句子的成分
定義:組成句子的各個(gè)部分：即主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
說(shuō)明: 主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)是句子的主體部分，也是構(gòu)成句子的必須部分，其它為可能有的部分。
一、主語(yǔ)
1.主語(yǔ)是一個(gè)句子的主題，也是句子的主體，表示句子主要說(shuō)明的人或事物。
2. 它的位置一般在句首。
3. 一般由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或代詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子等充當(dāng)。
Little streams[stri:ms] feed big rivers.(名詞)
We study in No. 1 Middle School.(代詞)
To find your way can be a problem.(動(dòng)詞不定式)
Smoking is bad for you.(動(dòng)名詞)
Whenever you are ready will be fine.(從句)
Three's enough.(數(shù)詞)
二、謂語(yǔ)
1.謂語(yǔ)是說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。一般放在主語(yǔ)之后。
2.謂語(yǔ)一般是由動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)擔(dān)當(dāng)。
3.謂語(yǔ)必須和主語(yǔ)在“人稱(chēng)”和“數(shù)”上保持一致。
We work hard.(動(dòng)詞）
Mike likes his new book.
His parents are teachers.(連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ))
She is reading.
三、表語(yǔ)
1.表語(yǔ)是表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)或身份等。
Her brother is a driver.(名詞)
Are you ready?(形容詞)
We were at home last night.(介詞短語(yǔ))
This book is mine, not yours.(代詞)
Four and four is eight.(數(shù)詞)
The film is exciting.(現(xiàn)在分詞)
The cup is broken.(過(guò)去分詞)
Our task is studying.(動(dòng)名詞)
I seem to have caught a cold.(動(dòng)詞不定式)
The problem is how we can finish it.(從句)
四、賓語(yǔ)
說(shuō)明: 1.賓語(yǔ)表示動(dòng)作、行為的對(duì)象。
2.只有及物動(dòng)詞可帶賓語(yǔ)，有些不及物動(dòng)詞加上介詞或副詞也可帶賓語(yǔ)。
3.由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子擔(dān)當(dāng)。
He often helps me.(代詞)
We study English at school.(名詞)
If you add 5 to 5, you get 10.(數(shù)詞)
Remember to buy some stamps.(動(dòng)詞不定式)
He likes making you laugh.(動(dòng)名詞)
He said, "You are wrong."(句子)
Do you understand what I mean?(從句)
賓語(yǔ)的種類(lèi) :
1.一般是指及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，但也可以是介詞的賓語(yǔ)。
We will remember your kindness.(及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ))
I am glad to see you.
It's sure to rain.
3.雙賓語(yǔ)
(1)有些及物動(dòng)詞可帶雙賓語(yǔ)，即直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)。一般直接賓語(yǔ)指事物，而間接賓語(yǔ)指人，在句中二者同時(shí)應(yīng)用。
(2)通常間接賓語(yǔ)放在直接賓語(yǔ)之前，有時(shí)亦可放在直接賓語(yǔ)之后，但這時(shí)間接賓語(yǔ)前一般要加介詞to或for。
(3)常用于帶雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：answer, bring, buy, give, keep, lend, make, pay, sell, send, show, take, tell, write等。
I gave him my address.
--I gave my address to him.
I have found him a place.
--- ->I have found a place for him.
4.復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：“賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。
No one ever saw Jim angry.
We call him Xiao Wang.
They found treasure in the chest.
I heard him sing a song.
I heard him singing a song.
I head a song sung。
5.形式賓語(yǔ)it與真賓語(yǔ)。在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，如作賓語(yǔ)的是非限定動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或從句，這時(shí)常把賓語(yǔ)放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后，用it代替它的原位置，這it叫形式賓語(yǔ)，而放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后的賓語(yǔ)叫真賓語(yǔ)。
I think it important to study hard.
We think it no use trying it again.
I think it right that you decided to attend[?'tend] the meeting.
賓語(yǔ)的位置:
1.一般位于及物動(dòng)詞之后。
I lik you.
2.介詞賓語(yǔ)位于介詞之后。
He is fond of music.
3.雙賓語(yǔ)的位置：
(1)一般是“間接賓語(yǔ)(人)+直接賓語(yǔ)(物)”或者“直接賓語(yǔ)＋介詞(to或for)+間接賓語(yǔ)”。
(2)接雙賓語(yǔ)用介詞to的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：bring, give, lend, offer, pass, pay, sell, send, show, take, write等。
Would you mind lending me a book?
--- ->Would you mind lending a book to me?
(3)接雙賓語(yǔ)用介詞for的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞：buy, fetch, find, get, keep, make, order等。
My mother bought me a new coat yesterday.
--- ->My mother bought a new coat for me yesterday.
(4)雙賓語(yǔ)中一個(gè)是名詞，一個(gè)是代詞，一般是代詞在前名詞在后；如都是代詞，通常是直接賓語(yǔ)在前，間接賓語(yǔ)在后。
I'll give them to my sister.
I'll give it to her.
4.形式賓語(yǔ)與真賓語(yǔ)的位置：... it +賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)+真賓語(yǔ)。
We think it wrong that you told a lie.
5.動(dòng)詞＋副詞的賓語(yǔ)位：
(1)如賓語(yǔ)是名詞，放在副詞前后均可。
(2)如賓語(yǔ)是代詞，只能放在副詞之前。
Turn the lights on.
Turn on the lights.
Turn them on
五、定語(yǔ)
說(shuō)明: 1.用來(lái)修飾名詞或代詞。
2.作定語(yǔ)除形容詞外，還有代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞、介詞短語(yǔ)以及相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞、短語(yǔ)和從句。
Jane is a beautiful girl.(形容詞)
There is well water.(名詞)
We have four lessons in the morning.(數(shù)詞)
What's your name?(代詞)
John had a desire to travel.(不定式)
I usually eat sleeping pills every day.(動(dòng)名詞)
The person talking with Jim is my teacher.(現(xiàn)在分詞）
This is the house built last year.(過(guò)去分詞)
This is a map of China.(介詞短語(yǔ))
The car that is parked outside is mine.(從句)
定語(yǔ)的位置: 位置一般比較固定
1.單詞作定語(yǔ)多放在其所修飾詞之前。
2.短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)一般放在其所修飾的詞之后。
下列情況需要注意
1.副詞作定語(yǔ)常后置。
People here like skating.
This is a room above。
2.只可作表語(yǔ)的形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)一般后置。
I'm the most happy man alive.
He spoke like a man afraid.
3.不定代詞的定語(yǔ)一律后置。
I would like to have something interesting to read.
Nobody decent will go there.
4.不定式作定語(yǔ)要后置。
It's time for us to go.
Her promise to write was forgotten.
5.各種短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)一般都后置，但也可用連字符連接變?yōu)閺?fù)合形容詞而前置。
My neighbour next door is very kind.
--My next-door neighbour is very kind.
There is a well seven feet deep.
--There is a seven-foot-deep well.
六、狀語(yǔ)
說(shuō)明: 1.用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞，也可以是對(duì)全句進(jìn)行說(shuō)明或解釋。
2.一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的、方式、程度等意義。
3.通常由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句等來(lái)表示。
They work hard.
It is very nice.
We had a meeting this afternoon.
狀語(yǔ)的位置: 大體上有句末、句中與句首三種位置，以句末最常見(jiàn)。
1.副詞作狀語(yǔ)最常見(jiàn)，位置比較靈活。
(1)修飾動(dòng)詞三種位置都可以。
He speaks Chinese badly but reads it well.
I couldn't very well refuse to go.
Naturally we expect him to succeed.
(2)修飾形容詞和其他副詞一般皆前置。
The book is very interesting.
He did the work fairly well.
(3)副詞enough作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)須后置。
The room is big enough for a party.
He didn't run quickly enough to catch the bus.
2.名詞作狀語(yǔ)多置于句末。
Wait a moment.
See you next week.
3.動(dòng)詞不定式作狀語(yǔ)多放在句末。
He came specially to see me.
You have only to ask to get it.
4.分詞作狀語(yǔ)多置于句首與句末。
Arriving at the station, we knew the train had already gone.
I began to get the shakes just thinking about the test.
Added to this, she is good at music.
The lichens came borne by storms.
5.介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)多置于句末和句首。
I've been ill for a week.
At the end of the film, I was in tears.
6.從句作狀語(yǔ)多置于句末或句首。
We chatted as we walked along.
When I am working, she is playing the game.
狀語(yǔ)的種類(lèi):
㈠一般狀語(yǔ)按其用途可分:
I saw him there lately.
After taking my name and address, he asked me some questions.
2.有一些時(shí)間副詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常置于句中.如always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom等。
I always stay in bed late on Sundays.
Such places are seldom visited.
3.幾個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)并列使用時(shí)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)是時(shí)間單位由小到大排列。
They reached home at five o'clock in the evening.
We'll discuss the matter during lunch tomorrow.
There are plenty of fish in the sea.
On the platform she kissed her mother .
2.地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，一般是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)在前，時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在后。
At the airport last night two events happened.
I stayed there for three weeks last year.
3.為避免狀語(yǔ)堆砌可將時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)移至句首。
The whole morning he was reading a book in the garden.
I eat potatoes because I like them.
For reasons of health he can't finish his work.
④結(jié)果狀語(yǔ): 多由動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和從句表示，常位于句末。
She woke suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway.
She spoke so softly that I couldn't hear what she said.
⑤目的狀語(yǔ): 多由動(dòng)詞不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)和從句表示，常位于句末，亦可放在句首表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
He ran for shelter.
In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.
⑥條件狀語(yǔ):多由短語(yǔ)和從句表示，常置于句末或句首。
I wouldn't have been there except for him.
If he were to come, what should we say to him?
⑦讓步狀語(yǔ):常由短語(yǔ)或從句表示，可置于句末和句首。
They played tennis in spite of the rain.
Despite the difficulties, they finished the job.
He helped me although he didn't know me.
2.單詞作此狀語(yǔ)時(shí)多置于其所修飾的句子成分之前或后。
The lecture was not very interesting。
She is old enough.
3.短語(yǔ)和從句一般皆置于其所修飾的句子成分之后。
You surprise me very much.
At that time teachers were not known to the degree that they are today.
⑨方式狀語(yǔ): 常由副詞、短語(yǔ)、從句等表示，多位于句末。
Don't look at me concernedly.
It is worked out by computers.
⑩伴隨狀語(yǔ): 常由短語(yǔ)或獨(dú)立主格等表示，多位于句末。
They died, leaving their parents broken-hearted.
He stood there, pipe in mouth.
㈡一般狀語(yǔ)的順序
1.多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)，總的來(lái)說(shuō)是單詞在前，依次是名詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、非限定動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，最后是狀語(yǔ)從句。
The woman went weekly to church.
Sally got the wine from it for him before he went off.
2.為了避免笨重，單詞、短語(yǔ)和從句可分開(kāi)放置。
We can safely talk about million people in the streets.
3.從語(yǔ)義上看，狀語(yǔ)的一般順序是方面狀語(yǔ)在前，依次是方式、地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、目的等狀語(yǔ)。
He went hastily away.
She had lived in poverty for thirty years.
4.在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，常根據(jù)實(shí)際情況進(jìn)行排列。
She puts crumbs for the bird on her windowsill.
Next Sunday I shall probably visit her mother in Beijing briefly to see if she's feeling better.
㈢句子狀語(yǔ)可分為兩種
第一種句子狀語(yǔ)
1.說(shuō)明或評(píng)說(shuō)全句的句子狀語(yǔ)多放在句首。
Fortunately I was there.
Of course I remember you.
2.有時(shí)卻常放在謂語(yǔ)(或主要?jiǎng)釉~)或表語(yǔ)之前。
I quite like the idea.
You are just talking nonsense.
3.表示不定頻度的副詞如always, usually, often, sometimes等，放在謂語(yǔ)(或主要?jiǎng)釉~)或表語(yǔ)之前。
I will always remember her.
She is often late for school.
4.表示否定的副詞如not, never, hardly, seldom等，放在謂語(yǔ)(或主要?jiǎng)釉~)或表語(yǔ)之前。
You mustn't smoke.
He is never angry.
5.除副詞和短語(yǔ)可作句子狀語(yǔ)外，從句和句子也可用作句子狀語(yǔ)。
Come this way, if you please.
You are tired, I dare say(或I know).
第二種句子狀語(yǔ)
連接性句子狀語(yǔ)一般都放在句首。
Thus we see that plants need light.
You think me rich, but on the contrary I am very poor.
The book is a masterpiece, and what's more, I like it.
七、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
說(shuō)明: 1.有些及物動(dòng)詞的只跟賓語(yǔ)意義不完整，還要加一個(gè)成分來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，這樣意思才完整。
2.賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)一般都放在賓語(yǔ)之后。
She has her hands black.
We called him Jimmy.
3.有時(shí)為強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)為保持句子平衡而把二者位置互換。
He pushed open the door.
I could see lurking a deep midnight green.
可作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的類(lèi)別:
1.名詞：注意elect, choose, make, appoint等之后若跟的是表示正式職位或獨(dú)一無(wú)二的頭銜的名詞時(shí)，此名詞前不帶冠詞。
They named the child Jim.
We made Liming monitor.
2.形容詞：
She boiled the egg hard.
I found the book very interesting.
3.動(dòng)詞不定式：注意感覺(jué)動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞之后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式要省略to，但這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)其后省略的to必須加上。
He expected me to do the work.
I'll have them see you.
--- ->They will be had to see you.
4.動(dòng)名詞：
I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.
5.分詞：
(1)賓語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，與過(guò)去分詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
I have guests coming.
He tried to make himself understood when he was speaking.
(2)不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng)含義，只表示已完成的含義。
He found his mother gone.
6.介詞短語(yǔ)：
I found everything in good condition.
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