2011屆中考英語專題復(fù)習(xí)十六：短文填空考點講解和訓(xùn)練
【考點掃描】
短文填空是近兩年才創(chuàng)設(shè)的一種新題型。這種題型通常有四種形式：
1、給出一篇難易適中的短文，中間去掉幾個單詞，讓考生根據(jù)上下文填上所缺的單詞。
2、給出一篇難易適中的短文，中間去掉幾個單詞，但給出這些單詞的第一個字母，讓考生根據(jù)短文的上下文的意思和所給的提示字母，填上所缺的單詞。
3、給出一篇難易適中的短文，中間去掉幾個單詞，同時在一個方框內(nèi)給出一些單詞，讓考生根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容，把這些單詞填入空白處，使文章正確、通順。
4、給出一篇難易適中的短文，中間去掉幾個單詞或短語，同時給出這些單詞或短語的漢語意思，讓考生根據(jù)短文的上下文和所給漢語的提示，填上適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~或短語。陜西省的短文填空題采用的基本上是第四種形式。
這種題型考查的是考生的整體閱讀能力、基礎(chǔ)語法的運用能力和書面表述能力，特別是單詞和短語的拼寫能力。它是介于閱讀理解和書面表達之間的一種題型。
【名師解難】
做好短文填空題要求考生具備堅實的語法基礎(chǔ)，理解文章大意和主旨的能力，牢固掌握英語的習(xí)慣用法和固定搭配，熟記英語單詞的拼寫。做短文填空可以從以下幾個方面著手：
1、從語法方面考慮
短文填空題所涉及的語法內(nèi)容通常包括：名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)、形容詞和副詞的比較等級、主謂一致、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)、介詞和連詞的選用等。例如2009年中考的短文填空題的第一個空：“Most of us 1 (忙于)talking about and using the Internet every day….” 在這里，用英語表示“忙于”不僅要用busy, busy之前還要加be, 而be還要和主語most of us保持一致，變成are。再如2009年中考題中的第7個空，but soon you’ll 7 _____(習(xí)慣于) doing it. “習(xí)慣于”必須用be / get used to, 因為這個短語用在一般將來時中，在助動詞之后。
2、從習(xí)慣用法和固定搭配方面考慮
如上所說，陜西省的短文填空以詞組和短語為主，而詞組和短語必然會涉及到很多習(xí)慣用法和固定搭配。例如2009年中考說明短文填空的第8個空：“ 8 （在圣誕夜）children are very happy.” 用英語表示“在圣誕夜”必須用On Christmas Eve。因為在“某一天的晚上”習(xí)慣上用介詞on。2009年考題中的第5個空就是一個固定搭配---at least。
3、從上下文的結(jié)構(gòu)方面考慮
有的空白必須根據(jù)上下文的結(jié)構(gòu)才能判斷應(yīng)該填什麼樣的單詞或短語。例如2009年考試說明短文填空的第9個空：They put their stocking at the end of their beds 9 their parents can put presents in them.從上下文文我們可以看出，他們把他們的長筒襪放在床頭上是為了讓他們的父母親能夠把禮物放在里面。以此判斷，后面的句子應(yīng)是一個目的狀語從句。因此，應(yīng)填so that。再看2009年的10個空Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables and drink water 10_______ (代替) drinks. 這個句子中已經(jīng)有了謂語動詞eat 和drink, 代替就不能再用動詞，而需用一個介詞instead of。
【中考范例】
V. 短文填空
根據(jù)上下文和括號里的漢語提示，在下面的空白處寫出正確的單詞和短語，使短文意思完整。
When you laugh, you will 1 ______(張開) your mouth and your teeth. The healthier those teeth are, the happier you look. Why is that?
It’s 2 _______(因為) your teeth are important in many ways. If you take care of them, they’ll help to take care of you. Strong, healthy teeth help you eat the right food to help you grow. They also help you speak clearly.
You can take care of your teeth by doing like these:
Brush your teeth 3_______ (一日兩次) after breakfast and before bedtime. If you can, brush 4 _______(午飯后) or after eating sweet cakes.
Brush all of your teeth, not just the front ones. Spend some time on the teeth along the sides and in the back.
Take your time while brushing. Spend 5_______ (至少) 3 minutes each time you brush.
Be sure your toothbrush is soft(柔軟的). Ask your parent to help you get a new toothbrush 6 ________(每三個月).
Learn how to floss(用牙線清理) your teeth, which is a very important way to keep them healthy. It feels strange when you do it at first, but soon you’ll 7 _____(習(xí)慣于) doing it. The floss gets rid of food that’s hidden between your teeth.
Brushing and flossing 8 ______(保持) your teeth healthy. You also need to care about what you eat and drink. Eat 9 ______(許多) fruits and vegetables and drink water 10_______ (代替) drinks.
1. open 張開嘴的“張開”應(yīng)用open。
2. because 要回答前面why提出的問題，應(yīng)用because。
3. twice a day 這是英語常見的一種表示方法。
4. after lunch after之后常常跟一個時間點，lunch可看作一個時間點。
5. at last 這是一個固定的短語
6. every three months every之后如果有大于一的數(shù)詞來修飾名詞，這個名詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。又如：every three days, every four years。
7. be/ get used to 這也是一個習(xí)慣用語，后接名詞或定名詞。
8. keep “keep somebody/ something +形容詞”是一個常見句型。
9. lots of / a lot of / many 這幾個限定詞都可用來修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。
10. instead of 這是一個短語介詞，后接名詞活動名詞。
【滿分演練】
(1)
Everyone needs friends. We all like to feel close to someone. It is nice to have a friend to talk, laugh, and do things with. Surely, there are times when we need to be alone. We don't always want people1________(周圍). But we would feel lonely if we never had a friend.
No two people are just the same. Sometimes friends don't 2_________(相處得好). That doesn't mean that they no longer like 3_________(互相). Most of the time they will make up and 4__________(繼續(xù))being friends.
Sometimes friends move away. Then we feel very sad. We 5_______(想念) them very much. But we call them and write to them. It could be that we would even see them again. And we can 6__________(結(jié)交新朋友）. It is surprising to find out how much we like new people when we get to know them.
Families sometimes name their children after a close friend. 7_________(許多地方)are named after men and women who have been friendly to people in a town. Some libraries are named this way. So are some schools. We 8_______（想起）these people when we go to these places.
There's more good news for people who have friends. They live 9________(長一些)than people who don't. Why? It could be that they are happier. Being happy helps you stay well. Or it could be just knowing that someone cares. If someone cares about you, you take better care of 10________（你自己）.
(2)
Most great inventors often met with much trouble in their work. Before they could succeed, they had to overcome 1_________(數(shù)以千計的)difficulties which were put in their way. The following is one of such examples.
George Stephenson (1781~~1848), a 2__________ (著名的)British inventor made the first train in 1825, using a stream engine. When he was experimenting with the engine 3________ (在火車上), he met with troubles from the government, the newspapers and the gentlemen in the country. They said that the 4________ (噪音)and the smoke would kill cows, horses and sheep, that the engine would burst or that the hot coals from it would set fire to their houses. People believe 5___________ (他們說的話).
George Stephenson told the people that the train could go on small rails, could pull carriages 6________ (裝滿) goods and passengers and that there was no great danger to them. It was a very difficult matter for him to make them believe. 7________ (然而), after some time, he was able to do it, and the first train, that was driven by George Stephenson himself proved what he had said. On the train there was a new steam engine. It was invented by him, and was proved a complete 8_______ (成功).
The first day when the train ran on the rails, people along the way heard the noise of the train in the distance, and saw it running quickly to them. They thought it was a genie. They ran quickly back home for fear and closed their doors tightly. They did not dare to 9________ (出來)until it had passed. 10________ (一周以后)an old woman still said that her hen had been so frightened that it hadn't laid any eggs for three days.
【練習(xí)答案】
(3)
Most of American businesses are open five days a week. American school children attend school five days a week as well.
American families usually have a 1 ______（兩天）weekend. The weekend is Saturday and Sunday. Over the weekend people spend their time 2 _______ (以許多不同的方式) . Many families enjoy weekends 3 ______(一起) . They may go shopping, go for a drive or visit friends. They may also invite friends over and 4 ______ (聚會) at home. Many American families participate（參加）in sports during the weekend. 5 _______ (跑步), biking, playing volleyball and swimming 6 _____ (流行)in summer. Skiing and skating are the 7 _____ (最喜愛的) winter sports.
Weekends are also a time for American families to work on something in their yards or in 8 ______(他們的) houses. Many families plant flowers and have vegetable gardens. Some families use the weekends 9 _______（粉刷）or repair their houses. 10 ______(對大部分美國人來說), weekends are very busy.
(4)
Perhaps more than any other people, Americans have come to depend on their cars. The family car 1 _________(一直是) a common thing 2 _______(從……以來) the early twentieth century, and it has changed American life. Many people have moved 3 _______(外面) of the large cities to the suburbs. Some Americans spend 4 ________(每天兩小時) or more in their cars 5 _______ (去上班) and home again. Cars have become the 6 _______ (工具) of transportation for most Americans going shopping, and even going on vacations.
Americans 7 ______(過去常常) like big cars, and gasoline used to be very inexpensive. Recently, 8 _______（然而）, the cost of gasoline has increased, smaller cars have become 9 _______（更常見）. Also foreign cars have become very common. Americans have bought 10 _______（大量的）Japanese and German cars. They have bought cars from several other countries as well.
(5)
Each morning a rich man found a poor man sitting on a park bench（長凳）. The poor man always sat there, 1___________ (看著)the big hotel in which the rich man lived. 2_________（有一天）the rich man got out of his car and said to the poor man, "Excuse me, but I just want to know why you sit here and look at my hotel 3_________ (每天早晨)." "Sir," said the poor man, "I am a failure. I have no money, no home. I sleep 4________ (在這條長凳上), and every night I dream（夢想）that one day I'll sleep in that hotel." The rich man said, "Tonight your dream will 5________ (變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實). I'll pay for the best room in that hotel for you a whole month."
6_________ (幾天以后), the rich man went by the poor man's room to ask him how he was enjoying himself. 7___________ (使他驚訝的是), he found that the man had 8__________ (搬出了)the hotel, back to his park bench. When the rich man asked why, the poor man said, "You see, when I'm down here sleeping on my bench, I dream I'm up there, 9____________ (在那個大賓館里). It's a wonderful dream. But when I was up there, I dreamed I was back to this cold bench. It was a terrible dream, and I couldn't get any sleep 10________ (根本)."
(6)
On October 12, 1989, some Chinese scientists were working at the computers to 1________ (尋找)the information they needed. Suddenly they saw a lot of very bright spots crossing the computers’ screens. 2__________(同時), they stopped their work to check some parts of the computers. To their horror, they 3___________ (發(fā)現(xiàn))that most of their stored information was got rid of by computer viruses! Obviously all these computers had been infected by computer viruses.
4___________ (據(jù)說)that the computer viruses were made by a group of young men like playing tricks. They all had excellent 5_________ (教育). They created the viruses just to show their intelligence. 6___________ (這種)computer viruses is named Jerusalem Viruses. These viruses can stay in computers 7___________ (很長時間). When the time comes they will attack the computers by lowering the functions, damaging their normal programs or even getting rid of all the information..
We now come to know that Jerusalem Viruses often attack computers 8__________ （在星期五）and they are spreading to a lot of computers. Among the countries that suffered computer viruses are Britain, Switzerland, the US and some 9________ (其它的)countries. But till now how to get rid of the terrible viruses 10__________ (仍然是)a problem.
（7）
In American high school 1 _______(大多數(shù)) students take English, science, math and history.
2 _______(在英語課堂上) , the students study grammar and read famous literature. In science class, they study biology, chemistry or physics. History is 3 ________(更有趣) to some students because they learn about important events and places 4 ________(在美國) . Students take 5 ______（其它） courses, too. These are electives. Some study 6 ________（音樂）because they feel it is more enjoyable. Some study 7 _________（計算機科學(xué)）because they 8 ________(認(rèn)為)it is more practical.
9 ______（在各自課堂上） , teachers give students exams. Some exams are more difficult than others, but a good student can always do 10 ______（好）.
(8)
One kind of vacation that many Americans enjoy is camping. Each summer 1_____ (數(shù)百萬的) Americans drive to the countryside where they find places 2_____ （野營）. The national parks, many of which are 3 _____(在山里) , are favourite camping places. Campers enjoy the 4 _______（新鮮空氣）, the lakes and the forests which they find in these parks. Campers hike, swim and fish. They can also find 5 ______（許多種）animals and plants in the parks. Mostly campers have trailers which they drive or pull behind their cars to their campsites. Trailers are like houses 6 ______（在輪子上）. They have many conveniences which people have in their homes, 7_______（例如）electricity and hot water. But 8 _______（大多數(shù)） campers don’t have trailers. They camp in tents which they 9________ （搭起）in their campsites. Campers in tents don’t have the conveniences that campers in trailers have. Tent campers enjoy 10 _________(一種簡單的生活) .
（9）
All big cities are quite similar. Living in a modern Asian city is not very 1 （不同於）living in an American city. The same cannot be said about living 2 （在農(nóng)場上）, however.
In many parts of the world, farmers and their families live 3 (在村莊和城鎮(zhèn)里). In the United States, however, each farm family lives on its own fields, often beyond the sight of any neighbors. 4 （不用） traveling from a village to the fields every morning, American farmers stay 5 （在他們的土地上）throughout the week. They travel to the nearest town 6 （在星期六）for shopping or on Sundays for church. The children ride on buses to large schools which serve 7 (所有的農(nóng)場家庭) living in the area. In some areas, there are small schools serving a few farm families, and the children walk to school.
8 （當(dāng)然）life keeps changing for everyone, including farmers. Today there are cars, good roads, radios, and television sets. And of course there are modern machines for farming. All of these have changed farm life.
For many years, however, farming in America was often a lonely way of living. Farmers 9 （不得不）deal with their own problems, instead of getting help from others. They 10 （學(xué)會）to try new methods, and to trust their own ideas instead of following older ways.
(10)
A teacher from a western country visited a school in an 1_______ (東方國家). In one class, she watched sixty children as they learned 2_______ (畫)a cat. The teacher drew a big ○ 3_________ (在黑板上), and sixty children copied it on their papers. The teacher drew a small ○ on the top of the first and then put two △△ on top of it. The children drew 4_________ (以同樣的方式). The lesson went on until there were sixty-one cats in the classroom. Each student’s cat 5________ (看上去)exactly like the one on the board.
The visiting teacher watched the lesson and 6________ (感到驚訝). The teaching methods(ways) were very much different from the way of teaching in her country. A children’s art lesson in her own country produced a roomful of pictures, each one is quite 7_________ (不同于)the others. Why? What makes this difference in educational methods? In a classroom in any country, the teacher teaches more than art or history or language.
8__________ (在一個國家里)such as the United States or Canada, students are asked to work by themselves and find answers 9_________ (他們自己). The students are helped to learn to have their own ideas. In countries such as China and Japan, students often work together and help each other in the classroom, but the teachers teach and the students listen. The students are asked to memorize a lot. They 10__________ (必須)learn the same textbook. They do the same homework and give the same answers.
(11)
He was born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15,1929. He was black. He lived 1________ （僅僅）thirty-nine years, but he became world-famous in that short time. He 2 _______(長大) in the southeastern part of the United States. He studied at Morehouse College where he met many outstanding men whose ideas he found important and exciting. There he read the writings of Thoreau, which gave him many ideas 3 ________(關(guān)于自由) .
After he graduated from Morehouse, he 4 ______(接著) to study at the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, and Boston University. At Boston University, he met his wife, Coretta. 5 ________（1954）, after he got his Ph.D.degree, he became the minister of a small church 6 _________（南方的） . There he became the leader of the black people, who were poor and without power. He gave speeches and led marches. For his ideas and actions, he went to jail 7 ____（一段時間）.
8 _______(許多年以后), in Washington, D.C., he spoke to a crowd of 250,000 people. He told them, “I have a dream.” That speech is still 9 ______(著名). In 1964 he won the Nobel Peace Prize. His work was not 10______(結(jié)束) when he died on April 4, 1968. Who was he? He was Martin Luther King.
(12)
Dear Mr. Costa,
I’m sorry it has taken me so long to write. I’ve been very busy with work and school, but I’ve 1 ________（想起）you often.
How’ve you been lately? Did you have a good Christmas and New Year’s? Mac says you’ve been working hard at the restaurant and that business is very good. What 2 _______(別的) have you been doing?
I had a short but good vacation. Mac and I went to Chicago for 3_______ (幾天)before Christmas, but I 4 ______(不得不) come back and work between Christmas and New Year’s (including Christmas Day and New Year’s Eve)! 5 _____（每次）something like that 6 _______（發(fā)生）I wonder if I really want to work in the hotel business.
The other day I was thinking about the fun we used to have 7 ______(在我們英語課堂上). I haven’t seen many of our classmates since the course was over. 8_____ （事實上）, the only one I see very often is Tomiko. I’d really like to get in touch with Franco. Does he 9 _______(曾經(jīng)) write to you? If so, could you please send me his address?
Well, Mac and I are going skating and he 10 ______（在等我）, so I guess I’d better say goodbye now. Write as soon as you can.
Love,
Maria
【練習(xí)答案】
(1)1. around 2. get along well 3. each other 4. go on 5. miss 6. make new friends 7. Many places 8. think of 9. longer 10. yourself
(2)1. thousands of 2. famous 3. on the train 4. noise 5. what they said 6. full of 7. However 8. success 9. come out 10. A week later
(3)1. two-day 2. in many different ways 3. together 4. have a party 5. Running 6. are popular 7. favourite 8. their 9. to paint 10. For most Americans
(4)1. has been 2. since 3. outside 4. two hours a day 5. going to work 6. means 7. used to 8. however 9. more common 10. large numbers of
(5)1. looking at 2. One day 3. every morning 4. on this bench 5. come true 6. A few days later 7. To his surprise 8. moved out of 9. in that big hotel 10. at all
(6)1. look for 2. At the same moment 3. found out 4. It is said 5. education 6. This kind of 7. for a long time 8. on Fridays 9. other 10. remains
(7)1. most 2. In English class 3. more interesting 4. in the United States 5.other 6. music 7. computer science 8. think 9. In each class 10. well
(8)1.millions of 2. to camp 3. in the mountains 4. fresh air 5. many kinds of
6. on wheels 7. such as 8. most 9. set up 10. a very simple life
(9)1. different from 2. on farms 3. in villages or towns 4. Instead of 5. on their land 6. on Saturdays 7. all of the farm families 8. Of course 9. had to10. learned
(10)1. eastern country 2. to draw 3. on the blackboard 4. in the same way 5. looked 6. was surprised 7. different from 9. themselves 10. have to
(11)1. only 2. grew up 3. about freedom 4. went on 5. In 1954 6. in the south 7. for a short time 8. Many years later 9. famous 10. finished
(12)1.thought about 2. else 3. a few days 4. had to 5. Every time 6. happens7. in our English class 8. In fact 9. ever 10. is waiting for me
