式、動名詞、賓語從句,則常用it做形式賓語,而將實際的賓語移到補語后面去。如：I found the job rather difficult. (我發(fā)覺這個工作相當難做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.
(7) ,詳見
“賓語從句”。
4、表語：
(1) 說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、狀況等含義的成分,通常由形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、名詞、代詞等充當。如：He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中畢業(yè)他當上了醫(yī)生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡膠輪子在那邊。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何東西因為他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(誰呀？)
(2) 表語只能放在連系動詞(如：be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,對表語進行提問的句子除外。
(3) 代詞做表語一般用主格,口語中常用賓。如：It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。
(4) 只能作表語的形容詞有：sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很為他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(請不要發(fā)出響動,嬰兒正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是對獨坐孤舟無所事事感興趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才這樣想的。)
(5) 表語也可以由從句充當,詳見“
表語從句”。
5、定語：
(1) 修飾名詞或代詞的成分,常由形容詞、名詞(含所有格)、代詞(物主、指示、疑問、不定)、介詞短語、不定式(短語)充當,在初三階段還學習了定語從句做定語的知識。如：Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上層的抽屜里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法國和瑞士是歐洲國家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大學教師。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(這是我一輩子難忘的日子。)
(2) 單詞做定語時一般放在被修飾的名詞前面,而且有一定的次序：
冠詞/
物代
年齡/形狀/
大小/溫度
色彩
來源
質(zhì)地/
材料
目的/
用途
被修飾的名詞(中心詞)
a
the
my
his
…
old,young,…
red,
yellow,
blue,
…
Chinese,
English,
American,
…
wooden,
woolen,
glass,
silk,
paper
…
meeting,
tennis,
sports,
reading,
swimming,
…
box,
shoes,
room,
pig
…
long,short,
round, square…
big, large,
small, little…
hot, cold,
warm, cool…
(3) 時間副詞(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地點副詞(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定語時放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那兒。)
(4) 介詞短語修飾名詞時只能放在名詞的后面：The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (籠子里的猴子是昨天逮著的。)
(5) 形容詞修飾復合不定代詞時,往往后置。如：He remembered everything unusual. (他記得所有不尋常的事情。)
(6) 定語還可以用從句充當,詳見
定語從句。
(7) 注意：由于定語屬于修飾性的成分,因此它常歸入主語、賓語、表語之中,不作為句子的主要成分。
6、狀語：
(1) 說明動作“何時”、“何地”、“如何”發(fā)生,或者說明形容詞或副詞的程度,一般由副詞、介詞短語、不定式、狀語從句等充當。如：I was not born yesterday.（我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。）/ For many of these families a college education was something new.（對其中的許多家庭來說,大學教育是件新事物。）/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒來發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能離開)
(2) 副詞作狀語位置較為靈活,詳見《六·2》“
副詞在句子中的位置以及作用”；介詞短語作狀語,位置基本固定,詳見《七·4》“
介詞短語在句子中的位置”；不定式作狀語,一般表示目的、結(jié)果,詳見《八·7》“
動詞的非謂語形式”；從句作狀語,詳見《主從復合句》的“狀語從句”。
(3) 多個狀語相連時,一般先單詞、后短語,先地點、后時間,先小概念、后大概念。如：He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22點3刻從房間里出來,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /
(4) 狀語還可以用從句來充當,有時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、目的狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句等。詳見“
狀語從句”。
(5) 注意：由于狀語屬于修飾性的成分,常歸入謂語,因此不作為句子的主要成分。
7、賓語補足語：
(1) 補充說明賓語的動作、狀態(tài)的成分為賓語補足語,常由名詞、形容詞、動詞非謂語形式(不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞等)、介詞短語等充當。如：Call him Jim, please. (請叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭盡所能讓他開心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (請他明天來。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他讓小動物們給他帶食物來。)
(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副詞也可以作賓語補足語。如：Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你說,讓他進來！)/ Please put it away. (請把它收起來。)
(3) 不定式或分詞作賓語補足語的情況,詳見《八·7》“
動詞的非謂語形式”相關內(nèi)容。
