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腦洞大開的青年怪才和不到500頁的奇書《人類簡史》(附視頻)

“Despite the astonishing things that humans are capable of doing, we remain unsure of our goals and we seem to be as discontented as ever. We have advanced from canoes to galleys to steamships to space shuttles – but nobody knows where we’re going.”

“雖然現(xiàn)在人類已經(jīng)擁有許多令人贊嘆的能力,但我們?nèi)匀粚δ繕?biāo)感到迷茫,而且似乎也仍然總是感到不滿。我們的交通工具已經(jīng)從獨(dú)木舟變成帆船、變成汽船、變成飛機(jī),再變成航天飛機(jī),但我們還是不知道自己該前往的目的地。”


Yuval Noah Harari, 'Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind'

尤瓦爾·赫拉利《人類簡史:從動物到上帝》 



《人類簡史》很火。




這本用不到500頁寫完人類繁衍發(fā)展兩百多萬年歷史的奇書,引起了各界人士的強(qiáng)烈興趣和討論。



大家一邊喊著“刷新三觀”,一邊又表示總能從書中讀到點(diǎn)、讀出點(diǎn)什么來。



互聯(lián)網(wǎng)大佬們紛紛推薦這本書。臉書的扎克伯格把它列入年度書單;作者尤瓦爾·赫拉利去Google總部講課;上TED分享的視頻,有近兩百萬人觀看。


推薦赫拉利TED演講視頻一則:


作為一本由以色列作者用希伯來語寫得“大歷史(Big history)”書,在歷來接受翻譯作品程度不高的英語世界,該書創(chuàng)出了亞馬遜暢銷榜上的奇跡。截至5月27日,英語版出版兩年后,該書也高居亞馬遜總書榜的第32位。


赫拉利是誰?




我們知道他生于1976年,26歲就華華麗麗地取得了牛津的歷史博士。




為了讓大家一睹這位怪才的風(fēng)姿,上月他來北京時,出版社破天荒地安排了一場名曰“大集”作者秀(author’s shows)的知識分享,吸引了約2700名觀眾前來圍觀,還有14萬人付了費(fèi)守在電腦前看直播。

When he faced an audience of about 2,700 in Beijing Expo Theater in late April, Harari was like a rock star. The audience listened attentively through almost four hours to the very end, some of them reluctant to leave. There were 140,000 more who paid to watch his show live via streaming websites.




這場一直說說說的秀持續(xù)到了地鐵公交收車時,奇怪的是,提前離場的人很少。而且面對赫拉利略全程高能英語show,現(xiàn)場大多數(shù)人沒戴同傳耳機(jī)(據(jù)會后交流,這情形讓小編和赫拉利博士都感動不已)。




據(jù)當(dāng)天的數(shù)據(jù)顯示,全國有356萬讀者關(guān)注《人類簡史》,其中68%為18-23歲的年輕人。


'It's my first time in China. I didn't expect and am much impressed by the young in the audience,' Harari tells China Daily. 


赫拉利說沒想到中國的觀眾構(gòu)成那么年輕。這話寫《江城》的何偉(Peter Hessler)前幾年來華時也說過。赫拉利說他以為受眾會多是白發(fā)蒼蒼的老教授們,沒想到在中國,愛讀書、關(guān)心人類命運(yùn)的,正好是能在將來make a change的年輕人們。




出版社的責(zé)編舒婷說,其實(shí)臺下也坐了不少低調(diào)的大佬。


大佬們說,我們太習(xí)慣從細(xì)節(jié)出發(fā)的思考模式,《人類簡史》提醒我們可以從高處來看待,看待歷史、生活和我們自己。


The book dwells on human history over 2 million years, covering three key revolutions (cognitive, agricultural and scientific) and one phase of human unification.


該書沒有復(fù)雜的年表和人物,旨在打通各學(xué)科的界限,講述了人類發(fā)展史上的三大革命:認(rèn)知革命、農(nóng)業(yè)革命和科學(xué)革命





1

森林里有仙女


中山大學(xué)的李淼教授說,動物能相信“森林里有小白兔”,而只有人類能相信“森林里有仙女”。


Harari believes that Homo sapiens, our far ancestors, differed from other animals with the ability to tell and believe in fictional reality.


赫拉利認(rèn)為,能夠相信虛構(gòu)的現(xiàn)實(shí),是智人們(homo sapiens)能團(tuán)結(jié)協(xié)作、從而得以進(jìn)化為人類的要素。


'Money is a fictional story we're told, as well as empire, religion and more,' Harari says.


'We believe money, a piece of paper, can be exchanged for a real banana, but the chimpanzees won't.”


'In this sense, bankers are better storytellers than the Nobel literature winners.'


金錢、宗教、國家這些概念,都是人們虛構(gòu)出來的故事,而人們選擇相信這些故事。從這個層面講,銀行家比諾貝爾文學(xué)獎得主還會講故事,他說。


小編一下就如釋重負(fù)了,既然都是虛構(gòu)的,嘿嘿,賺錢神馬的,都是浮云都是浮云。


Wu Ningchuan from TMTPost.com even calls the book an Internet Bible, which is especially enlightening to internet business and startups.


'Internet business is about the ability to create and tell new stories, and the goal of making money through selling 'happiness' to users, as Harari states in his book,' Wu says.


說到講故事,有沒有一下子想到現(xiàn)在如火如荼的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)?鈦媒體有篇文章把《人類簡史》稱作“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)圣經(jīng)(an Internet Bible)”,簡單說就是因?yàn)榛ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)企業(yè)的王道就是看看能不能講出新的故事,讓用戶都買帳,還要用這個新的故事來塑造新的全球化秩序,以給用戶提供無窮盡的“幸福感”。


什么提供搜索、電商等是第一代互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)模式,提供社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)和移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是第二代。而“交付幸?!?,是第三代。



2

農(nóng)業(yè)革命是場騙局

'History is complicated. To really understand, you need to look at it from many angles at the same time and use multiple measurements,' says Harari.


赫拉利說歷史很復(fù)雜,他除了擁有簡潔有邏輯的敘述歸納能力之外,他還經(jīng)常采用多種考量方法以及變化角度來審視。



為了說明農(nóng)業(yè)革命的真相,赫拉利采取了小麥的角度來看待這段歷史,小麥表示很無辜,但是小麥被赫拉利塑造得陰險而狡猾,因?yàn)槭撬鼈儾倏v了當(dāng)時的智人,讓他們從每日忙于精心培育種植它們,忙個不停。


“農(nóng)業(yè)革命所帶來的,非但不是輕松生活的新時代,反而讓農(nóng)民過著比采集者更辛苦、更不滿足的生活。(原先的)狩獵采集者的生活氣是更為豐富多變,也更少會碰上饑餓和疾病的威脅?!焙绽麑懙馈?/span>



3

這碗雞湯你干是不干?


He also devotes one chapter to the subject of happiness, arguing that we're not happier than our ancestors, as we're filled with more desires.


He says historians seldom look at people's inner desire for happiness, especially viewing from the long run of history. But his ideas have resonated with the Chinese readers' need for 'chicken soup' and soul exploration.


作為少數(shù)關(guān)注人類幸福的歷史學(xué)家,赫拉利用了一章來講人們是否感到幸??鞓?。他認(rèn)為,我們面臨了更多選擇的“自由”,卻并沒有比1800年前更快樂。


更多的自由讓我們疏離社群、更加孤獨(dú);金錢會帶來快樂,但僅在一定限度內(nèi);疾病會短期降低幸福感。而家庭和社群對快樂的影響大過金錢和健康。


“快樂在于客觀條件和主觀期望之間是否相符,”他說。



他還說歷史書籍有一大空白,沒有任何一本提到了社會結(jié)構(gòu)的建立和瓦解以及科技的發(fā)明和傳播,是如何為個人帶來快樂或是痛苦的。他要求補(bǔ)上這一筆。


在我們看來,這一章完全是超好用的一碗“心靈雞湯(chicken soup)”。


北大的高毅教授也說了,“如果作者能真心關(guān)切人類的命運(yùn),并且有充足的知識準(zhǔn)備和理論修煉,這種寫作就能達(dá)到一種勝境,它的產(chǎn)物也就不再是那種我們所習(xí)見的歷史作品,而有可能是一種對歷史和人生的徹悟?!?/span>



4

當(dāng)你成為“無用之人”時,我們歷史學(xué)家們還能談?wù)撌裁?/span>


“Within 30-40 years, most humans will have no job, being taken over by Artificial Intelligence. The biggest question in politics and economics in 21st century is what to do with all those masses of 'useless' people.”


I'm afraid there is not enough attention given to these issues by government and the public. Governments are very busy with traditional problems. 


赫拉利在跟《中國日報》專訪的時候談到了未來。他說再過個30、40年,大多數(shù)人類就沒工作了,基本上全被人工智能(Artificial Intelligence)取代了,到時我們將面臨的最大的社會問題就是如何處理、安置這么一大批的“無用之人”。


他認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在的各國政府太忙于傳統(tǒng)的政務(wù),還沒有充分意識到這一危機(jī),并同時開始做好準(zhǔn)備。




I'm not a pessimist.


I see the world has many good things. This is the first time in history that humankind has managed to overcome famine. We also see a substantial reduction in violence. Previously 10 percent of mortality was caused by human violence; today it is less than 1 percent.


說是這么說,他不承認(rèn)自己對于未來是“悲觀主義者”。人類歷史進(jìn)展到今天,我們消滅了大規(guī)模的饑荒,還大量降低了暴力的使用。赫拉利認(rèn)為這是兩大重要進(jìn)步。


And it's the duty of historians and philosophers to understand present-day technology, think about them in broader terms, and warn people of their risks.


該是歷史學(xué)家和哲學(xué)家挺身而出的時候了。他們應(yīng)該摒棄往常對科學(xué)和科技的發(fā)怵,認(rèn)真地了解新科技,并且警示全人類他們可能帶給人類的困境。



講了那么多干貨,現(xiàn)在是八卦時間。



'Examples are to make it easier for the readers to understand and they need to be familiar to the reader,' he said.

赫拉利是位非常聰明的作者,他的每一個語種都重新調(diào)整了書中的例證,改成本土化的歷史片斷。


He is one of the rare and smart writers who would change seven to eight examples and offer a customized academic book to a different market.


'When I write Queen Elizabeth I as an example of powerful women to the English audience, I use the Empress Dowager at the end of the Qing Dynasty for the Chinese. Football in the English version for the UK market and basketball/baseball in the US,' he adds.


比如,將英文版中的伊麗莎白一世換成中文版的慈禧太后。就連美國的英文版和英國的之間也不一樣。


但是,這本全球超級暢銷書,一開始連續(xù)被五個以色列出版商拒絕。大家覺得這本書好超前。



Born in 1976 in a Jewish family to an engineer father and secretary mother, Harari is currently a history professor at Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Harari specialized in medieval history and military history.

赫拉利生于1976年,現(xiàn)為耶路撒冷希伯來大學(xué)的歷史系教授,他起初專注于中世紀(jì)史和軍事史的研究。


'People don't make the most of the opportunities that their jobs offer them, they stopped being interested in the big questions of life,' he adds.


說到他如何在“大歷史”方面取得成功,他說可能大家的工作或多或少有些自由度,但是“沒有盡夠最大的努力”。


'I was curious about big questions on why the world is the way it is and the deep forces that shape reality and our life, but didn't get satisfied with answers when young from parents and teachers. They seemed to be not interested in these questions,' he says.


'Most people when young ask those big questions, but by 20-something, they put these questions aside, and think about practical issues.' he says.


'In my case, I just did not do that and they continued to be very central for me, from 14 to now.'


“我從小就有很多關(guān)于歷史深流的大問題,一直沒得到答案。我相信很多人在小時候跟我有一樣的疑惑,但是隨著長大,大多數(shù)人都把這些疑問淡忘了,投入到了更實(shí)際的生活羈絆之中”,他說。


“我只不過從14歲到現(xiàn)在,都堅(jiān)持沒有把這些問題放到一邊而已?!?/span>


歡迎點(diǎn)擊中國日報關(guān)于《人類簡史》的三篇系列報道,你會發(fā)現(xiàn)生活中的赫拉利是位素食者,每天花兩小時冥想,還有位志同道合的伴侶。


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