非謂語動詞主要包括不定式&動名詞&分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞），.即動詞的非謂語形式除了不能獨立作謂語外,可以承擔(dān)句子的任何成分
它有三種形式：不定式，分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞），動名詞
1．非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有：
（1）如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被狀語修飾：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
?。?）都有主動與被動, “體”式（一般式；進行式；完成式）的變化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（謂語動詞被動語態(tài)）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（動名詞的被動式）
We have written the composition.（謂語動詞的完成時）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式）
?。?）都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語）
We are League members.（謂語動詞的主語）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語）
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有：
?。?）非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
?。?）非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
?。?）非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。
?。?）謂語動詞在句中作謂語，受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制；非謂語動詞在句中不能單獨作謂語，它不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制。
(5)英語中不能單獨做句子的謂語。
(一)動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征.
否定式：not + (to) do
?。?）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生或發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之后.
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
?。?）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
?。?）作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，真正的主語不定式置于句后，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
常用句式有：1、It+be+名詞+to do。2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。3、It+be+形容詞+of sb +to do。4、It+be+形容詞+for sb.+to do。常用careless,,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚或批評的形容詞，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語。
?。?）作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
?。?）作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）后面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不定式）后置，放在賓語補足語后面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
?。?）作賓語補足語：
在復(fù)合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介詞有時也與這種復(fù)合賓語連用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態(tài)時，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
?。?）作定語：
動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：
①動賓關(guān)系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
?、谡f明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：
He is the first to get here.
?。?）作狀語：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結(jié)果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調(diào)：
I visited him only to find him out.
?、郾碓颍?
They were very sad to hear the news.
?、鼙沓潭龋?
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作獨立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
?。?）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
?。?）不定式的并列：第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
?。ǘ﹦用~：
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1．動名詞的形式： Ving
否定式：not + 動名詞
?。?）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
?。?）被動式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
?。?）完成被動式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
?。?）否定式：not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。
（6）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2．動名詞的句法功能：
?。?）作主語：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當(dāng)動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
?。?）作表語：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。
（3）作賓語：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認），deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定語：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學(xué)校有游泳池嗎？
?。?）作同位語：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收聽收音機新聞節(jié)目的習(xí)慣仍未改變。
（三）現(xiàn)在分詞：
現(xiàn)在分詞既具有動詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式：
否定式：not + 現(xiàn)在分詞
（1）現(xiàn)在分詞的主動語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞主動語態(tài)的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，常作狀語。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業(yè)，他開始打籃球。
?。?）現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的被動的動作，完成式表示發(fā)生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2．現(xiàn)在分詞的句法功能：
（1）作定語：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語，當(dāng)分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞后。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在后來的幾年中，他學(xué)習(xí)更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語相當(dāng)于一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
?。?）現(xiàn)在分詞作表語：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當(dāng)前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現(xiàn)在進行時，也可能是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，它們的區(qū)別在于be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特征時是系動詞be與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。
?。?）作賓語補足語：
如下動詞后可跟現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
?。?）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語：
①作時間狀語：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。
?、谧髟驙钫Z：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青團員，他經(jīng)常幫助他人。
?、圩鞣绞綘钫Z，表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。
?、茏鳁l件狀語：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
?、葑鹘Y(jié)果狀語：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結(jié)果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
?、咦髯尣綘钫Z：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構(gòu)成獨立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．
我等汽車時，一只鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經(jīng)賣光了，他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習(xí)。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
?、嶙鳘毩⒊煞郑?
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看，他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。
?。ㄋ模┻^去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規(guī)則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則要求，要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1．過去分詞作定語：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當(dāng)選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當(dāng)過去分詞是單詞時，一般用于名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的后面。過去分詞做定語相當(dāng)于一個被動語態(tài)的定語從句。
2．過去分詞作表語：
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態(tài)是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態(tài)。區(qū)別：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被動）
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構(gòu)成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉）
newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽）
the changed world（變了的世界）
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．過去分詞作賓語補足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4．過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
雖然被告之有危險，他仍然冒生命危險去救那個孩子。（表示讓步）
Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充滿了希望與恐懼，他走進山洞。
典型習(xí)題
1．The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B.C,did’t include women players until 1919.
A.first playing B.to be first played C.first played D.to be first playing
析：根據(jù)題干，必須選表示被動的選項，故排除A、D；因B選項表“將要被舉行”意，不合題干之用，只有C選項（相當(dāng)于which was first played）才合用。
2．European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world.
A.making B.makes C.made D.to make
析：B、C是謂語動詞，在此不可用。D項to make或表目的，或表“將要使得”，這都不合題干情景。只有A.making,可作狀語，表結(jié)果。再舉一現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語例：
The bus was held up by the snowstorm,causing the delay.公共汽車被大風(fēng)雪所阻，因而耽誤了。
3．Little Jim should love ______ to the theatre this evening.
A.to be taken B.to take C.being taken D.taking
析：根據(jù)this evening,應(yīng)選表示將來義的選項，C、D應(yīng)排除。Take后無賓語，必然要用被動式，故答案為A。
4．John was made ______ the truck for a week as a punishment.
A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing
析：根據(jù)be made to do sth.句式，可定答案為A。
5．The patient was warned ______ oily food after the operation.
A.to eat not B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating
析：根據(jù)warn sb.(not)to do sth.句式，可排除B、D兩項；又根據(jù)非謂語動詞的否定式not總是在首位的規(guī)律，又可排除A，而定C。
6．——I usually go there by train. ——Why not ______ by boat for a change?
A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going
析：此題可根據(jù)why not后直接跟原形動詞規(guī)律而一舉確定正確答案為D。若將B項改為try to go，則要根據(jù)其與try going意義之別來確定答案。依據(jù)題干對話內(nèi)容，乙方是建議甲方嘗試乘船變變花樣，所以答案仍為D。
7．______ a reply,he decided to write again.
A.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received
析：非謂語動詞的否定式not應(yīng)置于首位，B、D皆為錯誤形式。A項不能表達先于decided的動作，只有選C項才表沒收到信在先，決定再寫信在后，所以C為正確答案。
8．Charles Babbage is generally considered ______ the first computer.
A.to invent B.inventing C.to have invented D.having mvented
析：consider表“考慮”意時，其后動詞用doing形式，此處不表“考慮”，而表“認為”，這時consider后作賓語補足語或主語補足語多為to do,to have done,to be等形式。據(jù)此可排除B、D兩個選項。又因A表“要發(fā)明”意，不合題用，只有C表“發(fā)明了”意，才合題用，故選C。
9．Most of the artists ______ to the party were from South Africa.
A.invited B.to invite C.being invited D.had been invited
析：“被邀請參加晚會”，應(yīng)選表被動意的選項，B不可用。D項少引導(dǎo)詞who，也應(yīng)排除。又因短暫動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞被動式不可作定語，C也應(yīng)排除，只有A.invited(＝who were invited)才是正確答案。
10．The murderer was brought in,with his hands ______ behind his back.
A.being tied B.having tied C.to be tired D.tied
析：B表主動意，應(yīng)排除。C表“將要被捆綁”，A表“正在被捆綁”都不合題意，只有D項填入空白才能表達“雙手被反綁著”這一意思，符合題干情景。再看一類似例句： He came in,(with)his head held high.他昂首走了進來。
更多練習(xí)
1.______ more attention,the trees could have grown better.
A.To give B.Having given C.Given D.Giving
2.The first textbooks ______ for teaching
English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A.to be written B.written C.being written D.having written
3.The missing boys were last seen ______ near the river.
A.to play B.play C.to be playing D.playing
4.______ in thought,he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A.To lose B.Lost C.Having lost D.Losing
5.When passing me he pretended ______ me.
A.to see B.not having seen C.to have not seen D.not to have seen
6.The children insisted ______ there on foot.
A.they going B.they would go C.on their going D.going
7.He still remembers ______ to Shanghai when he was very young.
A.taking B.being taken C.taken D.having taken
8.______ the railway station,we had a break,only ______ the train had left.
A.Arriving at;to find B.Coming to;discovering that
C.On arriving at;finding out D.Hurrying to;to have found out
9.With the boy ______ the way,we had no trouble ______ the way ______ to Zhongshan Park.
A.leading;finding;leading B.to lead;found;to lead C.led;finding;led D.leading;found;led
10.______ these pictures,I couldn’t help thinking of those days when I was in Being and ______ from the top of a thirty-storeyed building,Beijing looks more beautiful.
A.Seeing;seen B.Seen;seeing C.Seeing;seeing D.Seen;seen
11.I can hardly imagine Peter ______ across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.
A.to have sailed B.to sail C.sailing D.sail
12.If you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air ______ against your face.
A.moved B.moving C.moves D.to move
13.______ is known to all,China will be an ______ and powerful country in 20 or 30 years’ time.
A.That;advancing B.This;advanced C.As;advanced D.It;advancing
14.While shopping,people sometimes can’t help ______ into buying something they don’t really need.
A.persuade B.persuading C.being persuaded D.be persuaded
15.There was terrible noise ______ the sudden burst of light.
A.followed B.following C.to be followed D.being followed
16.Please excuse my ______ in without ______ .
A.come;permitted B.coming;permitted C.comimg;being permitted D.to come;being permitted
17.______ his head high,the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting ______ then.
A.Holding;being held B.Held;holding C.Having held;held D.Held;to be held
18.——Did you hear her ______ this pop song this time the other day?
——Yes,and I heard this song ______ in English.
A.sing;singing B.sung;sung C.sung;singing D.singing;sung
19.The question ______ now at the meeting is not the question ______ yesterday.
A.discussed;discussed B.discussing;had discussed C.being discussed;discussed D.discussing;discussing
20.With the cooking ______ ,I went on ______ some sewing.
A.done;to do B.being done;doing C.to be done;doing D.to have done;doing
21.It is no use ______ your past mistakes.
A. regretting B. regret C. to regret D. regretted
22.Her husband died in 1980 and had nothing ______ to her,only ______ her five children.
A.left;to leave B.leaving;leaving C.leaving;left D.left;leaving
23.I am very busy.I have a very difficult problem ______ .
A.to work B.to work out C.to be worked out D.to work it out
24.I would appreciate ______ back this affernoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.your calling D.you’re calling
25.Climbing mountains was ______ ,so we all felt ______ .
A.tiring;tired B.tired;tiring C.tiring;tiring D.tired;tired
26.I saw some villagers ______ on the bench at the end of the room.
A.seating B.seat C.seated D.seated themselves
27.She was glad to see her child well ______ care of.
A.take B.to be taken C.taken D.taking
28.It is one of the important problems ______ tomorrow.
A.to solve B.to be solved C.solved D.solving
29.______ maps properly,you need a special pen.
A.Drawn B.Drawing C.To draw D.Be drawing
30.There is a river ______ around our school.
A.to run B.run C.running D.to be running
31.How about the two of us ______ a walk down the garden?
A.to take B.take C.taking D.to be taken
32.I was fortunate to pick up a wallet ______ on the ground on the way back home, but unfortunately for me,I found my colour TV set. ______ when I got home.
A.lying;stolen B.laying;stealing C.lay;stolen D.lying;stealing
33.Whth the kind－h(huán)earted boy ____ me with my work,I’m sure I’ll be able to spare time ___ with your work.
A.to help;help you out B.helping;helping you C.helped;to help you out D.to help;to help you
34.Greatly movedd by her words, ______ .
A.tears came to his eyes B .he could hardly hold back his tears
C. tears could hardly be held back D. his eyes were filled with tears.
35.——I hope the children won’t touch the dog.
——I’ve warned them ______ .
A.not B.not to C.not touch D.not do
36.I would love ______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.
A.to go B.to have gone C.going D.having gone
37.When ______ why he walked in without permission,he just stared at us and said nothing.
A.been asked B.asked C.asking D.to be asked
38.The man kept silent in the room unless ______ .
A.spoken to B.spoke to C.spoken D.to speak
39.He was often listened ______ in the next room.
A.sing B.sung C.to sing D.to to sing
40.Rather than ______ on a crowded bus,he always prefers ______ a bicycle.
A.ride;ride B.riding;ride C.ride;to ride D.to ride;riding
41.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ______ .
A.not to B.not to do C.not do it D.do not to
42.What’s troubling them is ______ enough experienced workers.
A.that they have to B.they have not C.their not having D.not their having
43.______ his telephone number,she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill.
A.Not knowing B.Knowing not C.Not having known D.Having not know
44.Bamboo is used ______ houses in some places .
A.to build B.to building C.to be built D.being built
45.Go on ______ the other exercise after you have finished this one.
A.to do B.doing C.with D.to be doing
46.The day we looked forward to ______ .
A.come B.coming C.has come D.have come
47.Whom would you rather ______ the work?
A.to have to do B.to have do C.have to do D.have do
48.Do you think it any good ______ with him again?
A.to talk B.talking C.to talking D.having talked
49.Sometimes new ideas have to be tested many times before ______ .
A.accepting fully B.being fully accepted C.fully accepting D.fully being accepted
50.The government forbids ______ such bad books.
A.published B.to publish C.publish D.publishing
非謂語動詞專練答案
1―5 C B D B D 6―10 C B A A A 11―15 C B C C B 16―20 C A D C A
21―25 A D B C A 26―30 C C B C C 31―35 C A D B B 36―40 B B A D C
41―45 A C A A A 46―50 C D A B D
1． “to” 是不定式符號還是介詞，下列短語中的to 都是介詞。
agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,
equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to
2． 帶to 還是不帶to
I have no choice but to give in
I cannot do anything but give in
I saw him enter the classroom .
（ 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom .）
3． 動詞不定式邏輯主語是由for 作為標記的。但是有時用of .
It’s necessary for you to study hard .
It’s foolish of him to do it .
與of 連用的形容詞有：
good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible
4．后接不定式作賓語的動詞有：
want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc.
需要賓語補足語的動詞不能用動詞不定式直接做介詞的賓語，而要用it做形式賓語。例如：通常不說We think to obey the laws is important . 而說We think it important to obey the laws .
5．不定式的省略。下列短語中，如果意義明確，常常省略到to 。
want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to
6．不定式作定語，應(yīng)注意兩種關(guān)系：
1）動賓關(guān)系：
He has a lot of meeting to attend .
Please lend me something to write with .
He is looking for a room to live
He is looking for a room to live in .
He has no money and no place
to live ( in ) .
I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot .
There is no time to think ( about ) .
2）主謂關(guān)系：
She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting .
----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 邏輯主語是I )
-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 邏輯主語不是I )
7．不定式作狀語，可以有以下幾種意義：
1） 原因
He is lucky to get here on time .
這種結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有：
happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy
2) 目的
He came to help me with my maths .
3) 結(jié)果
I hurried to get there only to find him out .
The book is too hard for the boy to read .
He is old enough to go to school .
8 . 不定式作補足語
I saw him play in the street just now .
能跟不帶to 的不定式作補足語的動詞有：
see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice
注: 當(dāng)這些詞為被動式時，不定式要帶to , 如：
He was seen to play in the street just now.
二．動名詞
1．There’s no telling what will happen .
=It’s impossible to tell what will happen .
= No one can tell what will happen .
2．It’s no use talking with him .
It’s no good speaking to them like that .
3．There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …
在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下單詞替換:
trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time
注意以下幾個問題：
1．下列動詞后跟不定式與跟動名詞作賓語意義有區(qū)別，
forget to do … 忘記要做某事
forget doing… 忘記做了某事
remember to do…記住要做某事
remember doing …記著做了某事
mean to do … 有意要做某事
mean doing … 意味著做了某事
regret to do …（do指代有限的幾個詞，如say、tell） 很抱歉要告訴你…
regret doing … 對做過去的事后悔
can’t help to do…不能幫助做某事
can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事
try to do … 盡力去做某事
try doing 試著做某事
learn to do … 學(xué)著去做某事
learn doing … 學(xué)會做某事
stop to do … 停下來去做（另一件事）
stop doing … 停止做某事
go on to do … 接著做（另外一件事）
go on doing … 繼續(xù)做某事
used to do … 過去做某事
be used to doing … 習(xí)慣做某事
2．動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語意義有區(qū)別
動名詞作定語表達 n+ for doing 的含義
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達 n+which(who) be doing的含義
如：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping
a running horse = a horse which is running
前者是動名詞 ， 后者是現(xiàn)在分詞
又如： drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy
3． 動名詞的邏輯主語：
動名詞的邏輯主語為代詞或名詞的所有格形式。
例如：His coming made us very happy .
4．動名詞的語態(tài)和時態(tài)
5． 動名詞主動形式表被動的情況：
need doing , want doing , require doing
例如： This room needs painting . 這個房間需要粉刷。
6．只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞：
admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,
三． 分詞
1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it .
這個故事有興趣，我對這個故事感興趣。
2 . This is a moving film .
這是一部動人的電影。
3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president .
秘書工作到深夜，為主席準備一篇長篇演講稿。
4. Given more time , I’ll do it well .
如果給我多一點時間，我會做的更好。
When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank .
當(dāng)他后街時，看到小偷正從銀行偷錢。
應(yīng)注意的幾個問題：
1．現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別
Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?
= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?
The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.
= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor.
China is a developing country and America is a developed country.
2．分詞作表語
The news sounds encouraging .
They got very excited .
1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作表語的區(qū)別：
The news is interesting .
He is interested in the news .
doing 作表語，主語與表語是主謂關(guān)系 ；done 作表語，主語與表語是動賓關(guān)系。
2）表語與被動式的區(qū)別：
The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming .（強調(diào)動作）
The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired.（強調(diào)狀態(tài)）
3）常作表語的過去分詞：
amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done
3．現(xiàn)在分詞、動名詞 現(xiàn)在進行時的區(qū)別
The situation in our country is encouraging . (表語)
The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 現(xiàn)在進行時)
My job is looking after the little baby . (動名詞)
能回答how-question 的是現(xiàn)在分詞，能回答what-question 的動名詞，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是現(xiàn)在進行時。
例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging .
What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby .
4．注意的四種結(jié)構(gòu)：
have something to do 有某事要做
have something done 使某事被做
have somebody do something 使某人做某事
have something doing 讓某事一直做著
5． 需要跟反身代詞作賓語的動詞：
seat , prepare , hide , dress
如：I seated myself on the chair .
I was seated on the chair .
6．分詞做狀語與不定式的區(qū)別：
分詞做狀語表示時間、原因、讓步、條件、方式、伴隨等；而不定式表示目的和結(jié)果。
Having finished the homework , I went home . （ 時間）
Being a Party member , I should work hard . （原因）
Given more time ,I can do my work better . （ 條件 ）
He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. （ 伴隨）
To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )
He is old enough to join the army . （ 結(jié)果）
7．分詞、動名詞和不定式作定語的區(qū)別
a running horse 現(xiàn)在分詞 = a horse that is running
a fallen leaf 過去分詞 = a leaf that has already fallen
a walking stick 動名詞 = a stick for walking
something to do 不定式 = something that I should do
8．不定式被動式、分詞的被動式和過去分詞的區(qū)別：
I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 將來)
The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . （正在進行）
The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . （ 過去）
9．分詞做狀語需要注意的一個問題：
分詞與句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系
Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful .( 錯誤 )
Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . （ 正確）
Seeing 與the city 不是主謂關(guān)系；seen 與city 是動賓關(guān)系
練習(xí)
I .單項選擇
1.Most of the people _____ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
2. ______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it .
A. Having being told B. Though had been told C. He was told
D. Having told
3. She reached the top of the hill and stopped _____ on a big rock by the side of the path .
A.to have rested B. testing C. to rest D. rest
4. The next morning she found the man ______ in bed , dead .
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
5. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier , _______ it more difficult .
A. to make B. not to make C. not making D. to not make
6 . The Olympic Games , _____ in 776 B.C., did not include women plays until 1912 .
A.first playing B.to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing
7 . ---You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting .
---- Well , now I regret ____________that .
A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done
8 . The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with talks , _______ that he had enjoyed his stay here .
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
9 . _______ a reply , he decided to write again .
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
10.The speaker raised his voice, but he still couldn’t make himself ________ .
A. hear B. to hear C. hearing D. heard
Robert is said ___ abroad , but I don’t know what country be studied in .
to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying
II . 用動詞的正確形式填空
1. Little Tom should love ________ ( take ) to the theatre this evening .
2. Paul doesn’t have to be made _______ ( learn ) . He always works hard .
3. The computer centre , ______ ( open )last year , is very popular among the students in this school .
4. Go on _____( do ) the other exercise after you have finished this one .
5. How about two of us ______ ( take ) a walk down the garden .
答案：
I
1.A 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.D 8.C 9.C 10.D
II
1.to be taken ; 2.to learn ; 3.opened ;4.to do ; 5.taking
