Tom broke the window. （主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
?、?② ③
The window was broken by Tom. （被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）
?、?② ①
從以上對(duì)比可以看出，主動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)Tom在被動(dòng)句中變成了短語(yǔ)by Tom，主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)the window變成了被動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)。由于被動(dòng)句中的主語(yǔ)即主動(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)，因此，只有及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
16.1 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本構(gòu)成是：be + 過(guò)去分詞。與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一樣，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)也有各種時(shí)態(tài)形式，列表如下（以動(dòng)詞ask為例）：
時(shí) 間 一 般 進(jìn) 行 完 成
現(xiàn) 在 am/is/are asked
被問(wèn) am/is/are being asked
正在被問(wèn) have/has been asked
已經(jīng)被問(wèn)過(guò)
過(guò) 去 was/were asked
?。ㄟ^(guò)去）被問(wèn) was/were being asked
?。ㄟ^(guò)去）正被問(wèn) had been asked
（過(guò)去）已被問(wèn)過(guò)
將 來(lái) shall/will be asked
將要被問(wèn) 1．被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)均由助動(dòng)詞be的變化構(gòu)成。
2．被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式和疑問(wèn)式均由助動(dòng)詞或第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成。
過(guò)去將來(lái) should/would be asked
（過(guò)去）將要被問(wèn)
16.2 常見(jiàn)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
下面，我們采用對(duì)比的方式來(lái)介紹常見(jiàn)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)，即使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子。
16.2.1 SVO句型的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
SVO句型中的謂語(yǔ)為單賓及物動(dòng)詞，其被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是：S + V(被動(dòng)式) (+ by短語(yǔ))。
例如：He wrote the book two years ago. → The book was written by him two years ago.
這本書(shū)是他在兩年前寫(xiě)的。
They are cleaning the house. → The house is being cleaned (by them). 房子正在被（他們）打掃。
You’re wanted on the phone. 有你的電話。
16.2.2 SVoO句型的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
16.2.3 SVoO句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為雙賓及物動(dòng)詞，其被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是：S + V(被動(dòng)式) + O/o(保留賓語(yǔ)) (+ by短語(yǔ))。
需要說(shuō)明的是，一般把間接賓語(yǔ)（表示人）作為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而把直接賓語(yǔ)（表示物）作為保留賓語(yǔ)。如果把直接賓語(yǔ)作為被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，則間接賓語(yǔ)作為保留賓語(yǔ)，它的前面通常要用介詞to或for（視動(dòng)詞而定）。例如：
My aunt gave me an apple. → *I was given an apple. / An apple was given to me.
*有人給了我一只蘋(píng)果。［被動(dòng)句中省略了by my aunt。］
His mother bought him a new coat. → *He was bought a new coat. / A new coat was bought for him.
*有人給他買(mǎi)了一件新大衣。［被動(dòng)句中省略了by his mother。］
16.2.3 SVOC句型的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
SVOC句型中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為復(fù)賓及物動(dòng)詞，其被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是：S + V(被動(dòng)式) + C(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)) (+ by短語(yǔ))[1]。例如：
People usually call me Jim for short. → I am usually called Jim for short. 我常常被人直呼吉姆。
They asked Mike to write soon. → Mike was asked to write soon. 邁克被要求盡快寫(xiě)信。
He made the baby laugh. → The baby was made to laugh (by him). 那個(gè)嬰兒被（他）逗笑了。
?。壅?qǐng)比較前后兩句中的劃線單詞，被動(dòng)句中需要加上to。］
在被動(dòng)句中作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式一律要帶to，不論其作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)是否帶to（請(qǐng)見(jiàn)以上各例句）。
16.2.4 短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是：S + V(被動(dòng)式) + 介詞/副詞 (+ by短語(yǔ))。例如：
We have sent for a doctor. → A doctor has been sent for. 已經(jīng)派人去請(qǐng)醫(yī)生了。
I turned off the radio just now. → The radio was turned off just now. 收音機(jī)剛才（被）關(guān)掉了。
They are taking good care of the children. → The children are being taken good care of.
孩子們正在受到良好的照顧。
在將含有短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句時(shí)，原短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中的介詞或副詞（如以上句中的for, off, of）不能遺漏。
16.2.5 帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)
帶情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是：S + V(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主要?jiǎng)釉~的被動(dòng)式) (+ by短語(yǔ))。例如：
You must do it at once. → It must be done at once. 這件事必須立即做。
We can see the park from the window. → The park can be seen from the window.
公園可以從窗戶那里看到。
16.3 如何判斷使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)？
在我們做題過(guò)程中，如何判斷使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)？以下四條可供參考：
?、?句中含有by sb時(shí)，例如：The windows __________ (break) by those boys.
本句中含有by those boys，因此可以判斷使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。答案是：were broken。
⑵ 句中含有with sth時(shí)，例如：The ground __________ (cover) with thick snow.
本句中含有with thick snow，因此可以判斷使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。答案是：is covered。
?、?主語(yǔ)后的及物動(dòng)詞缺少賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，例如：I __________ (tell) to come at once.
我們知道，tell的句型是tell sb to do sth。但是本句中tell的后面缺少賓語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)I是動(dòng)詞tell的動(dòng)作對(duì)象，因此tell要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。答案是：was told。
?、?主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在邏輯上有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，例如：English __________ (teach) in middle schools.
本句中既沒(méi)有by sb，也沒(méi)有with sth，這時(shí)，就要分析句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間是否存在邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。English不可能發(fā)出teach的動(dòng)作，只能是teach動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，它們之間存在著動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，因此，tell要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。答案是：is taught。
以上四條中，前三條比較直觀，而最后一條最為可靠。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在JEFC教材中直到第三冊(cè)Unit 16—Unit 18（Lesson 61—Lesson 72）中才作為語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行專(zhuān) 門(mén)訓(xùn)練，并經(jīng)過(guò)整整三個(gè)單元共12課才能完成這一知識(shí)點(diǎn)的教學(xué)，可見(jiàn)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的難度。
以上三個(gè)單元12課出現(xiàn)的有關(guān)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)可歸結(jié)如下：
1.從時(shí)態(tài)上說(shuō)，出現(xiàn)了一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：
It‘s used for cutting. It’s was made in China.
2.從句式上說(shuō)，出現(xiàn)了陳述句、一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，如：
English is spoken by many people. Were they built in 1860?
What‘s it made of? When was it founded? Where’s tea grown?
3.例句中出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞（或詞組）有：
to be dug／founded ／grown ／harvested ／kept ／knocked ／looked after／made [of]
／picked／p lanted ／produced ／pusheddown／spoken／tied to／used [for]／watered
4.依據(jù)教材內(nèi)容句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以達(dá)到這樣的復(fù)雜程度：It will beused as a tool by people in
the wo rld in some days. 格式是：主語(yǔ)＋情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋加be動(dòng)詞＋過(guò)去分詞＋as／for 表示功
用＋動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者＋方位 狀語(yǔ)＋時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。這一格式中某些成分可以省略或移位。
怎樣學(xué)習(xí)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 英語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在語(yǔ)法書(shū)上都有詳略不同的交代，但大都著重它的構(gòu)成形式，例證則往往不夠。這種語(yǔ)態(tài)似乎在英語(yǔ)句子中比在漢語(yǔ)句子中更多出現(xiàn)，這點(diǎn)是我國(guó)初學(xué)者所經(jīng)常忽略的。在某些句子中，英語(yǔ)總是用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、而漢語(yǔ)則絕不能用，如：
Shakespeare was born in 1564．/Moliere was born in Paris．
初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的人接觸到這樣被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子恐不免感到奇怪，因?yàn)槲覀冊(cè)跐h語(yǔ)中慣于說(shuō)"生于某某年"或"某某年生"，"生于
巴黎"或"在巴黎出生"，從來(lái)不說(shuō)一個(gè)人"被生出"。
在另一些句子中，英語(yǔ)可用主動(dòng)及被動(dòng)兩種語(yǔ)態(tài)，漢語(yǔ)則傾向于用主動(dòng)，如：
Everybody likes him．/He is liked by everybody．
漢語(yǔ)"人人喜歡他"看來(lái)比"他被人人喜歡"更現(xiàn)成和自然。有人以為這有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)的問(wèn)題，用作主語(yǔ)的詞是加以強(qiáng)調(diào)的。即
令如此，按照英語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)寫(xiě)成的"他被大家喜歡"這樣的句子，總是別扭。
下面就十個(gè)類(lèi)別，舉出一些句子，說(shuō)明英語(yǔ)某些動(dòng)詞用于某一意義或在某一場(chǎng)合中常作被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。類(lèi)別當(dāng)然不能只是十個(gè)，這兒僅舉常見(jiàn)的。每個(gè)類(lèi)別下也只舉五個(gè)句子，句子中的動(dòng)詞彼此不一樣。為方便起見(jiàn)，句子首先采用大家熟知的 The Advanced
Learner's Dictionary of Current English（ALD），其次是 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English（LDCE），必要時(shí)從其他英美書(shū)刊補(bǔ)充少數(shù)句子，但不注明出處。
1．關(guān)于生病
The left lung is affected． _____ALD
He is confined to the house by illness． ____ ALD
He was seized with sudden chest pains． ____LDCE
He's been troubled with a bad back since he was a child． ____LDCE
John was Invalided out of the army．
上面這些句子中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中很習(xí)慣化，如將動(dòng)詞改為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，有不同程度的不順。用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)這些句子中的同樣的概
念，就可以不一定用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
2．關(guān)于疲倦困乏
He was doneup afterthe long ride． ALD
He was knocked uP after the longsteen climb． _____ ALD
He was almost fagged out． ______ ALD
I'm completely exhausted．____LDCE
I was spent with the fatigue of the voyage．
漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)"累了"、"累垮了"極普通。如說(shuō)由于某種原因而"累了"、"累垮了"，至少在結(jié)構(gòu)上不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這和第一類(lèi)的例子是一致的。
3．關(guān)于喜悅、高興
I was delighted to hear the news of your success．_____ALD
We're very pleased to see you here．_____ALD
On hearing of the victory，the nation was transported with joy．_____ALD
She was enchanted with the flowers you sent her． _____ALD
The children were fascinated by the toys in the shopwindows．_____ ALD
漢語(yǔ)如說(shuō)"被高興"，將不成文理，說(shuō)"使……高興"或"為……高興"，那也不能照英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)去處理。事實(shí)上這頭一句
話照漢語(yǔ)是"我高興地聽(tīng)到……"這雖帶點(diǎn)歐化，但目前也通行了。最常見(jiàn)的恐怕還是"聽(tīng)到……我高興"。無(wú)論如何。漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)"高興"，不能如英語(yǔ)那樣用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
4．關(guān)于阻塞、拖延：
We're been held up by fog． _____ ALD
The mountain roads were obstructed by falls of rock．_____ALD
The train was delayed two hours． _____ALD
I was hindered from getting here．____ALD
The harbour was blocked by ice．_____ALD
這第二句ALD英漢雙解本譯成"山路被落下石頭所阻塞"。嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)這句譯文似乎欠流暢，尤其不能用于口語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然，凡是阻力，總是外來(lái)的阻力，施于受事的主語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)處于被動(dòng)地位，但漢語(yǔ)不能采取英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式而完全不加變動(dòng)。
5、關(guān)于習(xí)慣
He is quite used to hard work．____ALD
This is not the kind of treatment I am accustomed to． _____ALD
He is addicted to smoking． _____ALD
The old soldier was inured to danger． ____LDCE
He is given to long walks． _____LDCE
英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞，由于常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，詞典中對(duì)它們的分詞（participle）形式另立專(zhuān)條著錄，成為獨(dú)立的詞，其功能相當(dāng)于形容詞。以上例句中的動(dòng)詞就是典型的例子。例如，詞典一般既有use這一專(zhuān)條（不定式動(dòng)詞），又有 used；既有 accustom，又有 accustomed；既有g(shù)ive，又有g(shù)iven。但如inure及addict，在 ALD上只注明"常用于被動(dòng)"（usu．passive），尚未另立inured和 addicted專(zhuān)條，其他詞典也大體是這樣，雖然addicted還可以作為形容詞，看成是獨(dú)立的詞條。然而不管這些詞是否帶有形容詞的性質(zhì)，在上面的句子中卻具有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的作用。
6．關(guān)于苦惱、心煩意亂
He was annoyed to learn that the train would be delayed．____ALD
She is easily upset emotionally．____ALD
He was vexed at his failure． ____ ALD
He was disturbed to hear of your illness．______ALD
I felt harassed by all the work of the office．_____LDCE
苦惱等情緒當(dāng)然是引起的，因此英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)似乎說(shuō)明了是由于什么引起的，但要注意第一句She is easily upset emotionally．不必指出原因。
7．關(guān)于驚訝或震驚
I was astonished to see him there． ____ALD
I'm surprised he didn't come．_____ALD
He was shocked to hear his daughter swearing． _____ALD
He was startled to see him looking so ill．_____ALD
He was astounded when he heard he had won．_____ALD
一個(gè)正常的人無(wú)故不會(huì)大驚小怪。但是我們說(shuō)"吃驚"、"大吃一驚"或"使……吃驚"和"使……大吃一驚"等也就夠了，不同于英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)表現(xiàn)形式。
8．關(guān)于圍繞、包圍
His land is fenced with barbed wire．____ALD
Troy was besieged by the Greeks for ten years．_____ALD
The troops were surrounded．_____ALD
The cliffedge is dangerous and should be railed．_____LDCE
Japan is compassed about by the ocean．____LDCE
對(duì)于以上第二句，第三句及第五句，漢語(yǔ)是可以用"被包圍"這類(lèi)說(shuō)法的，但對(duì)第一句的"is fenced with，"如說(shuō)"有籬笆圍住"就行了，不一定要說(shuō)"被用籬笆圍住"。至于第四句中"should be railed"，英語(yǔ)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)在漢語(yǔ)中也難以表達(dá)。我們通常說(shuō)：應(yīng)該用欄桿圍起來(lái)"，或"應(yīng)該把它用欄桿圍起來(lái)"，而不是"應(yīng)該被用欄桿圍起來(lái)"。
9．關(guān)于玷污、污染
His reputation is tarnished．_____ALD My car was mired． ____ ALD
The river was contaminated with water from the factory. ____ LDCE
Your fingers are stained with ink． That cheese is mildewed．
和第三句的contaminated意義近似的動(dòng)詞如pollute及 defile等，也常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。我們說(shuō)，"出污泥而不染"，不是"……而不被染"。
10．關(guān)于惶惑、慌亂
I was confounded to hear that． ____ALD
They sked so many questions that I got confused． _____ALD
Tom was bewildered by the examination questions．____ALD
He was puzzled what to do next． ____ ALD
The Cabinet Ministers are perplexed as to what to do．
以上可和第六和第七兩類(lèi)聯(lián)系起來(lái)看。
綜觀以上的例子，我們覺(jué)得中國(guó)學(xué)生學(xué)英語(yǔ)不只是要記住動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式，尤其要留心，在什么情況下，英語(yǔ)一定比漢語(yǔ)更常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；要留心哪些動(dòng)詞是這樣用的，哪些動(dòng)詞雖有各種不同用法，但專(zhuān)指某一特殊意義時(shí)一定用被動(dòng)形式。有些特殊被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，幾乎習(xí)語(yǔ)化了，也是不可忽視的，如下面兩個(gè)句子：
My hints were lost upon him．___ ALD
My advice was thrown away upon him．___ALD
下面這類(lèi)以it開(kāi)頭的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，初學(xué)者不會(huì)使用的大有人在，以致語(yǔ)言死板，并違反英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。
It is observed that… It may be observed that…
It will be observed that… It remains to be observed that…
如此等等。他們只知說(shuō)We may observe that…之類(lèi)，因?yàn)檫@與漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)接近。
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
英語(yǔ)中的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成。有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，因此也可構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞被看成一個(gè)整體，是固定詞組，所以構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可分開(kāi)。其被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成方法與普通的及物動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)
成方法相同。如：
1．動(dòng)詞+介詞
He will be operated on by the best surgeon． 他將由最好的外科醫(yī)生給他動(dòng)手術(shù)。
This matter has been carefully looked into． 此事已得到仔細(xì)調(diào)查。
He is often laughed at by his classmates． 他經(jīng)常被同學(xué)嘲笑。
2．動(dòng)詞 + 副詞
These problems have been seriously thought over． 這些問(wèn)題已得到認(rèn)真考慮。
The lights are turned off at 11 pm every day． 每天晚上11點(diǎn)鐘關(guān)燈。
The fire was soon put out． 那場(chǎng)大火很快被撲滅。
3．動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞
These privileges should be done away with． 此類(lèi)特權(quán)應(yīng)該被取消。
Women were looked down upon in the past． 婦女過(guò)去受到歧視。
The lost time must be made up for. 失去的時(shí)間必須補(bǔ)回來(lái)。
4．動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞
The children have been taken good care of． 這些孩子得到了很好的照料。
What they did have been paid great attention to． 他們所做的一切已得到極大的關(guān)注。
Time is precious and should be made full use of. 時(shí)間寶貴，應(yīng)該充分利用。
聯(lián)系客服
