【考點直擊】
按照句子的用途，英語句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，英語句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。中考對句子的考查主要集中在以下幾個方面：
1. 陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；
2. 祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；
3. 一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法；
4. 由what, how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別
對于各種從句的用法我們在后面分別論述。
【名師點睛】
一. 陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法
1. 陳述句：
陳述句是用來陳述一個事實或表達說話人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降調(diào)，句末用句號“.”。
Tom has a new car.
The flower isn’t beautiful.
2. 陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成
(1) 如果肯定陳述句的謂語部分含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或連系動詞be，則只需在這些動詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。
He is playing the guitar.（肯定）
He is not playing the guitar.（否定）
We can get there before dark.（肯定）
We can’t get thee before dark.（否定）
(2) 如果陳述句的謂語動詞是實義動詞，而其中又沒有情態(tài)動詞或助動詞時，則需根據(jù)人稱和時態(tài)在該實義動詞前加don’t, doesn’t或didn’t。同時把該實義動詞變?yōu)樵巍?/p>
He plays the violin well.（肯定）
He doesn’t play the violin well.（否定）
She won the game.（肯定）
She didn’t win the game.（否定）
(3) 如果句子是there be結(jié)構(gòu)或謂語動詞是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要變?yōu)閍ny。例如：
There is some water in the cup. →There is not any water in the cup.
He has some books. →He has not any books.
(4) 除not以外，否定詞no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可構(gòu)成否定句。例如：
There is something wrong with his bike. →There is nothing wrong with his bike.
I have seen the film. →I have never seen the film.
二. 祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法
祈使句是用來表示命令、請求、建議、號召等的句子，謂語動詞用原形，句末用感嘆號“！”或句號“.”。朗讀時一般用降調(diào)。
1. 肯定的祈使句：
?。?）祈使句主語是you時，you常省略，但如果要特別強調(diào)對方或表達某種強烈的情緒時可以有主語或稱呼語。
Be quiet.
You be quiet!
?。?）“Do+祈使句”表示一種強烈的感情或請求，do起強調(diào)作用。
Do come back at once!
Do be careful.
?。?）please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語氣，但please用在句末時，必須用逗號與其余部分分開。
Open the window, please.
（4）Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時，后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語，人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。
Let Jack wait a minute.
Let’s go to school.
?。?）在祈使句中，Let’s和 Let us是有區(qū)別的。Let’s包括說話者，而Let us不包括聽話者在內(nèi)。這點從反意疑問句時可明顯看出。
Let’s go skating, shall we?（表示內(nèi)部的建議）
Let us try again, will you?（表示向別人發(fā)出請求）
2. 否定祈使句通常以Don’t或Never開頭。其結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：“Don’t(Never)+動詞原形+其他成分” 例如：
Don’t do that again!
Never leave today’s work for tomorrow!
Don’t be late next time!
三. 一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法
1. 一般疑問句：
（1）一般疑問句的肯定形式
一般疑問句一般是指以助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、be動詞或have（有）開始，通常要求以yes，或no來回答的疑問句，一般疑問句讀時通常用升調(diào)。
Do you know Mr. Smith?
Can you swim?
（2）一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)
① 在一般疑問句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，把副詞not放在一般疑問句的主語之后。但如果用not的簡略形式-n’t，則須將-n’t與一般疑問句句首的be, have，助動詞或情態(tài)動詞寫在一起。在實際運用中，一般都采用簡略式。
Are you not a football fan?
Aren’t you a football fan?
Will she not like it?
Won’t she like it?
② 與漢語不同的是，英語一般疑問句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語是否定還是肯定，全由答語的否定或肯定來決定。若答語是肯定的，則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu)；若答語是否定的，則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。
Aren’t you a football fan? 你不是足球迷嗎？
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Won’t she like it?
Yes, she will.
No, she won’t.
2. 特殊疑問句
特殊疑問句由“疑問代詞或疑問副詞+一般疑問句”構(gòu)成，句子一般用倒裝語序，但如果主語是疑問代詞或由疑問代詞修飾時，用陳述句的語序。特殊疑問句不能用yes或no回答，讀時用降調(diào)。例如：
Who is on duty today?
How long have you been in Beijing?
What time do you get up every morning?
What must I do now?
常用的特殊疑問句
詢問內(nèi)容
疑問詞或句型
例 句
回 答
職業(yè)，身份
what
What is your father?
He is a doctor.
姓名或關(guān)系
who
Who is that boy?
He is Jack.
He is my brother
相貌特征
what…like?
What is she like?
What does she look like?
She is beautiful.
目的
what…for?
What did they come here for?
To attend a meeting.
原因
why
Why did they come here?
Because they have a meeting to attend.
天氣
how
what…like?
How is the weather today?
What is the weather like today?
It’s fine.
顏色
what color…？
What dolor is her skirt?
It’s red.
服裝尺寸
what size
What size does he wear?
He wars 40.
幾點鐘
what time
What time is it?
It’s 7:30.
星期幾
what day
What day is today?
It’s Tuesday.
幾號，日期
what is the date…?
What is the date today?
It’s May 2.
年齡（多大）
how old
How old is he?
He is 38.
持續(xù)多長時間（多久）
how long
How long have you been here?
For five months.
長度（多長）
how long
How long is the bridge?
It’s 500 metres.
距離（多遠）
how far
How far is it from here to the zoo?
It’s 6 kilometres.
頻度
?。ǘ嘟?jīng)常）
how often
How often do you come back?
Once a week.
時間經(jīng)過
?。ǘ嗫欤?br> how soon
How soon will she arrive?
In an week.
數(shù)量
?。ǘ嗌伲?br> how many（可數(shù)名詞）
how much（不可數(shù)名詞）
How many jackets do you have?
How much coffee do you want?
Three.
Two cups.
價格
how much
How much is it?
How much does it cost?
Five dollars.
高度
?。ǘ喔撸?br> how tall（人，樹）
how high（山，建筑物）
How tall is she?
How high is the tower?
She’s 1.73 metres.
It’s 450 metres.
3. 選擇疑問句：
選擇疑問句是說話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況，讓對方選擇回答的疑問句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接，or前面的部分讀升調(diào)，or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。
選擇疑問句不能用yes或no回答，而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。
Is your bag yellow or black? It’s black.。
Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。
Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.
4. 反意疑問句：
反意疑問句是指在陳述句之后附加一個意思與之相反的簡短問句，問對方是否贊同的疑問句。附加問句的否定式必須縮寫。
（1）肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問句，否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問句。
I am your teacher, aren’t I?
He didn’t study hard, did he?
?。?）如果陳述句中含有否定副詞never（從不，決不），hardly（幾乎不）或其他表示否定代詞或形容詞，如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等，則附加問句只能用肯定式。如：
They hardly write to each other, do they?
He has found nothing, has he?
Few people knew the secret, did they?
?。?）當(dāng)反意疑問句是“否定陳述句+肯定附加問句”時，英語與漢語的回答習(xí)慣存在差異。英語回答時只看實際情況，若答語的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”，答語的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”，而譯成漢語時，則必須把yes譯“不是”，把no譯成“是的”。
---You won’t be away for long, will you? 你不會離開太久，是嗎？
---Yes, I will.不，我會離開很久。
---No, I won’t.是的，我不會離開很久。
---I don’t think she’ll come by bike, will she? 我認為她不會騎自行車，會嗎？
---Yes, she will.不，她會騎自行車來。
---No, she won’t.是的，她不會騎自行車來。
四. 由what, how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別
感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂以及驚異等感情的句子。句末用感嘆號“！”，讀時用降調(diào)，感嘆句往往由what或how引導(dǎo)，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞，副詞或動詞。
1. what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：
?。?）what + a/an +形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語+謂語）
What a beautiful city it is!
What an interesting story she told!
?。?）what+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語+謂語）
What expensive watches they are!
What terrible weather it is!
2．How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：
（1）How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句（主語+謂語）
How cold it is!
How hard he works!
?。?）How+陳述句（主語+謂語）
How he loves his son!
How I miss you!
（3）How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語+謂語）
How tall a tree it is!
?。?）上述兩種感嘆句可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!
What a cold day it is!→How cold it is!
【實例解析】
1. (2004年上海徐匯區(qū)中考試題)
_________ useful computer it is!
A. What B. What a C. What an D. How
答案：B。該題考查的是感嘆句的結(jié)構(gòu)。這個感嘆句的中心詞是一單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞computer, 所以要用what來修飾，又因為useful第一個發(fā)音是輔音，what之后的不定冠詞用a,而不用an。
2. (2004年嘉興市中考試題)
---________ is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou?
---I’m not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes to get there by bus.
A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far
答案：D。該題考查的是特殊疑問句疑問詞的選擇。問話者是在問距離，所以應(yīng)用how far來提問。
3. (2004年河北省中考試題)
---_______ will it take us to get there by bus?
---About two hours.
A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick
答案：C。該題考查的是特殊疑問句疑問詞的選擇。問話者是在問時間，所以應(yīng)用how long來提問。
4. (2004年長沙市中考試題)
---Help! There is a snake near the house.
---________ afraid. It will go away later.
A. Don’t B. Not C. Don’t be D. Be
答案：C。該題考查的是祈使句的結(jié)構(gòu)。祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)是：“Don’t(Never)+動詞原形+其他成分” 符合這一要求的只有C。
【中考演練】
一. 單項填空
1. ---Excuse me, _______ is the nearest bookshop?
---Go down the street and turn left at the second corner.
A. how B. what C. where D. who
2. ---______ is it from our school to the Bell Tower?
---About half an hour’s bus ride. Shall we go and visit it?
A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much
3. ---Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _______?
---No. She got up too late.
A. had she B. hadn’t she C. did she D. didn’t she
4. ---The room is so dirty. ______ we clean it?
---Of course.
A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall
5. ---__________, sir?
---Size 41, I think
A. What size do you need B. What can I do for you
C. How do you like this shirt D. What’s the matter with you
6. ---_______ good weather! Why not go out for a walk?
A. What B. How C. What a D. How a
7. ---It’s a nice car. ______ have you been in it?
---Just to Shanghai.
A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How far
8. ---_______ to the United States?
---No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.
A. Have you been B. Have you gone
C. Did you go D. Will you go
9. ---_______ were you away from school last year?
---About two weeks.
A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When
10. ---______ do you want?
---I want a CD of popular songs.
A. Which CD B. How many CDs
C. What CD D. How much
11. _______ is your mother, a teacher or a doctor?
A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose
12. ---______ is your mother today, Jim?
---She is much better.
A. How B. What C. Where D. How old
13. ---______he ______ at this school last term?
---Yes, I think so.
A. Did…study B. Does…study
C. Was…study D. Did…studied
14. ---_______ did you begin to learn English?
---Three years ago.
A. When B. Why C. Where D. What
15. ---________ do you write to your pen-friend?
---Once a week.
A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often
16. _______ nice flowers! Where did you pick them?
A. How B. What C. What a D. How a
17. The sick man’s allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _______?
A. is he B. isn’t he C. has he D. hasn’t he
18. ______ cross the road before the traffic lights turn green.
A. Not B. Won’t C. Don’t D. Doesn’t
19. He found nothing in the room, _________?
A. doesn’t he B. does he
C. didn’t he D. did he
20. You haven’t changed your mind, ________?
A. do you B. are you
C. have you D. did you
二. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換（按要求改寫下列句子）
1. Bruce bought a dictionary yesterday. (改為否定句)
Bruce ________ ________ a dictionary yesterday.
2. Mr. Smith does morning exercises every day. (改為一般疑問句)
________ Mr. Smith ______ morning exercises every day?
3. Allan will go back to England by plane next month. (就劃線部分提問)
________ _______ Allan go back to England next month?
4. There are some apples on the table. (改為否定句)
There _______ _______ apples on the table.
5. When she sees you, she will tell you the news(就劃線部分提問)
_______ ______ she tell you the news?
6. Uncle Wang likes making things. (改寫為否定句)
Uncle Wang _______ _______ making things.
7. Ann returned the book to the library yesterday. (改為一般疑問句)
________ Ann _______ the book to the library yesterday?
8. Our city is very beautiful. (改為感嘆句)
_______ _______ our city is!
9. He has worked in this school for five years. (就劃線部分提問)
_______ _______ has he worked in this school?
10. Both of them are my best friends. (改為否定句)
_______ of them _______ my best friend.
11. They are happy to see each other. (改為感嘆句)
_______ ______ they are to see each other!
12. The exam begins at nine. (改為一般疑問句)
________ the exam _______ at nine?
13. He was playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon. (就劃線部分提問)
______ ______ he ______ at four yesterday afternoon?
14. He had nothing for breakfast. (改為反意疑問句)
He had nothing for breakfast ______ _______?
15. She doesn’t think I can surf on the Internet. (改反意疑問句)
She doesn’t think I can surf on the Internet, _______ _______?
16. He’s put the tree in the hole? (改為一般疑問句)
______ he ______ the tree in the hole?
17. How useful the book is! (改為陳述句)
It is ______ ______ useful book.
18. The population of Australia is about 19,500,000. (就劃線部分提問)
_______ ______ population of Australia?
19. The meeting will start in ten minutes. (就劃線部分提問)
_______ ______ will the meeting start?
20. Don’t tell him to come to my office. (改為肯定的祈使句)
______ ______ to come to my office.
三. 句子翻譯:根據(jù)所給漢語完成英語句子，每空一詞。
1. 我母親通常在星期日打掃衛(wèi)生，洗衣服。
My mother usually _________ some cleaning and __________ on Sundays.
2. 在今晚的聚會上我們肯定會玩得痛快。
We’re __________ to have __________ at the party this evening.
3. 你看明天有可能結(jié)束這項工作嗎?
Do you think _________ ________to finish the work tomorrow?
4. 你怎樣與你的鄰居相處好?
________can you get on well ________ your neighbours?
5. 西安的新變化使參觀者們感到驚奇。
The _________ are __________ at the new changes in Xi’an.
6. 天冷了，請穿上暖和的衣服。
It’s cold. Please _______ _______ warm clothes.
7. 愛迪生在小時候就對科學(xué)感興趣。
Edison _______ _______ _______ science even when he was a small boy.
8. 盡管他失敗了很多次，但他沒有灰心。
Even though he had failed many times, he didn’t _______ ________.
9. 無論發(fā)生什么事情，我都會和你在一起。
___________happens, I’ll be with you.
10.樓上的噪音害得我整晚無法入睡。
The noises upstairs made me not able to _______ _______all night.
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1.C 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.D 8.A 9.C 10.C 11.A 12.A 13.A 14.A 15.D 16.B 17.B 18.C 19.D 20.C
二. 1. didn’t buy 2.Does; do 3.How will 4.aren’t any 5.When will 6.doesn’t like 7.Did; return 8.How beautiful 9.How long 10.Neither; is 11.How happy 12.Does; begin 13.What was; doing 14.did he 15. does she 16.Has; put 17.such a 18.What’s the 19.How soon 29.Tell him
三. 1. does; washing 2. sure; fun 3. it/ it’s possible 4. How; with 5. visitors; amazed/ surprised 6.put on 7. was interested in 8. lose heart 9. Whatever 10. fall asleep
