語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)一：定語(yǔ)從句
（一）定義
1)在復(fù)合句中（一個(gè)句子的某一成分由句子承當(dāng)），修飾某一名詞或代詞從句叫定語(yǔ)從句或形容詞從句；在句中起定語(yǔ)的作用.
2)被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞antecedent
1) The man
who
lives next to us is apoliceman.
先行詞
關(guān)系代詞
定語(yǔ)從句
2) You must doeverything
that
I do.
先行詞
關(guān)系代詞
定語(yǔ)從句
(二)：關(guān)系代詞的作用;
1.連接主句和從句。
2.代表被修飾的先行詞。
3.在定語(yǔ)從句做一個(gè)句子成分。
eg. This is the room which I lived in last year.
先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 定語(yǔ)從句
(三)：定語(yǔ)從句中有
關(guān)系代詞 who, whom,whose, which, that, as.
關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 等引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
（四）：用關(guān)系代詞還是用關(guān)系副詞
關(guān)系代詞起代詞的作用，關(guān)系副詞起副詞的作用，因此同樣的先行詞，選用什么樣的關(guān)系詞，要由它在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)任的邏輯作用來(lái)決定。
關(guān)系代詞
詞行
先行詞
充當(dāng)成分
who
人
主、賓、表
Whom
人
賓
That
人&物
主、賓、表
Which
物
主、賓、表
As
物
主、賓
Whose=of whom\of which
人&物
定語(yǔ)
關(guān)系副詞
When=at\in\on\during which
時(shí)間
狀
Where=at\in\to which
地點(diǎn)
狀
Why=for which
原因
狀
that 在口語(yǔ)中可以代替關(guān)系副詞
以上三者
狀
This is the place -wherewe work.（vi.） (關(guān)系詞所做的成分關(guān)鍵是有從句中的動(dòng)詞來(lái)決定的)
This is the place whichwe visited. (vt.
種類
先行詞
關(guān)聯(lián)詞
例句
說(shuō)明
定
語(yǔ)
從
句
（人）在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
物在從句中做主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)
who
which
This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life .
這就是救了孩子生命的醫(yī)生。
She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you .
她就是我要介紹給你的新學(xué)生
Please pass me the book which is lying on the table.
請(qǐng)遞給我擺在桌上的那本書。
The novel which Tom bought is very interesting.
湯姆買的小說(shuō)很有意思。
Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday?
你能把昨天談到的那本雜志借給我嗎？
who在從句中做主語(yǔ)
whom在從句中做賓語(yǔ)，口語(yǔ)中who可以代替whom，也可以被省去，但做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)只能用whom.
which在從句中做主語(yǔ)。
which充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去。
which做介詞賓語(yǔ)不可省
定
語(yǔ)
從
句
人
或
物
的
whose
The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams
那位教授是威廉斯他的女兒教你英語(yǔ)。
The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams.
The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired.
那輛壞了閘的自行車現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)修好了。
=The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired
whose在從句中做定語(yǔ)
指某人的也可以用…of whom代替whose
指物時(shí)也可以用…of which 代替 whose
人
或
that
The woman that is playing the piano is Miss Zhang.
正在彈鋼琴的那位婦女是張小姐。
I’d like to see the films that are just on show.
我想看那些剛上映的電影。
that指人做主語(yǔ)
that指物做主語(yǔ)
種類
先行詞
關(guān)聯(lián)詞
例 句
說(shuō) 明
物
all, little much和some,any every ,no 構(gòu)成的合成代詞
人
或
物
that
that
They talked for about an hour of things and persons that they remember in the school.
他們談起他們所記得起的學(xué)校里的人和事，談了大約有半個(gè)小時(shí)。
I’ll tell you all(that )I know about it .
我要告訴你我所知道這件事的一切情況。
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
有什么我可以幫助做的事嗎？
I’ve brought everything (that )you need.
我把你需要的東西都拿來(lái)了。
This is the best film that I have seen .
這是我看過(guò)的最好的一部電影。
The first place that we’ll visit is Beijing Library.
我們要參觀的第一個(gè)地方是北京圖書館
先行詞分別表示人和物，關(guān)系代詞要用that，不用who或which
先行詞表示物，關(guān)系代詞用that不用which, 在從句中做賓語(yǔ)可省去 。如果先行詞是人時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不受制約，用that或who (whom)
均可
先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句用that引導(dǎo)。
定
語(yǔ)
從
句
人
或
物
that
He is the only person that is believable.
他是唯一可靠的人。
John is the very person that she wants to see.
約翰正是她要見的人。
Who is the man that is talking with Tom ?
正在和湯姆談話的人是誰(shuí)？
Which of the books that you bought is easy to read?
你買的那些書中哪一本容易讀。
先行詞被the only, the very,the same 等修飾時(shí)用關(guān)系代詞that.
當(dāng)主句以who、which開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句要用that
時(shí)
間
when
He came at a time when we. needed him most.他在我們最需要的時(shí)候來(lái)了。
We’ll never forget the day when the People’s Republic of China was founded.
我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記中華人民共和國(guó)成立的那一天。
在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
注：先行詞是time, minute, moment, next time很少用關(guān)系副詞when,可用that 但通常省去。
地點(diǎn)
where
This is the room where he put up for the night.
這就是他渡過(guò)夜晚的那房子。
在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
原因
理由
why
I know the reason why she studies so well .
我知道她學(xué)習(xí)好的原因。
在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)
This is the place -wherework.（vi.） (關(guān)系詞所做的成分關(guān)鍵是有從句中的動(dòng)詞來(lái)決定的)
This is the place whichwe visited. (vt. )
（五）：限制性定語(yǔ)從句與非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
限制性定語(yǔ)從句
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
從句與先行詞的關(guān)系
從句是先行詞不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果省去，主句的意思就會(huì)不完整或不明確。
從句只是對(duì)先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，如果省去,主句的意思仍然清楚或完整
標(biāo) 點(diǎn)
從句和主句之間不用逗號(hào)分開
從句和主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開
關(guān)
系
代
詞
指人who (that) whom
指物which (that)
人和物whose
關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去
指人who（作主語(yǔ)）whom（做賓語(yǔ)）
指物which
人和物的whose
關(guān)系代詞一般不可省
修飾
從句只修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞
可以修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞也可修飾整個(gè)主句
翻譯
定語(yǔ)從句譯在被修飾詞的前面
定語(yǔ)從句通常被譯成另一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子
限制性
非限制性
形式上
無(wú)逗號(hào)
有逗號(hào)
內(nèi)容上
先行詞不是唯一的
先行詞是唯一的，定語(yǔ)從句可有可無(wú)。
關(guān)系詞
可用that ,why.作賓語(yǔ)可以省略
不可用that ,why。關(guān)系詞一律不省。
先行詞
名詞或代詞
名詞或代詞，也可以使整個(gè)句子
漢語(yǔ)翻譯
譯作定語(yǔ)
譯成并列句
1．二者差異比較
限制定語(yǔ)從句緊跟先行詞，同先行詞之間一般不加逗號(hào)，僅修飾先行詞，可以由關(guān)系代詞．關(guān)系副詞或that來(lái)引導(dǎo)。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句僅作補(bǔ)充或說(shuō)明，用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，既可修飾先行詞，又可修飾整個(gè)主句，不可用that引導(dǎo)。
He has a brother whois a physicist.
He has a brother, who is a physicist. (只有一個(gè))
He returned all thebooks which are written in English.
He returned all thebooks, which are written in English.
I will wear no clothes which willbe out of ordinary.
I will wear noclothes, which will be out of ordinary.
The man who lives next door is adoctor.
My sister, who livesnext door, is a doctor.
I’m sure I know the person whoserved me.
Tom, who served us, isthe owner of the restaurant.
A student who studies hard will make good progress.
The student, who lives far from school, is theleader of their football match.
（六） 關(guān)系代詞that和which的區(qū)別
<1>． 只能用that的情況
(1) 如果先行詞是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything,little, none ，few.等不定代詞，關(guān)系代詞一般只用that，不用which。例如：
All the people thatare present burst into tears.
Everything that we sawwas interesting.
I’m interested ineverything that I don’t know.
All that is needed isa supply of oil.
(2) 如果先等詞被 all ,little none any,only, few, much, no, some, very等詞修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which.
例如：I read all the booksthat you gave to me.
This is the only money that I have in my pocket.
All the money that wascollected was given to the Hope Project.
(3) 如果先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)修飾或者先行詞是最高級(jí)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which。
This is the first bookthat was written in English.
This is the last factory that I visited.
This is the best filmthat I have ever seen.
This is the funniestthing that I ever heard.
(4) 如果先等詞被the only ,the very ,the same ,the last修飾，關(guān)系代詞常用that,不用which.
This is the only bookthat I really like.
He was the only personin the office that was invited to the ball.
(5) 先行詞有兩個(gè)，一個(gè)指人，一個(gè)指物，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用that。而不用who, which.
例如： The boy and the dogthat are in the picture are very lovely.
He talked about theteachers and schools that he had visited.
(6)who ,which開頭的特殊疑問(wèn)句中，關(guān)系代詞用that.
Who is the person thatis standing there?
Which of us that knowsEnglish doesn’t know this?
which of the novel doyou like best?
(7) 關(guān)系代詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that.
It took us many yearsto make the city that it is today.
He is not the man thathe used to be.
China isn’t the country it used to be.
(8) 先行詞是奇數(shù)詞或是序數(shù)詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用that .
Yesterday I caught twofish. Now you can see the two that are still alive in the basin of water.
(9) 當(dāng)主句 “ there be “開頭時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用that 引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾該句型的主語(yǔ)。
There are four desksin the middle of the office that are used for the teachers.
(10) 當(dāng)先行詞是 “ to be “ 后面的表語(yǔ)時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用that .
This is the dictionary that was bought in thebookstore yesterday.
<2>．只能用which的情況
1) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中，不能用關(guān)系代詞that,作賓語(yǔ)用的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。如：
There are about sevenmillion people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.
Bei jing , which ischina’s capital, is rich in culture.
2)those/that +名詞后的定語(yǔ)從句用which引導(dǎo)。不能用關(guān)系代詞that。
That pen which hetook is mine.
A shop shouldkeep those goods which sells well.
3) 介詞后只用which
This is the room in which he lived.
I don’t know the man to whom you talked.
The chair on which he is sitting is made ofwood.
(4) which還有一種特殊用法，它可以引導(dǎo)從句修飾前面的整個(gè)主句，代替主句所表示的整體概念或部分概念。在這種從句中，which可以作主語(yǔ)，也可以作賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)， 不用that..例如：
He succeeded in the competition, which made hisparents very happy.
(5)先行詞是that時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞要用which.
What’sthat which flashed in the sky just now?
(6) 關(guān)系代詞后面有插入語(yǔ)時(shí)，益用關(guān)系代詞 which.
Hereis the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improveyour English.
<3>．只用who, whom.而不用that的情況
(1) 如果先行詞是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, those,ones等時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)該用 who 或whom，不用 which .that。例如：
Is there anyone herewho will go with you?
People all like thosewho have good manners.
（2） 當(dāng)先行詞是指人的集合名詞時(shí)，如果作這個(gè)名詞著眼于集體的整體，關(guān)系代詞用which;若是指集體中的各個(gè)成員，則用who。
Mr. Smith came to visitmy family, who were watching TV then.
Our class, which is avery good one, was praised again at the meeting.
(3)當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的 后置定語(yǔ)或者在被分割的定語(yǔ)從句中，宜用關(guān)系代詞 who
Pro. Wang is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learnEnglish.
(4) 當(dāng)先行詞用-body 或-one 構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用who
We’d better not believe in anyone who we don’t know.
(5) 當(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)限定性的表示人的特定名詞時(shí)，常用who
The aunt/uncle who came to see us last week is my brother’ssister.
（七）．“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“是一個(gè)普遍使用的結(jié)構(gòu)
(1)“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句，也可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from,for, with, to at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。其中whom代表人，which代表物
Who is the comrade with whom you shook hands?
He works in a factory, in front of which there is a river
Give me the book the cover of which is red (the cover of which=whose cover)
He is the man whose father is a teacher.=He is the man the fatherof whom is a teacher.
This is the neighborhood from whom I borrowed the bicycle.
(2) from where為“介詞＋關(guān)系副詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，但也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句（不常用）。例如：
We stood at the top ofthe hill, from where we can see the town..
（3）***關(guān)系代詞前的介詞如何確定？
A.依據(jù)定語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配
Mr. Smith bought a new house on which he spentall his money.
B.依據(jù)先行詞的某種習(xí)慣搭配確定
There was no way in which it could be boughtback to the earth. ( in this way)
C.根據(jù)所表達(dá)的意思確定
The gas with which doctors can save the patientsis called oxygen.
The gas without which we can not live is calledoxygen.
(4)***注意關(guān)系代詞的位置
介詞在關(guān)系代詞前時(shí)，只能用which 和whom不能用that 代替，也不可省略；介詞在句尾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞可which ,that ,whom, who,都行，而且還可以省略。
This is the drawer inwhich I put my letters.
= This is the drawer(which/that )I put my letters in.
Have you seen the penwith which I wrote letters this morning?
= Have you seen thepen (which/that) I wrote letters with this morning?
所以一個(gè)句子有時(shí)有多種用法
如：那就是他工作的大學(xué)
This is the college at which he works.
This is the college that/which he works at.
This is the collegewhere he works.
但像listen to, look at, depend on,pay attention to, take care of等固定短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中一般不宜將介詞與動(dòng)詞分開。例如：
This is the boy whom she has taken care of.
This is the book which /that I am looking for.
This is the girl I have been looking for the whole afternoon.
（八） whose 引導(dǎo)從句的意義
1）指人=of whom 表示所修飾的“某（些）人的用做所修飾的先行詞的所有格。
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
2) 指物=of which 表所修飾的“某物的“
I live in the room whose window faces south.
I live in the room, the window of which faces south
( whose +從句 可以用“of which +從句”代替)
（九）As 與which 是有區(qū)別的
A) 相同之處： 都可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，指代前面的主句所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容。which 可做賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)
He failed once more in the match, which was a great pity.
He succeeded in the composition, which made his parents veryhappy.
B) 區(qū)別：
1）as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句位置較靈活，可以位于主句前面．中間或后面，一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開，但which所引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在主句之后。例如：
1) As we all know, Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right.
= Galileo’s theory of falling objects, as we all know, is right
= Galileo’s theory of falling objects is right, as we all know.
2) He was thrown into prison, which got round throughout ourvillage
3) As is expected, the England team won the footballmatch.
4) The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.
5) He was late again,which made me unhappy
6) As you know, he isgood at English.
2.） as有“如” 、“正如”、“像”、“正像”的含義，which 沒(méi)有。后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多是see, know, expect,say, mention, report等。
Bob did an excellent job,as we had expected.
Our team won the game,which made us happy.
As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.
We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.
We are facing theproblems which we faced years ago.
We hope to get such a tool as he is using.
We hope to get the tool which he is using.
3.) as 在引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句多與such 或the same連用，可以代替先行詞是人或物的名詞。
the same…as such….as
This is the same storyas he told me.
Ihope to get such a book as he is using
4).as 也可單獨(dú)使用，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，作用相當(dāng)于which。可代表一個(gè)句子。例如：
The elephant’s nose islike a snake, as anybody can see.
5).as做主語(yǔ)時(shí)， 其后必跟系動(dòng)詞，而which 無(wú)此限制
The meeting was putoff, as was what we wanted.
He was murdered, as seemed true.
6)as引導(dǎo)從句時(shí)，從句語(yǔ)義必須和主句一致
She was married again,which was unexpected
She was married again,as was unexpected 7
7）thesame …as 與the same ..that 的區(qū)別： 前者修飾的是原物同樣的
而后者修飾的就是先行詞
This is the same watch as I lost.這和我丟的那一只手表是一樣的。
This is the dame watch that I lost.著就是我丟的那一只手表。
（十）什么時(shí)候that 可以省略？
1) 引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，主語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句不能省略，且不做成分。
The name “ whitewater ”comes from the fact that the water in thesestreams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
It’s known to all thatlight travels in straight lines. ( that 置后可一省略)
The reason for hisabsence was that he was ill. ( 有時(shí)可省，一般不省)
2）賓語(yǔ)從句中可以省略
I don’t think (that) you are right.
3）that 只有在定語(yǔ)從句中做成分，可做主、賓、表語(yǔ)。
（十一）關(guān)系代詞做主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于先行詞而不是關(guān)系代詞。
I want to see the film that is on show.
The students who don’t study hard will not pas the exam.
(十二)one of the… 與the one of the … 做先行詞時(shí)謂語(yǔ)不一致。
Li Bai is one of the greatest poets that have lived in China.
Li Bai is the one of the greatestpoets that has lived in China.
This is one of the books that I have been written inChinese.
This is the only one of the books that has been written inChinese.
He is one of the boys who are willing to do it.
He is the only one of the boys who is willing to do it.
（十三）．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
1．關(guān)系副詞也可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞在從句中分別表示時(shí)間．地點(diǎn)或原因。關(guān)系副詞when在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，where 充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，why充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。
1)when 表示時(shí)間, 充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) when=on/ in/ of /at…+which
I still remember the daywhen I join the party
I will never forget the daywhen I first came to Beijing.
但注意：
1.當(dāng)先行詞是表地點(diǎn)：place ,room, mountain, airport等時(shí)間：time,day, year, month, week,等原因：reason 等名詞時(shí),并且分別在句中做地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)用where ,when ,why引導(dǎo)。但是如果如果表示時(shí)間地點(diǎn)原因的名詞不做狀語(yǔ)，而是做主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，或者表語(yǔ)時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞that /which來(lái)引導(dǎo)而不是用where等。
I still remember the day that we spent together。
May 1 is the day that I will never forget。
The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place (that /which) people allover the world look forward to visiting.
長(zhǎng)江三峽是個(gè)美麗的地方，全世界的人都渴望來(lái)參觀。
The moment (that /which) I turned around, she had left anddisappeared in the crowd.
Is this the reason that he gave us for being late?
This is the factory that we visited
That is the house that he lived in..
The place that we had been to was far.
The shop that /which we saw is beautiful.
2.當(dāng)先行詞為 by the time ,any time , the way, every time, the first time ,the last time 時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不用when而用that.或省略
This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
The first time I saw him was in 1980
By the time he was 14 he had learned advanced mathematics
但如果time前無(wú)修飾語(yǔ),關(guān)系詞用that when 均可
I will never forgot thetime when (that) we met for the first time.
3. 當(dāng)先行詞為way 時(shí)，關(guān)系詞用in which ,that, 或省略.
This is the way that/ in which / 不加 he smiles.
但注意：
4.why 表示原因（現(xiàn)行詞只有一個(gè) reason），做原因狀語(yǔ)。 Why= for which
That is the reason why hewas late.
（十四）學(xué)生容易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。
1. 在定語(yǔ)從句中多加了賓語(yǔ)，如：
Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come.
Some of the boys I invited didn’t come.
Is this the horse you drewit yesterday?
Is this the horse youdrew yesterday?
2. 把定語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)弄錯(cuò)。
Those who has finished may leave the classroom now.
They key opens theroom is missing.
Those who havefinished may leave the classroom now.
This is one of the rivers in China which flows northward.
This is one of therivers in Chinawhich flows northward.
3. 省略了定語(yǔ)從句中做主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞。
Children eat a lot of sugar often get bad teeth.
Children who eat a lotof sugar often get bad teeth.
They key opens the room is missing.
They key which/thatopens the room is missing.
4. 定語(yǔ)從句中加了多余的關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞。
The house where he lives in needs repairing.
The house where helives needs repairing.
The house which/thathe lives in needs repairing.
This is the time at when he’s more likely to be in.
This is the time whenhe’s more likely to be in.
This is the time atwhich he’s more likely to be in.
（十五）代有插入語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句who 與whom 的選用。
擔(dān)主語(yǔ)成分時(shí)用who ,擔(dān) 賓格成分時(shí)用whom
方法：要區(qū)分是定語(yǔ)從句中的插入語(yǔ)還是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)。
Jason is a man who (I believed) is honest.(去掉仍成立)
Jason is a man whom Ibelieve to be honest.
做賓語(yǔ)
The girl who we supposed was drowned came back.
The girl who wesupposed to be drowned came back.
（十六）什么時(shí)候宜用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1） 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞時(shí)，通常用非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，它本身就具有特殊性，無(wú)需在加限定。
Shenzhen, which is in South China, is developing rapidly.
My house, which I boughtlast year, has got a garden .
Mr. Smith bought a newhouse on which he spent all his money.
2) 當(dāng)先行詞是具有某一特征的人或者物中的一個(gè)，但跟非限制從句時(shí)則表示唯一的一個(gè)，compare:
Her room has a window which faces south.
Her room has a window, which faces south.
I have a brother who is working in Beijing.
I have a brother, who is working in Beijing.
3.當(dāng)先行詞表示類屬意義，即表示某類動(dòng)物，事物或人時(shí)，其后所跟的定語(yǔ)從句一般是非限制性的。
A sleep is a useful animal, whose wool has many uses.
Football, which is a very interesting game, is now played all overthe world.
語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)二：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)
1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday
I leave home forschool at 7 every morning.
2)客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。
The earth moves aroundthe sun.
Shanghailies in the east of China.
3)表示格言或警句中。
Pride goes before afall. 驕者必?cái) ?div style="height:15px;">
注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語(yǔ)從句中，即使主句是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例：Columbus proved that theearth is round..
4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。
I don't want somuch.
Ann Wang writesgood English but does not speak well.
比較：Now I put the sugarin the cup.
I am doing myhomework now.
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說(shuō)明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。再如：Now watch me, Iswitch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
2 一般過(guò)去時(shí)的用法
1）在確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday, lastweek, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
Where did you gojust now?
2）表示在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
When I was a child,I often played football in the street.
Whenever the Brownswent during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.
3）句型：
It is time for sb.to do sth "到……時(shí)間了" "該……了"
It is time sb. didsth. "時(shí)間已遲了" "早該……了"
It is time for youto go to bed. 你該睡覺(jué)了。
It is time you wentto bed. 你早該睡覺(jué)了。
would (had) rathersb. did sth. 表示'寧愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you cametomorrow.
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過(guò)去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求、建議等。
I thought you mighthave some. 我以為你想要一些。
比較：
一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。
Christine was aninvalid all her life.
(含義：她已不在人間。)
Christine has beenan invalid all her life.
(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)
Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for sevenyears.
(含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs. Darby has livedin Kentucky for seven years.
( 含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去)
注意： 用過(guò)去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語(yǔ)氣。
1）動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wonder,think, intend 等。
Did you wantanything else?
I wondered if youcould help me.
2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would.
Could you lend meyour bike?
3 used to / be used to
used to + do："過(guò)去常常"表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。
Mother used not tobe so forgetful.
Scarf used to take awalk. (過(guò)去常常散步)
be used to + doing： 對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或"習(xí)慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。
He is used to avegetarian diet.
Scarf is used totaking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于散步)
典型例題
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.
----It's 69568442.
A.didn't B. couldn't C. don't D. can't
答案A. 本句雖沒(méi)有明確的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，但從語(yǔ)意上看 出，在聽的時(shí)候沒(méi)有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，因此應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。
4 一般將來(lái)時(shí)
1) shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。
will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。
Which paragraphshall I read first.
Will you be at homeat seven this evening?
2) be going to +不定式，表示將來(lái)。
a. 主語(yǔ)的意圖，即將做某事。
What are you goingto do tomorrow?
b. 計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。
The play is goingto be produced next month。
c. 有跡象要發(fā)生的事
Look at the darkclouds, there is going to be a storm.
3) be +不定式表將來(lái)，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。
We are to discussthe report next Saturday.
4) be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。
He is about to leavefor Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能與 tomorrow, next week等表示明確將來(lái)時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
5 be going to / will
用于條件句時(shí)， be going to 表將來(lái)
will 表意愿
If you are going tomake a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.
Now if you will takeoff your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.
6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。
I am to playfootball tomorrow afternoon. (客觀安排)
I'm going to playfootball tomorrow afternoon. (主觀安排)
7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)
1）下列動(dòng)詞：come, go, arrive,leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)。這主要用來(lái)表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves atsix tomorrow morning.
When does the busstar? It stars in ten minutes.
2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：
Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.
There goes thebell. = The bell is ringing.
3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask himto wait for me.
I'll write to youas soon as I arrive there.
4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take carethat, make sure that等后。
I hope they have anice time next week.
Make sure that thewindows are closed before you leave the room.
8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)
意為："意圖"、"打算"、"安排"、常用于人。常用詞為 come, go, start,arrive, leave, stay等。
I'm leavingtomorrow.
Are you stayinghere till next week?
9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過(guò)去 但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或 狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成： have (has) +過(guò)去分詞。
10 比較過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1）過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2）過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
yesterday,last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
thismorning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
for,since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,
不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn,work, study, know.
過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave,start, die, finish, become, get married等。
舉例：
I saw this filmyesterday.
（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了。）
I have seen thisfilm.
（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。）
Why did you get upso early?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了。）
Who hasn't handedin his paper?
（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。）
She has returnedfrom Paris.
她已從巴黎回來(lái)了。
She returnedyesterday.
她是昨天回來(lái)了。
He has been in theLeague for three years.
(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))
He hasbeen a League member for three years.
(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))
He joined theLeague three years ago.
( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished myhomework now.
---Will somebody goand get Dr. White?
---He's alreadybeen sent for.
句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last,week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。
（錯(cuò)）Tom has written aletter to his parents last night.
（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letterto his parents last night.
11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1）It is the first /second time…. that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
It is the firsttime that I have visited the city.
It was the thirdtime that the boy had been late.
2）This is the… that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí).
This is the bestfilm that I've (ever) seen.
這是我看過(guò)的最好的電影。
This is the firsttime (that) I've heard him sing. 這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
典型例題
(1)---Do you know our town at all?
--- No, this is thefirst time I ___ here.
A.was B. have been C. came D. am coming
答案B. This is the firsttime 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。
(2)---Have you ____ been to our town before?
---No, it's thefirst time I ___ here.
A.even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come
答案D. ever意為曾經(jīng)或無(wú)論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。 This is the largestfish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。
注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。
（錯(cuò)）I have received hisletter for a month.
（對(duì)）I haven't receivedhis letter for almost a month.
12 比較since和for
Since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。
I have lived herefor more than twenty years.
I have lived heresince I was born..
My aunt has workedin a clinic since 1949.
Some new oilfieldshave been opened up since 1976.
I have known Xiao Lisince she was a little girl.
My brother has beenin the Youth League for two years.
I have not heardfrom my uncle for a long time.
注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here formore than twenty years.
(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked herefor many years.
(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)
小竅門： 當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化，很容易就能排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。
1) (對(duì)) Tom has studiedRussian for three years.
= Tom began tostudy Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.
2) (錯(cuò)) Harry has gotmarried for six years.
= Harry began toget married six years ago, and is still getting married now.
顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got marriedsix years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.
13 since的四種用法
1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn) (如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month,half past six)。
I have been heresince 1989.
2) since +一段時(shí)間+ ago
I have been heresince five months ago.
3) since +從句
Great changes havetaken place since you left.
Considerable timehas elapsed since we have been here.
4) It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句
It is two yearssince I became a postgraduate student.
14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞
1)用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié) 果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
He has completedthe work. 他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)
I've known himsince then. 我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)
2) 用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示"到 ……，才……"
He didn't come backuntil ten o'clock.
他到10 點(diǎn)才回來(lái)。
He slept until teno'clock.
他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。
典型例題
1.You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times.
A.had met B. have met C. met D. meet
答案B. 首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2.---I'msorry to keep you waiting.
---Oh, not at all. I___ here only a few minutes.
A.have been B. had been C. was D. will be
答案A. 等待的動(dòng)作由過(guò)去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
15 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
1） 概念：表示過(guò)去的過(guò)去
----|-------|-----|---->其構(gòu)成是had +過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
2） 用法
a. 在told, said, knew,heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。
She said (that) shehad never been to Paris.
b. 狀語(yǔ)從句
在過(guò)去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
When the policearrived, the thieves had run away.
c. 表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect,think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped thatyou would come, but you didn't.
3) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)before, by, until ,when, after, once, as soon as。
He said that he hadlearned some English before.
By the time he wastwelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.
Tom was disappointedthat most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
典型例題
The students ___busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.
A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, hadleft
答案D. "把書忘在辦公室"發(fā)生在"去取書"這一過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前，因此"忘了書"這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去的過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。句中 when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在"同學(xué)們正忙于……"這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此
前一句應(yīng)用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
注意： had no … when 還沒(méi)等…… 就……
had no sooner… than 剛…… 就……
He had no soonerbought the car than he sold it.
16 用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替完成時(shí)
1) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
When she saw themouse， she screamed.
My aunt gave me ahat and I lost it.
2) 兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過(guò)去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
When I heard thenews, I was very excited.
3) 敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Our teacher told usthat Columbus discovered America in1492.
17 將來(lái)完成時(shí)
1) 構(gòu)成will / be going todo sth.
2) 概念
a. 狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來(lái)某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。
b. 動(dòng)作完成：表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來(lái)的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或一獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
They will have beenmarried for 20 years by then.
You will havereached Shanghaiby this time tomorrow.
18 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：
a. 表示現(xiàn)在( 指說(shuō)話人說(shuō)話時(shí)) 正在發(fā)生的事情。We are waiting foryou.
b. 習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。
Mr. Green iswriting another novel.
(說(shuō)話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)
She is learningpiano under Mr. Smith.
c. 表示漸變的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become,turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves areturning red.
It's getting warmerand warmer.
d. 與always, constantly,forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人的主觀色彩。
You are alwayschanging your mind.
典型例題
My dictionary ___,I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.
A. has lost, don'tfind B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found D. is missing,haven't found.
答案D. 前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。
19 不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞
1) 事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
have,belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure,continue
I have two brothers.
This house belongsto my sister.
2) 心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞
Know,realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember,want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
I need your help.
He loves her verymuch.
3 ) 瞬間動(dòng)詞
accept,receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse.
I accept youradvice.
4) 系動(dòng)詞
seem,remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a littletired.
20 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
1） 概念：表示過(guò)去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。
2） 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。
3)常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
thismorning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening,when, while
Mybrother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
It was raining when they left thestation.
WhenI got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.
典型例題
1)Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.
A.made B. is making C. was making D. makes
答案C. 割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)。同 時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，"瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)"提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
2)As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.
read； was falling B. was reading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read； fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為"當(dāng)……之時(shí)"。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過(guò)去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 "在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了。"句中的 fell (fall的過(guò)去時(shí))，是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。
21 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)
1)概念：表示將來(lái)某時(shí)進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作，或按預(yù)測(cè)將來(lái)會(huì)發(fā)生的事情。
She'll be comingsoon.
I'll be meeting himsometime in the future.
注意：將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)不用于表示"意志"，不能說(shuō) I'll be having atalk with her.
2）常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
Soon,tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，tomorrow, in twodays, tomorrow evening
Bythis time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach.
22 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件句中，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)
When,while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case(that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year,immediately
Heis going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨媽。
典型例題
(1)Hesaid he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.
A. had not given;had not succeeded B. would not give; succeed
C. will not give;succeed D. would not give; will succeed.
答案B. 在時(shí)間，條件或讓步主語(yǔ)從句中一般不用將來(lái)時(shí)。本題有He said，故為過(guò)去式。主句用將來(lái)時(shí)，故選B. 此處用一般過(guò)去式代替了過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。
(2)表示現(xiàn)在已安排好的未來(lái)事項(xiàng)，行程等活動(dòng)。
The museum opens atten tomorrow. 博物館明天10點(diǎn)開門。(實(shí)際上每天如此。)
23 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替過(guò)去時(shí)
1)"書上說(shuō)"，"報(bào)紙上說(shuō)"等。
The newspaper saysthat it's going to be cold tomorrow. 報(bào)紙上說(shuō)明天會(huì)很冷的。
2) 敘述往事，使其生動(dòng)。
Napoleon's army nowadvances and the great battle begins.
24 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)
1)有些動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替完成時(shí)：
hear,tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember.
I hear (= haveheard) he will go to London.
I forget (=haveforgotten) how old he is.
2)句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"
3)It is (= has been) five years since we last met.
25 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替進(jìn)行時(shí)
1)句型：Here comes… ； There goes…
Look, here comesMr. Li.
26 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)
1)表示即將發(fā)生的或預(yù)定中計(jì)劃好的活動(dòng)。
Are you staying withus this weekend? 這周和我們一起度周末嗎?
We are leaving soon. 我們馬上就走。
2)漸變動(dòng)詞，如：get, run, grow,become, begin及die。
He is dying.
27 時(shí)態(tài)一致
1) 如果從句所敘述的為真理或不變的事實(shí)，則永遠(yuǎn)用現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
At that time, peopledid not know that the earth moves.
He told me last weekthat he is eighteen.
2) 賓語(yǔ)從句中的助動(dòng)詞ought, need, must, dare 時(shí)態(tài)是不變的。
He thought that Ineed not tell you the truth.
28 時(shí)態(tài)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) every …, sometimes, at …, on Sunday,
一般過(guò)去時(shí) yesterday, lastweek, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now
一般將來(lái)時(shí) next…, tomorrow, in+時(shí)間,
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) for, since, so far,ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently
過(guò)去完成時(shí) before, by, until,when, after, once, as soon as
過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) this morning, thewhole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while
將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) soon, tomorrow, thisevening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening
語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)三：名詞性從句
名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和同位從句。
（一）引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞
1、連接代詞：who,whose, whom, what, which。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、或定語(yǔ)等。
2、連接副詞：when,where, why, how。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語(yǔ)。
3、連接詞：that, whether,if, as if。that 無(wú)詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時(shí)可省略；if (whether), as if雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。
注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問(wèn)句，因而從句中謂語(yǔ)不用疑問(wèn)式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether 和if（是否），asif（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if 和asif都用不上時(shí)，才用that作連接詞（that本身無(wú)任何含義）。
（二）主語(yǔ)從句
1、主語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句作主語(yǔ)。
e.g.Who will go is not important.
2、用it作形式主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)從句放在句末。
e.g.It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
3、that引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，不能省略。
e.g.That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
（三）表語(yǔ)從句
1、表語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作表語(yǔ)，位于系動(dòng)詞之后。
e.g.The question was who could go there.
2、引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的連接詞that有時(shí)可省去。
e.g.My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.
（四）賓語(yǔ)從句
1、賓語(yǔ)從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的連詞that一般可省略。
e.g.I hope (that) everything is all right.
2、介詞之后的賓語(yǔ)從句，不可用which或if連接，要分別用what或 whether。
e.g.I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I’m interested in what you’ve said.
3、whether與if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，常可互換。但下面情況不能互換。
①賓語(yǔ)從句是否定句時(shí)，只用if，不用whether。
e.g. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 會(huì)引起誤解，就要用whether。
e.g. Please let me know whetheryou want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易當(dāng)成條件句理解）
③賓語(yǔ)從句中的whether 與or not直接連用，就不能換成if；不直接連用，可換。
e.g. I don’t know whether or notthe report is true.
Idon’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句要用whether引導(dǎo)。whether 可與不定式連用。whether也可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句，還可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，以上均不能換成if。但引導(dǎo)條件從句時(shí)，只能用if，而不能用whether。
e.g. It depends on whether wehave enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
（五）同位語(yǔ)從句
同位語(yǔ)從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語(yǔ)，一般位于該名詞（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。
e.g. I have no idea when he willbe back.
Thefact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)四：主謂一致
在英語(yǔ)句子里，謂語(yǔ)受主語(yǔ)支配，其動(dòng)詞必須和主語(yǔ)在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就叫主謂一致。尋其規(guī)律，大致可歸納為三個(gè)原則，即語(yǔ)法一致、邏輯意義一致和就近一致原則。
（一）語(yǔ)法一致原則：語(yǔ)法上一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上保持一致。
1、以單數(shù)名詞或代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)或從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式；主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：His father is working on the farm. / To studyEnglish well is not easy. / What he said is very important for usall. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
注意：由what引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多數(shù)情況用單數(shù)形式，但若表語(yǔ)是復(fù)數(shù)或what從句是一個(gè)帶有復(fù)數(shù)意義的并列結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：What I bought were three English books. / What Isay and do is (are) helpful to you.
2、由連接詞and或both… and連接起來(lái)的合成主語(yǔ)后面，要用復(fù)數(shù)形式的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I areclassmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard thenews. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
注意：① 若and所連接的兩個(gè)詞是指同一個(gè)人或物時(shí)，它后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。如：The writer and artist has come.; / ② 由and連接的并列單數(shù)主語(yǔ)前如果分別有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修飾時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room.. / Noboy and no girl likes it.
3、主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)名詞或代詞，盡管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, ratherthan, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式；若主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, hascome to China./ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, likeyou and Tom, is very tall.
4、either,neither, each, every 或no +單數(shù)名詞和由some, any, no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞，都作單數(shù)看待。如：Each of us has a new book. / Everything aroundusis matter.
注意：① 在口語(yǔ)中當(dāng)either或neither后跟有“of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞（或代詞）”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. ② 若noneof后面的名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就要用單數(shù)；若它后面的名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.
5、在定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞that, who, which等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。如：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He isthe only one of my friends who is working hard.
6、如果集體名詞指的是整個(gè)集體，它的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果它指集體的成員，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。這些詞有family, class, crowd, committee, population,audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four areunable to agree upon a monitor.
注意：people, police,cattle等名詞一般都用作復(fù)數(shù)。如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7、由“alot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)以及由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)+名詞”構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)短語(yǔ)中后面名詞的數(shù)而定。如：There are a lot of people in theclassroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the studentsin our class are girls.
注意： a number of“許多”，作定語(yǔ)修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)；the number of“…的數(shù)量”，主語(yǔ)是number，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)。
8、在倒裝句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與其后的主語(yǔ)一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall aremany pictures. / Such is the result. / Such arethe facts.
（二）邏輯意義一致原則：邏輯意義一致就是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)必須和主語(yǔ)的意義一致（因有時(shí)主語(yǔ)形式為單數(shù)，但意義為復(fù)數(shù)；有時(shí)形式為復(fù)數(shù)，但意義為單數(shù)）。
1、what,who, which, any, more, all等代詞可以是單數(shù)，也可是復(fù)數(shù)，主要靠意思來(lái)決定。如：Which is your bag? / Which areyour bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.
2、表示“時(shí)間、重量、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值”等的名詞的復(fù)數(shù)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式， 這是由于作主語(yǔ)的名詞在概念上是一個(gè)整體，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
3、若英語(yǔ)是書名、片名、格言、劇名、報(bào)名、國(guó)名等的復(fù)數(shù)形式，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。如： “The Arabian Nights”is an interestingstory-book.
4、表數(shù)量的短語(yǔ)“one and a half”后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式（也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.
5、算式中表示數(shù)目（字）的主語(yǔ)通常作單數(shù)看待，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞采用單數(shù)形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-sixdivided by eight is seven.
6、一些學(xué)科名詞是以 –ics 結(jié)尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news,works等，都屬于形式上是復(fù)數(shù)的名詞，實(shí)際意義為單數(shù)名詞，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / Ithink physics isn’t easy to study.
7、trousers,glasses, clothes, shoes, 等詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)，但如果這些名詞前有a (the) pair of等量詞修飾時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：My glasses arebroken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.
8、“定冠詞the+ 形容詞或分詞”，表示某一類人時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。
（三）就近一致原則：在英語(yǔ)句子中，有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)與最近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
1、當(dāng)兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)由either … or, neither … nor, whether … or …, not only … but also連接時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. /Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?
2、therebe句型be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于其后的主語(yǔ)。如果其后是由and連接的兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)，則應(yīng)與靠近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room..
注意：Here引導(dǎo)的句子用法同上。
語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí)五：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法特征
1） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計(jì)某事的發(fā)生。
2） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。
3） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱，數(shù)的變化，即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)不加-s。
4） 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有非謂語(yǔ)形式，即沒(méi)有不定式，分詞，等形式。
2 比較can 和be able to
1）can could 表示能力；可能 (過(guò)去時(shí)用could),
只用于現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。
They will be able totell you the news soon. 他很快就能告訴你消息了。
2）只用be able to
a. 位于助動(dòng)詞后。
b. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后。
c. 表示過(guò)去某時(shí)刻動(dòng)作時(shí)。
d. 用于句首表示條件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事時(shí)，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to fleeEurope before the war broke out.
= He managed to fleeEurope before the war broke out.
注意：could不表示時(shí)態(tài)
1）提出委婉的請(qǐng)求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could I have thetelevision on?
--- Yes, you can. /No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑問(wèn)句中表示推測(cè)或懷疑。
He couldn't be a badman.
他不大可能是壞人。
3 比較may和might
1） 表示允許或請(qǐng)求；表示沒(méi)有把握的推測(cè)；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推測(cè)時(shí)，不表示時(shí)態(tài)。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成語(yǔ)： may/might as well，后面接不帶to 的不定式，意為"不妨"。
If that is the case,we may as well try.
典型例題
Peter ___come with ustonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
A. must B. may C. can D. will
答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可從后半句推出。
4 比較have to和must
1) 兩詞都是'必須'的意思，have to 表示客觀的需要， must 表示說(shuō)話人主觀上的看法，既主觀上的必要。
My brother was veryill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厲害，我只得半夜里把醫(yī)生請(qǐng)來(lái)。(客觀上需要做這件事)
He said that they mustwork hard. 他說(shuō)他們必須努力工作。（主觀上要做這件事）
2) have to有人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，而must只有一種形式。但must 可用于間接引語(yǔ)中表示過(guò)去的必要或義務(wù)。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3） 在否定結(jié)構(gòu)中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't 表示"禁止"，
You don't have totell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告訴他。
You mustn't tell himabout it. 你一定不要把這件事告訴他。
5 must表示推測(cè)
1) must用在肯定句中表示較有把握的推測(cè)，意為"一定"。
2) must表對(duì)現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)在正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)， must 后面通常接系動(dòng)詞be 的原形或行為動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行式。
You have worked hardall day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè)判斷）
He must be working inhis office. 他一定在辦公室工作呢。
比較：
He must be stayingthere.
他現(xiàn)在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必須呆在那。
3) must 表示對(duì)已發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)時(shí)，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear thephone. I must have been asleep. 我剛才沒(méi)有聽到電話，我想必是睡著了。
4) must表示對(duì)過(guò)去某時(shí)正發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，must 后面要接不定式的完成進(jìn)行式。
---Why didn't youanswer my phone call?
---Well, I must havebeen sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推測(cè)用 can't。
If Tom didn't leavehere until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果湯姆五點(diǎn)才離開這兒，他此時(shí)一定還未到家。
6 表示推測(cè)的用法
can, could, may,might, must 皆可表示推測(cè)，其用法如下：
1）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形。
表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的情況的推測(cè)，此時(shí)動(dòng)詞通常為系動(dòng)詞。
I don't know where sheis, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)正在進(jìn)行的情況進(jìn)行推測(cè)。
At this moment, ourteacher must be correcting our exam papers.
這時(shí)，我們老師想必在批改試卷。
3）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞完成時(shí)。
表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè)。
We would have finishedthis work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項(xiàng)工作了。
The road is wet. Itmust have rained last night.
地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。
表示對(duì)過(guò)去正在發(fā)生事情的推測(cè)。
Your mother must havebeen looking for you.
你媽媽一定一直在找你。
5）推測(cè)的否定形式，疑問(wèn)形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have foundhis car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
邁克一定還沒(méi)有找回他的車，因?yàn)樵缟纤亲财噥?lái)上班的。
注意：could, might表示推測(cè)時(shí)不表示時(shí)態(tài)，其推測(cè)的程度不如 can, may。
7 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ have +過(guò)去分詞
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示過(guò)去，推測(cè)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情。
Philip may (might)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could)have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2) must have +done sth，對(duì)過(guò)去時(shí)間里可能發(fā)生的事情的推測(cè)，語(yǔ)氣較強(qiáng)，具有"肯定"，"諒必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone towork, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have goneby bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本應(yīng)該做某事，而事實(shí)上并沒(méi)有做。否定句表示"不該做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should)have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrownthe old clothes away.（事實(shí)上已扔了。）
ought to 在語(yǔ)氣上比should 要強(qiáng)。
4) needn't have done sth 本沒(méi)必要做某事
I dressed very warmlyfor the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to haveread the article, but I was very busy then.
8 should 和ought to
should 和ought to 都為"應(yīng)該"的意思，可用于各種人稱。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think heought to.
表示要求，命令時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣由 should（應(yīng)該）、had better最好）、must（必須）漸強(qiáng)。
9 had better表示"最好"
had better 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞，它只有一種形式，它后面要跟動(dòng)詞原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold.You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not playwith the dog.
had better have done sth表示與事實(shí)相反的結(jié)果，意為"本來(lái)最好"。
You had better havecome earlier.
10 would rather表示"寧愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 寧愿……而不愿。
還有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"寧愿"、"寧可"的意思。
If I have a choice, Ihad sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stayhere than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例題
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you rather B. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本題考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意為"寧愿"，本題為疑問(wèn)句， would 提前，所以選B。
11 will和would
注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，為固定搭配。
Would you like to gowith me?
2）Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含義的請(qǐng)求勸說(shuō)時(shí)，疑問(wèn)句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like somecake?
3）否定結(jié)構(gòu)中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一種委婉語(yǔ)氣。
Won't you sit down?
12 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的回答方式
問(wèn)句 肯定回答 否定回答
Need you…? Yes, I must. No,I needn't
Must you…? /don't have to.
典型例題
1）---Could I borrow yourdictionary?
---Yes, of course,you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C.could表示委婉的語(yǔ)氣，并不為時(shí)態(tài)。答語(yǔ)中of course，表示肯定的語(yǔ)氣，允許某人做某事時(shí)，用can和 may來(lái)表達(dá)，不能用could或might。復(fù)習(xí)： will 與you連用，用來(lái)提出要求或下命令。should與you 連用，用來(lái)提出勸告。
2）---Shall I tell Johnabout it?
---No, you ___. I'vetold him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 將不, 不會(huì)的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不應(yīng)該。本題為不需要，不必的意思，應(yīng)用needn't。
3）---Don't forget tocome to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可當(dāng)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，表請(qǐng)求、建議、也可作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞表"意愿、意志、決心"，本題表示決心，選B。
13 帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
帶to 的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四個(gè)：ought to, have to, used to, beto, 如加上have got to ,(=must),be able to，為六個(gè)。它們的疑問(wèn)，否定形式應(yīng)予以注意：
Do they have to paytheir bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use toplay tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to havetold her all about it.
Ought he to see aheart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞使用。其他的詞作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞使用，變疑問(wèn)，否定時(shí)，須有do 等助動(dòng)詞協(xié)助。
典型例題
Tom ought not to ___me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told
答案A。由于后句為過(guò)去時(shí)，告訴秘密的動(dòng)作又發(fā)生在其前因，此地應(yīng)用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，但它在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ought to 后，所以用 have。
14 比較need和dare
這兩詞既可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用，又可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用。作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，兩者都只能用于疑問(wèn)句，否定句和條件句。 need 作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)后面的不定式必須帶to，而dare作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用時(shí), 后面的to 時(shí)?？梢员皇÷浴?div style="height:15px;">
need + n. / to do sth
Yes, I must. / No, Ineedn't.
語(yǔ)態(tài)(Voice)，作為一個(gè)語(yǔ)法范疇，是表示主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間的主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞行式。英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(ActiveVoice)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)(PassiveVoice)。當(dāng)主語(yǔ)為動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者即施動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者即受動(dòng)者時(shí)，動(dòng)詞便用被動(dòng)態(tài)。例如：
(1) John helped Peter.
(2) Peter was helped by John.
句(1) helped是主動(dòng)態(tài)；句(2)washelped是被動(dòng)態(tài),可見主動(dòng)態(tài)是無(wú)標(biāo)記的，而被動(dòng)態(tài)是有標(biāo)記的。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be的時(shí)態(tài)之一和及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，其時(shí)態(tài)變化通過(guò)助動(dòng)詞be的不同形式來(lái)體現(xiàn)。如：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為助動(dòng)詞am/is/are+ 過(guò)去分詞；而一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)態(tài)構(gòu)成形式為was/were+ 過(guò)去分詞。本冊(cè)要掌握的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式有：
e.g. Football is played all over the world.
I’m oftenasked to do this work.
e.g. The terracotta warriors were found in 1974 near Xi’an.
They were discovered by workers in a field outside the city.
e.g. The result of the exam will be known soon.
They are going to be given a difficult test.
e.g. The teacher said the results would be published soon.
He told me that the film would be shown the next week.
e.g. The new airport is being built by a foreign company.
The song is being sung by the girls now.
e.g. The song was being sung by the girls when I got there.
teacher’s office.
e.g. By the end of next term 2000 English words will
have been learned.
The building will have been built by next year.
e.g. All the tickets have been sold .
The book has been translated into many languages.
e.g. Forty schools had been visited by last year.
All the tickets had been sold out when I got to the cinema.
e.g. He said many words would have been learned by 2001.
by the next month.
e.g. This road must be mended.
e.g. I’m glad to beasked questions.
Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷術(shù)是從中國(guó)引入歐洲的。
The airplane was made in U.S.
Such books are written for children. 這種書是為兒童寫的。
2. 動(dòng)作的承受者是談話的中心（這時(shí)可帶有由by引起的短語(yǔ)）；
The song was composed by a student. 這首歌曲是一個(gè)學(xué)生譜寫的。
Thousands of rivers are polluted in the country.
3. 出于禮貌措詞等原因而不愿說(shuō)出動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者是誰(shuí)。
行為主體就是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，即執(zhí)行動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作的人或物。在被動(dòng)句中，往往不提及行為主體；但當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，可用介詞by引出行為( by +主體行為主體),置于被動(dòng)態(tài)句的末尾，說(shuō)明是什么人或物應(yīng)對(duì)有關(guān)事件負(fù)責(zé)。
e.g. The village was destroyed by a bomb. 這個(gè)村莊毀于炸彈。
The painting is very valuable. It waspainted by Van Gogh. 這幅畫很值錢，它是梵·高畫的。
1.“It + 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)+ that 從句”。表示謹(jǐn)慎或不太肯定的語(yǔ)氣。常用于該結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：say,think, believe, agree, expect, consider, feel, know, decide, report, suggest,prove 等。
e.g. It is said that prices will rise again this month. 據(jù)說(shuō)本月物價(jià)還將上漲。
It is thought that about a milliondogs are born each year. 據(jù)認(rèn)為每年約有一百條狗出生。
It is reported that all the passengersdied in the crash. 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)所有乘客在那次飛機(jī)墜毀中遇難。
It is agreed that we will have two weeks holiday this year.
2. 用于通告標(biāo)題廣告等的被動(dòng)態(tài)往往省去助動(dòng)詞be。
e.g. No Chinese spoken here. Shoesrepaired. Famous Painting Stolen. 名畫被盜。
