語態(tài)用以說明
主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系
分為主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)
今天給同學們總結(jié)歸納了
被動語態(tài)的用法和高頻考點
認真來學吧
被動語態(tài)概念
主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。譯成漢語，往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來表示被動意義。
She closed the door. （主動語態(tài)）她關(guān)了門。
The door was closed by her.（被動語態(tài)）門被她關(guān)上了。
被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動語態(tài)：由“be+及物動詞過去分詞構(gòu)成（+by）”構(gòu)成。
被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)變化只需要改變be的形式，過去分詞部分不變。疑問句和否定句同樣如此。
一、被動語態(tài)的幾種句型
肯定句：主語+be+及物動詞的過去分詞+（by）
The cake was eaten by Lily.
否定句：主語+be not+過去分詞+（by）
The cake wasn’t eaten byLily.
一般疑問句：Be+主語+過去分詞+（by）？
Was the cake eaten by Lily?
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+be+主語+過去分詞+（by）?
What was eaten by Lily?
二、不同時態(tài)中的被動語態(tài)
三、被動語態(tài)的用法
不知道或沒有必要指出動作的執(zhí)行者時，常用被動語態(tài)，這時往往不用by短語。
The old bridge was built many years ago.這座古橋是許多年前建造的。
They have been poorly paid.他們的工資太低。
突出或強調(diào)動作的承受者，常用被動語態(tài)。
Your plan is considered to be the best.你的計劃被認為是最好的。
These books are written especially for children.這些書是專門為孩子們寫的。(強調(diào)的是“這些書”)
動作的執(zhí)行者是無生命的事物，常用被動語態(tài)。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整個村莊都被洪水沖走了。
Once a promise is made, it shouldn’t be broken.諾言一旦許下，就不能違背。
主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)
一、變化步驟：
（1）將主動句的賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，如果主動句的賓語是代詞，需變?yōu)橹鞲瘛?br>
（2）將謂語動詞改為“be+過去分詞”，be與新主語的人稱和數(shù)一致，時態(tài)不變
（3）將主動語態(tài)的主語前加by放在謂語動詞后，如果原主語是代詞，需要變?yōu)橘e格。
主動句：They held a meeting yesterday.他們昨天開會了。
變被動句：A meeting was held (by them) yesterday.昨天舉行了一個會議。
口訣：賓變主，主變賓，謂變be done, 時不變，數(shù)格必須隨被變。
二、特殊情況，需注意：
（1）主動句中的主語如果是people，we，you，they，somebody等含糊地表示“人們”、“大家”等，變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，通常刪除“by…“，除需強調(diào)原主語外。
They builtthisbuildingin 1995.這所建筑于1995年建造。
→This building wasbuilt in1995.
Onlyhe canfinish the job.這項工作只能由他來完成。
→The job can be finished onlyby him.
（2）主動語態(tài)中若有雙賓語，即直接賓語和間接賓語的句子
Vivian told us the truth.雙賓語（us是間賓， truth是直賓）
→We were told the truthbyVivian.間接賓語提前
→Thetruthwastold(to) us by Vivian.直接賓語提前
部分直接賓語提前時，前需加介詞。動詞make/buy/get用for; 動詞give/send/lend/take用to。
三、謂語動為感使動詞，含有賓語+賓語補足語的句子，變成被動句后，原來的賓語補足語變成主語補足語。注意，不帶to的不定式作主語補足語需要加上to。
口訣：“感使動詞”(feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, look at)真奇怪，主動結(jié)構(gòu)“to”走開，被動結(jié)構(gòu)又請來，十個動詞要記牢，不會被它再難倒。
I heard Ann sing the song just now.我剛才聽見安唱這首歌了。
→Annwasheard to sing the song just now.
We saw him play football on the playground.我們看見他在操場上打籃球。
→He was seen to play football on the playground.
四、含有賓語從句的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳?，通常用it作為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語，把賓語從句后置。
We have determined that the plan should be carried out soon.我們決定這項計劃必須馬上實施。
→It has been determined that theplan should be carried out soon.
五、雙重被動結(jié)構(gòu)：當某人或物成為兩次動作的承受者
Parents often ask their children to do too much homework.
→The children are often asked to dotoo much homework.
→Too much homework is oftenasked to be done by the children.
六、高頻考點
1、部分連系動詞主動形式表示被動之意，如：look，feel，smell，sound，prove等，
The flower smells sweet.這些花聞起來很香。
Mary proves very nice and patient.瑪麗被證明很溫和，有耐心。
2、有些動詞當強調(diào)動作執(zhí)行情況時, 有被動語態(tài)；當表示主語內(nèi)在”品質(zhì)“或”性能“時，用作不及物動詞，無被動語態(tài)。如：lock，shut，close，open，move，read，write，smell，wash，clean，draw，cut，translate，burn，run，ride，begin，end，operate等。
This article translate hard.這篇文章很難翻譯。
The door won’t shut.這個門關(guān)不上。
The computerswere sold out,because theysell well.電腦被賣光了，因為它們賣得好。
The clothwashes easily.這布很好洗。
3、某些動詞在句型”主+謂+主補“時，主動形式表示被動，如wear，blow，prove等。
The window blew open.窗戶吹開了。
4、不用于被動語態(tài)的動詞，如happen，cost，take，have（有），own，possess，want（缺乏）。
An accident happened yesterday.昨天發(fā)生了一起事故。
One should possess courage, determination and wisdom.人要擁有勇氣、決心和智慧。
5、”動詞+反身代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)與”be+過去分詞“結(jié)構(gòu)，這些短語經(jīng)常用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示主動意義。
devote oneself to：獻身于
seat oneself：就坐
dress oneself：穿衣
amuse oneself：自娛自樂
lose oneself：迷路
prepare oneself for：做好心理準備
concern oneself about：擔心
They were seated in the front of the hall.他們在大廳前部就坐。
He was concernd about his work.他擔心他的工作。
All my students are well prepared for the test.我的學生都為考試做好了準備。
His mother is dressed in white at the party.他的媽媽在宴會上穿著白色衣服。
6、be done與get done
1）現(xiàn)代英語特別是口語中常用”get + 過去分詞“表示被動語態(tài)。
2）”get +過去分詞“只表示動作，而“be+過去分詞”既可表動作，也可表狀態(tài)。
They have been married for ages.他們結(jié)婚多年了。
They got married last month.他們上個月結(jié)婚了。
3）經(jīng)過安排、考慮的動作用“be+過去分詞”；出乎意料時用“get+過去分詞”、
How did the painting get damaged?這幅畫怎么被損壞的？
4）“be+過去分詞”是單純的被動意義，而“get+過去分詞”可以暗示主語對動作的發(fā)生有一定的責任，含有某種主動意味。
His team got beaten again though they had tried their best.雖然他們盡了全力，他的隊伍還是輸了。
7、在時間、條件狀語從句中，要用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)表示將來時的被動語態(tài)。
If lamgiven enough time, I will do it better.給我足夠的時間，我會做得更好。
8、固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞或副詞在被動結(jié)構(gòu)中不可省去。
Such a bad habitshould be got rid of.這樣的壞習慣應該改掉。（of 不可以省去的）
9、在“too…to…”結(jié)構(gòu)和形容詞 enough to do結(jié)構(gòu)中，通常用主動形式表示被動意義。
The problem is too difficult to work out.
10、Itis said/ reported/ supposed/ hoped/ well known/ generally considered/ suggested/believed…+從句，表示據(jù)說/據(jù)報道/據(jù)推測/希望/眾所周知/普遍認為/有人建議/據(jù)信……
此句型可變成：sb. + be said/ reported/ believed… +不定式。
如果原來從句的謂語動作已完成，不定式用完成式；如果從句的謂語動作是經(jīng)常性動作或還沒有完成，用不定式的一般式。
It is said that James is an expert on DNA.人們說詹姆斯是個DNA專家。
→ James is said to be an expert on DNA.
It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.據(jù)說這個男孩已經(jīng)通過了這次全國性的測試。
→The boy is said to have passed the national exam.
11、幾個被動語態(tài)常用習慣用法：
We’re determined to set up an eco-laboratory.我們決定建立一個生態(tài)實驗室。
My time was interested in fine arts.我對美術(shù)非常感興趣。
Where was your grandfather born?你祖父的出生地是哪里？
I was graduated from that university ten years ago.我十年前從那所大學畢業(yè)。
My hometown is situated in the south of China.我的家鄉(xiāng)在中國南部。
鞏固練習
I.單項選擇
1.In the spoken Englis ofsome areas in the US, the ’r’ sounds atthe end ofthewords______.
A.aredroppedB.dropC.are being dropped D.have dropped
2.Experiments of this kind______ in both the U.S.andEuropewell beforethe SecondWorld War.
A.have conducted B.have been conducted C.had conducted D.had been conducted
3.He______ somepieces of advice, but he______ to them.
A.gave, didn’t listenB.was given, wasn’t listened C.give, wasn’t listenedD.was given, didn’t listen
4.Thiscoastal area______ a nationalwildlife reserve last year.
A.was namedB.namedC.is namedD.names
5.A lot of tall buildings______ in his hometown in the last three years.
A.have set up B.have been set up C.wereset up D.set up
6.They______printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A.had finished B.have finished C.hadbeen finished D.have been finished
7.Great changes______ place. Many new schools______.
A.have taken, have been opened B.take, are open C.aretaken, openD.have been taken, are opened
8.We can’tuse the bridge now, because it______.
A.has been repairedB.is repairing C.is repaired D.is being repaired
9.I______ the way to the railway stationby apoliceman.
A.wasshown B.showedC.have shownD.was showing
10.The waw the old soldier remembers very well______ in 1941.
A.broke out B.had been broken out C.was broken D.hadbroken out
11.When water______, it will be changed into vapour.
A.is heatedB.heating C.has heatedD.heats
12.We can’t enter the room because its door______, butyou couldn’t lock it atall before.
A.lockedB.locks C.is locked D.is locking
13.They______ day and night, so they had no time to staywith their families.
A.are made work B.are made to work C.made to be worked D.are making to work
14.Man-made satellites______ into space by many countries.
A.was sent up B.is sent upC.have been sent up D.has been sent up
15.When______ the People’s Republic ofChina______?
A.was, found B.was, foundedC.did, found D.does, found
16.A strang thing______in our school yesterday.
A.was happened B.has been happenedC.happenedD.was going to happen
17.He will stop showing off, if no notic______of him.
A.is takenB.will be takenC.takes D.has taken
18.It issaid that another new car factory______ now.
Yeah. It______ one and a half years.
A.is building; is taken B.is beingbuilt;will take C.is built D.is being built; takes
19.I know MrBrown;we______ to eachother at an international conference.
A.are introduced B.have been introduced C.were introducedD.had been introduced
20.I______ to a party, but I’ve got nothing to wear.
Why don’tyou haveadress made for the party?
A.was askedB.will ask C.have asked D.have been asked
21.What do you think of this kind of TV set, which______ in Shanghai?
Well, I don’t care such things.
A.was made B.is made C.has been made D.had been made
22.The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They______ toolong.
A.had been cooked B.were cooked C.had cooked D.cooked
23.I want to buy that kind of cloth because I______ the cloth______ well.
A.have told;washes B.have been told; washes C.was told; washed D.have been told; is washed
24.In some parts of the world, tea______ with milk and sugar.
A.is servingB.is served C.serves D.served
25.The new dictionaries are very useful.They______ well and______ already.
A.sell, have been sold out B.sold, had sold out C.sell, sell out D.are sold, have been sold out
26.Thetrain______ arrives at 11:30, but itwas an hour late.
A.was about to B.was likely to C.was supposed to D.was proved to
27.The teachertold his students that they______tobe useful men to the country.
A.were all expectedB.were all expecting C.all were expected D.all expected
28.Why didyouleavethat position?
I______ abetter position at IBM.
A.offer B.offeredC.am offered D.was offered
29.The policeman’s attentionwas suddenly caught by a small box which______ placed under the Minster’s car.
A.has been B.was being C.had been D.would be
30.The hero’s sory______ differently in the newspapers.
A.was reported B.was reporting C.reports D.reported
II把下列句子改為被動語態(tài)
I saw the boy run yesterday.
2.He told me that he would come back soon.
3.You can find a lot ofdifferences between the two languages.
4.Do you water your flowersevery day?
5.The wind blew down the big tree last night.
6.I thinkthathe is right.
7.He had not thrown the bad food.
8.Mother was not mending the trousers.
9.The wouldnot takehimto Beijing.
10.Nobody knew me in this town at thattime.
參考答案
I單項選擇
1.A。句子是有關(guān)美語中的一個語法現(xiàn)象的，是經(jīng)常性的狀態(tài)，且這個音節(jié)是人為漏掉的，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。
2.D。實驗（experiments）和動詞conduct（實施）是被動關(guān)系，而且是在“before the Second World War”進行的，即“過去的過去”，所以選D。
3.D。give接雙賓語，“他”應被給一些建議，排除A、C；“他”聽從建議，是主動關(guān)系，所以選D。
4.A。句意：這個沿海地區(qū)去年被命名為國家級野生動物保護區(qū)。
5.B。in the last three years在過去三年里，一般與現(xiàn)在完成時連用，“建筑物”與“set up”是動賓關(guān)系，所以用B。
6.A。by the end of last month到上個月末為止，一般要用過去完成時；“They“是”finish“的執(zhí)行者，所以選A。
7.A。take place發(fā)生，不能用被動語態(tài)；”school“是”被開設（open）“的，而且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有了變化，要用現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的結(jié)果，因此選A。
8.D。橋現(xiàn)在不能使用，應該是正在被修理。
9.A。警察給”我“指路，”我“與”指路“是被動關(guān)系。
10.A。break out爆發(fā)，是不可數(shù)名詞，不用被語態(tài)；過去某時發(fā)生的事，要用一般過去時。
11.A。”水“是人加熱的，所以是被動語態(tài)。
12.C。門是被鎖的，用被動語態(tài)。注意lock也有不及物動詞的用法，表示主語的特征，不用被動語態(tài)，如：The door won’t lock.這個門鎖不上。
13.B。make sb. do sth.使某人做某事，變成被動句后要把do前省略的to加上。They與動詞work是主動的，因此要用不定式的主動式。
14.C。句意：許多國家都發(fā)射了人造衛(wèi)星。根據(jù)句意應用現(xiàn)在完成時，衛(wèi)星是被發(fā)射的，因此用C。
15.B。found動詞（原形），意為”建立“，過去式、過去分詞是founded。
16.C。happen是不及物動詞，不用被動語態(tài)。
17.A。如主句用將來時，在時間、條件和讓步狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。又因if從句是被動語態(tài)，是短語”take no notice of…（不注意）“中的notice（take的賓語）提前做了主語，故選A。句意：如果不注意他，他就不會賣弄了。
18.B。根據(jù)主語與build之間的被動關(guān)系和now，可知要選現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài)；因工廠正在修建，花費一年半應指將來。
19.C。在一個國際會議上”被介紹“顯然發(fā)生在過去。
20.D。由but分句中的現(xiàn)在時和答語所提建議內(nèi)容，可知應選現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。
21.B。這種電視產(chǎn)于上海是客觀事實，故用一般現(xiàn)在時。
22.A。cook發(fā)生在didn’t taste very good之前，且與主語之間有被動關(guān)系，故用過去完成時的被動語態(tài)。
23.B。動詞wash，lock，sell，wear，write，read，open，shut，clean等動詞的主語是物，且又表示主語的特征下狀態(tài)時，要用主動形式表示被動意義。tell與I是被動關(guān)系，表示”別人告訴我“。wash well好洗。
24.B。茶是被”端上/提供“的，而且說的是一個事實，用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。
25.A。第一空解析見23；sell out賣光，與書是被動關(guān)系，從第一句的時態(tài)可知用現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài)。
26.C。be supposed to應該；be about to do正要做，一般不與具體時間連用；be likely to do可能做。
27.A。句意：老師告訴他的學生他們被期望成為對國家有且的人。
28.D。offer sb. sth.主動提供給某人某物；從問句時態(tài)可知答語中要一般過去時。句意：--你為什么離職呀？--IBM給了我一個更好的。
29.C。小盒子是在警察注意到之前放的，所以用過去完成時。句意：那個警察的注意力突然被吸引到一個安放在部長汽車下面的一個小盒子上。
30.A。”story“應該”被報道“。
II把下列句子改為被動語態(tài)
The boy was seen to run by me yesterday.
2.I wastoldthat he would come back soon.
3.A lot of differences can be foundby you between the two languages.
4.Are your flowerswatered every day?
5.The big tree was blown down last night.
6.Itis thought that he is right.
7.The bad food had not been thrown.
8.The trousers were not being mended by my mother.
9.Hewould not be taken to Beijing.
10.I wasknown by nobody in this town at that time.
