1. 常用介詞及其詞組的主要用法和意義；
2. 常用動詞、形容詞與介詞、副詞的固定搭配及其意義。
3. 并列連詞and, but, or, so等的主要用法；
4. 常用的從屬連詞的基本用法
【名師點睛】
1. 介詞的功能
介詞是一種虛詞，用來表示名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞語句中其它詞的關(guān)系，不能單獨使用。介詞可與名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞短語可在句中作定語，狀語，表語和賓語補足語。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定語)
The girl will be back in two hours. (狀語)
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表語)
Help yourself to some fish. (賓語補足語)
2. 常用介詞的用法辨析
?。?）表時間的介詞
1）at, in on
表示時間點用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個世紀，某年，某月，某個季節(jié)以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上時，用in。例如：in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上時，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2）since, after
由since和after 引導(dǎo)的詞組都可表示從過去某一點開始的時段，但since詞組表示的時段一直延續(xù)到說話的時刻，因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。而after詞組所表示的時段純系過去，因而要與一般過去時連用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3）in, after
in與將來時態(tài)連用時，表示“過多長時間以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段時間的詞語。After與將來時態(tài)連用時，后面只能跟表示時間點的詞語。After與過去時態(tài)連用時，后面才能跟表示一段時間的詞語。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
?。?）表示地點的介詞
1）at, in, on
at一般指小地方；in一般指大地方或某個范圍之內(nèi)；on往往表示“在某個物體的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2）over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反義詞是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below。On指兩個物體表面接觸，一個在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3）across, through
across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”，但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān)，表示動作在某一物體的表面進行。Throgh的含義與in有關(guān)，表示動作是在三維空間進行。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某個范圍以外；in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某個范圍以內(nèi)。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
3. 介詞的固定搭配
介詞往往同其他詞類形成了固定搭配關(guān)系。記住這種固定搭配關(guān)系，才能正確使用介詞。
?。?）介詞與動詞的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…, 等。
（2）介詞與名詞的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
?。?）介詞與形容詞的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
4. 連詞的功能
用來連接詞，短語，從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是一種虛詞，在句中不能單獨使用。連詞可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。
5. 并列連詞
并列連詞用來連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞，短語或句子。常見的并列連詞有：
(1)表并列關(guān)系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表選擇關(guān)系的or, either…or等。
(3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, while等。
(4)表因果關(guān)系的for, so等。
6. 從屬連詞
從屬連詞用來引導(dǎo)從句。常見的從屬連詞有：
(1)引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的if, unless等。
(3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的because, as, since等。
(4)引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引導(dǎo)比較狀語從句的than, as…as等。
(8)引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that, if , whether等。
7. 常用連詞的用法辨析
?。?） while, when, as
這三個連詞都可引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，但用法有所不同。
1) 當(dāng)某事正在進行的時候，又發(fā)生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用來引導(dǎo)表示“背景”的時間狀語從句。例如：
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.
2) 當(dāng)兩個長動作同時進行的時候，最常用的是while。例如：
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.
3) 當(dāng)兩個動作都表示發(fā)展變化的情況時，最常用的是as。例如：
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.
4) 當(dāng)兩個短動作同時發(fā)生時，或表示“一邊…一邊…”時，最常用as。例如：
Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.
She looked behind from time to time as she went
5) 當(dāng)從句的動作先于主句的動作時，通常用when。例如：
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.
6) 當(dāng)從句是瞬間動作，主句是延續(xù)性動作時，通常用when。例如：
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.
?。?）as, because, since , for
這四個詞都可表原因，但用法有區(qū)別。
1) 如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。例如：
I stayed at home because it rained.
---Why aren’t you going?
---Because I don’t want to.
2) 如果原因已被人們所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點。As和since 引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如：
As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.
Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.
3) for用來補充說明一種理由，因此，for引導(dǎo)的從句幾乎可以放在括號里。For引導(dǎo)的句子不放在句子的開頭。例如：
I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.
（3）if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”講，在引導(dǎo)賓與從句是一般可互換。例如：
I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.
I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.
在下列情況下，只能用whether,不能用if：
1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句時。例如：
Whether he will come to the party is unknown.
2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句時。例如：
The question is whether I can pass the exam.
3) 在不定式前。例如：
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.
?。?）so…that, such...that
1) so…that中的so是個副詞，其后只能跟形容詞或副詞，而such...that中的such是個形容詞，后接名詞或名詞短語。例如：
I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.
It was such a warm day that he went swimming.
2) 如果在名詞之前有many, much, little, few時，用so,不用such。例如：
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
?。?）either…or…, neither…nor, not only…but also…
這三個連詞詞組都可連接兩個并列成分。當(dāng)它們連接兩個并列主語時，
謂語動詞要隨相鄰的主語變化。例如：
Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.
（6）although, but
這兩個連詞不能用在同一個句子中。例如：我們不能說“Although he is
over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”這個句子應(yīng)改為：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.
?。?）because, so
這兩個連詞同樣不能用在同一個句子中。例如：我們不能說“Because John
was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 這個句子應(yīng)改為Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.
【實例解析】
1.（2004年北京市中考試題）
---When will Mr Black come to Beijing?
---___________ September 5.
A. On B. To C. At D. In
答案：A。表示時間的介詞的用法。表示某一天用介詞on。
2. (2004年安徽省中考試題)
The boys felt sad as they lost ________ the girls in the talk show.
A. by B. in C. to D. on
答案：C。該題考查的是介詞和動詞的固定搭配。lose表示輸給誰的時候用介詞to。應(yīng)選C。
3. (2004年吉林省中考試題)
---I like riding fast. It’s very exciting.
---Oh! You mustn’t do it like that, ________ it may have an accident.
A. and B. or C. so D. but
答案：B。該題考查的是并列連詞的用法。答語的意思是“你不要那樣做，否則會發(fā)生事故的?！痹谶@四個并列連詞中，只有or含有這樣的意思，所以應(yīng)選B。
4. (2004年天津市中考試題)
John fell asleep ________ he was listening to the music.
A. after B. before C. while D. as soon as
答案：C。該題考查的是引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的常用從屬連詞的用法。本句的含義是“約翰在聽音樂的時候睡著了?！北硎驹诟赡呈聲r發(fā)生了某個事情” 通常用while。因此應(yīng)選C。
【中考演練】
一. 單項填空
1. We traveled overnight to Paris and arrived _______ 5 o’clock ______ the morning.
A. on; in B. at; in C. at; on D. in; on
2. Where’s Lily? We are all here _______ her.
A. beside B. about C. except D. with
3. She sent her friend a postcard _______ a birthday present.
A. on B. as C. for D. of
4. Jack has studied Chinese in this school _______ the year of 2000.
A. since B. in C. on D. by
5. ---What is a writing brush, do you know?
---It’s _______ writing and drawing.
A. with B. to C. for D. by
6. English is widely used ______ travellers and business people all over the world.
A. to B. for C. as D. by
7. ______ the help of my teacher, I caught up with the other students.
A. Under B. In C. With D. On
8. Hong Kong is ______ the south of China, and Macao is ______ the west of Hong Kong.
A. in; to B. to; to C. to; in D. in; in
9. ---You’d better not go out now. It’s raining.
---It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep ______ rain.
A. in B. of C. with D. off
10. Japan lies ______ the east of China.
A. to B. in C. about D. at
11. ---Will the foreigners have any problems talking with Chinese in 2008?
---I don’t think so. Now ______ the young ______ the old can speak some English.
A. either…or B. not only… but also
C. neither…nor D. both…or
12. We didn’t catch the train _______ we left late.
A. so B. because C. but D. though
13. Tom failed in the exam again _______ he wanted to pass it very much.
A. if B. so C. though D. as
14. I won’t believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words ______ I have tested him myself.
A. after B. when C. if D. until
15. The book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours ______ he realized it.
A. when B. until C. after D. before
16. ---This dress was last year’s style.
---I think it still looks perfect ______ it has gone out this year.
A. so that B. even though C. as if D. ever since
17. Hurry up, _______ you will miss the train.
A. and B. so C. however D. or
18. The mountain was ______ steep _____ few people in our city reached the top.
A. so…as B. so…that C. as…as D. too…to
19. ---Do you remember our pleasant journey to Xi’an?
---Of course. I remember everything ______ it happened yesterday.
A. as soon as B. even though
C. rather than D. as if
20. ______ you can’t answer this question, we have to ask someone else for help.
A. Although B. While C. Whether D. Since
二. 用適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空
1. ---How are you going to the train station to meet your aunt?
---I’m going there _______ my car.
2. Mum, today is Mother’s Day. Mike and I want to invite you to have dinner _____ us at Zhonglou Restaurant.
3. Hangzhou is famous ______ the West Lake.
4. Today some newly-produced mobile phones can take pictures ______ a camera.
5. Could you tell me if there is a flight to the capital ______ March, 25th?
6. We all agree ______ you. Let’s start at once.
7. There is a big shop ______ the other side of the road.
8. ---Which necklace have you lost?
---The one you gave me _____ my birthday.
9. You should take more exercise. It’s good ______ your health.
10. It is clear that fish cannot live _______ water.
三. 用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞填空
1. ______ they are brothers, they don’t look like each other at all.
2. The dress was very expensive, ______ I didn’t buy it.
3. ---Do you know ______ I could pass the exam?
---Sorry, I’ve no idea.
4. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, ______ he can’t understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills.
5. The war was over about a year ago, ______ the American soldiers in Iraq are still having a lot of trouble to deal with.
6. ---Is David at school today?
---No. He is at home _______ he has a bad cold.
7. _____ Lily _____ Lucy may go with you because one of them must stay at home.
8. Study hard, _____ you are sure to have a good result in the exam.
9. Please have a wash _______ you go to bed.
10. The twins have learned a lot ______ they came to China.
【練習(xí)答案】
一. 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.A11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.B 19.D 20.D
二. 1.in 2.with 3.for 4.like 5.on 6.with 7.on 8.for 9.for 10.without
三. 1.Although/ Though 2.so 3.if/ whether 4.so 5.but 6.because 7.Either…or 8.and 9.before 10.since
