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A Survey on Ontology Mapping-

A Survey on Ontology Mapping

[2006][SIGMOD][Namyoun Choi]


摘要:
 Ontology日益被看作使得異構(gòu)系統(tǒng)和SW應(yīng)用之間交互的關(guān)鍵因素。
 本文介紹了本體映射的分類,描述了每種分類的特點(diǎn)。比較了這些特點(diǎn)和測(cè)量工具、系統(tǒng)和每類映射的相關(guān)工作。

一、Introduction:

 1、本體的獨(dú)立開發(fā)這一特性導(dǎo)致對(duì)相同領(lǐng)域或者重疊領(lǐng)域的本體的定義有所不同,而這些獨(dú)立的 本體開發(fā)團(tuán)體之間缺乏充分溝通,所以:

 ——需要使用本體映射來(lái)促進(jìn)他們之間的互操作。

 2、本文將本體映射分為三大類[相關(guān)論文]:

 1)綜合的、全局本體 <----> 局部本體 
 ——描述全局本體與局部本體之間的關(guān)系

 [3]Learning to Match the Schemas of Data Sources: A Multistrategy Approach(2003)
 [4]Synthesizing an Integrated Ontology(2003)
 [1]Ontologies for Enterprise Knowledge Management(2003)
 [7]A Framework for Ontology Integration(2001)

  
 2)局部本體  <----> 局部本體
 ——使得在高度動(dòng)態(tài)和分布的環(huán)境中的互操作成為可能

 [6]C-OWL: Contextualizing Ontologies(2003)
 [1]Ontologies for Enterprise Knowledge Management(2003)
 [8]Semantic Coordination: A New Approach and an Application(2003)
 [9]Learning to Map between Ontologies on the Semantic Web(2003)
 [12]MAFRA – An Ontology Mapping FRAmework for the Semantic Web(2003)
 [13]Resolving Terminological Heterogeneity in Ontologies(2002)
 [14]Representing and reasoning about mappings between domain models(AAAI 2002)

 3)mapping for 本體合并與聯(lián)合
 ——被作為本體重用處理的一種途徑

 [15]PROMPT: Algorithm and Tool for Automated Ontology Merging and Alignment(AAAI2000)
 [16]Ontomorph: A Translation System for Symbolic Knowledge(2000)
 [17]FCA-Merge:Bottom-Up Merging of Ontologies(2001)
 [18]Smart:Automated Support for Oontology Merging and Alignment(1999)
 [19]Rule Induction for Concept Hierarchy Alignment((IJCAI 2001)
 [20]Anchor-PROMPT: Using Non-Local Context for Semantic Matching((IJCAI 2001)

 3、本文的內(nèi)容:

 基于詳細(xì)的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)這三類本體映射的工具和系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行比較。這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是:

 a、input requirements  —— 需要的輸入
 b、level of user interaction —— 使用者交互的層次
 c、type of output  —— 輸出的類型
 d、content of output  —— 輸出的內(nèi)容
 e、the following five dimensions
 structural, lexical, domain, instance-based knowledge, and type of result
 ——結(jié)構(gòu)的、詞匯的、領(lǐng)域的、基于場(chǎng)合的知識(shí)、結(jié)果類型

 4、全文分為四大部分:

 Section2:meanings of ontology mapping, ontology integration,merging, and alignment

 Section3:
 ·characteristics and application domains of three different categories of ontology   mapping are discussed.
 ·The tools, systems, frameworks, and related work of ontology mapping are surveyed   based on the three different ontology mapping categories.
 ·Then the overall comparison of tools or systems about ontology mapping is presented

 Section4:conclusion and presentation of future work

二、術(shù)語(yǔ):本體映射,本體綜合,合并,聯(lián)合

 1、本體映射在很多領(lǐng)域中被用到:ontology integration, merging, and alignment
    ——這三個(gè)領(lǐng)域中所用的的工具都被歸為本體映射使用的工具。

    還有一個(gè)與之相關(guān)的領(lǐng)域:schema matching,是數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的主要研究?jī)?nèi)容,本文何種不涉及

    [3]Learning to Match the Schemas of Data Sources: A Multistrategy Approach(2003)
    [36]A comparative analysis of methodologies for database schema integration(1986)
    [37]Semantic Integration Research in the Database Community: A Brief Survey(2005)
    [38]Corpus based schema matching(2005)

 2、ontology integration, merging, and alignment——都可以被看成本體重用的一種方式

 ·ontology merging:
 ——從現(xiàn)存、不同的、并和同一主題相關(guān)的兩個(gè)或者多個(gè)本體中生成單個(gè)、一致的本體的過(guò)程;
 ——其中被合并的那些本體是有相似性或者部分重疊的

 ·ontology integration:
 ——在兩個(gè)或者多個(gè)現(xiàn)存的、不同的、并且描述不同主題的本體基礎(chǔ)上生成單獨(dú)的、在一個(gè)領(lǐng)域     中的本體
 ——原來(lái)的多個(gè)本體應(yīng)該是相關(guān)的,在他們?cè)诒缓喜⒑蟮慕Y(jié)果中,原有的本體中的內(nèi)容會(huì)有變化

 ·ontology alignment:
 ——建立兩個(gè)原始本體之間的鏈接
 ——本體聯(lián)合的源本體是互相一致的、分離的;當(dāng)需要充足的領(lǐng)域支持時(shí)才這么做。

 3、ontology mapping(三種情況分別定義)
  
 1)綜合的、全局本體 <----> 局部本體

 把存在于某一個(gè)本體中的一個(gè)概念映射到一個(gè)視圖或者一個(gè)在其他本體之上的查詢

 2)局部本體  <----> 局部本體

 在語(yǔ)義關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)上,把一個(gè)本體中的實(shí)體翻譯為目標(biāo)本體中的對(duì)應(yīng)實(shí)體的過(guò)程。其中的源實(shí)體 和目標(biāo)實(shí)體在語(yǔ)義概念上相關(guān)。

 3)mapping for 本體合并與聯(lián)合

 在這種情況下,本體映射在源本體之間建立通信,并決定他們之間重疊的概念、同義詞或者對(duì)其 他源本體來(lái)說(shuō)獨(dú)特的概念的集合。這種映射鑒別多個(gè)源本體之間的相似和不同之處,用于進(jìn)行合 并或者聯(lián)合。


三、本體映射的種類:

1、綜合的、全局本體 <----> 局部本體

 1.1 實(shí)力和缺點(diǎn)

 優(yōu)點(diǎn):容易定義映射和找到映射的規(guī)則(因?yàn)橛幸粋€(gè)全局本體,全局本體提供共享的詞匯)
 缺點(diǎn):缺乏可維護(hù)性和可測(cè)量性,因?yàn)榫植勘倔w的修改很容易影響到對(duì)全局本體的映射

 該映射不能在包含不一致信息的相同或相似領(lǐng)域的不同本體之間進(jìn)行,因?yàn)槿直倔w無(wú)法被創(chuàng)建 

 1.2 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

 SW、企業(yè)知識(shí)管理、信息/數(shù)據(jù)整合

 1.3 工具、系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)工作
 
 ·LSD(learning source description):使用多策略學(xué)習(xí)方法的半自動(dòng)創(chuàng)建語(yǔ)義映射。

 包含多個(gè)Learner:分為兩類 base learner 和 meta learner
 ——base learner:The Name Learner、Content Learner、Na?ve Bayes Learner、XML Learner
 ——meta learner:meta learner

 映射過(guò)程分為兩個(gè)階段:
 ——training:a small set of data sources has been manually mapped to the mediated                 schema and is utilized to train the base learners and the meta learner
 ——matching:the trained learners predict mappings for new sources and match the          schema of the new input source to the mediated schema

 ·MOMIS (Mediator Environment for Multiple Information Sources):
 
 MOMIS creates a global virtual view (GVV) of information sources, independent of
their location or their data’s heterogeneity.

 分為五個(gè)階段:略

 ·A Framework for OIS(Ontology integration system):

 ——用描述邏輯來(lái)表達(dá)本體之間的映射query和本體
 ——使用兩種方法:從全局本體的每一個(gè)概念  --->局部本體的概念(global-centric approach)
     從局部本體的每一個(gè)概念  --->Global本體的概念(localcentric approach)
 

2、局部本體  <----> 局部本體  (是一個(gè)重點(diǎn))

 更適合Web上的高度動(dòng)態(tài)的,開放的,分布式環(huán)境下的互操作。

 2.1 實(shí)力和缺點(diǎn)

 優(yōu)點(diǎn):適用與各局部本體因?yàn)榘灰恢碌男畔⒍荒鼙痪C合或合并時(shí),提供他們之間的互操作。
 缺點(diǎn):局部本體之間缺少共同的詞匯.

 2.2 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

 Web,Semantic web

 2.3 工具、系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)工作

 ·Context OWL:Contextualizing Ontologies

 ·CTXMATCH:CTXMATCH is an algorithm for discovering semantic mappings across            hierarchical classifications (HCs) using logical deduction.

 ·GLUE:semi-automatically creates ontology mapping using machine learning techniques

 ·MAFRA:Ontology MAapping FRAmework for distributed ontologies in the Semantic Web
   provides a distributed mapping process that consists of five horizontal and      four vertical modules.

 ·LOM:Lexicon-based Ontology Mapping

 ·QOM:Quick Ontology Mapping,a efficient method for identifying mappings between
        two ontologies because it has lower run-time complexity.

 ·ONION:ONtology compositION system

 ·OKMS:Ontology-based knowledge management system。mapping is used for combining    distributed and heterogeneous ontologies

 ·OMEN:Ontology Mapping Enhancer,OMEN is a probabilistic ontology mapping tool           which enhances the quality of existing ontology mappings using a Bayesian Net

 ·P2P ontology mapping:This work proposes the framework which allows agents to     interact with other agents efficiently based on the dynamic     mapping of only the portion of ontologies relevant to the     interaction.

3、mapping for 本體合并與聯(lián)合

 可以通過(guò)合并處理創(chuàng)建一個(gè)一致的本體。It also creates links between local    ontologies while they remain separate during the ontology alignment process.

 映射不存在于合并后得到的的本體 與 被合并的若干局部本體之間,
 但存在于被合并的若干局部本體之間。

 第一步:找出待合并或者待聯(lián)合的多個(gè)局部本體之間的相似和沖突。

 3.1 實(shí)力和缺點(diǎn) 

 3.2 應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域

 Many applications such as standard search, e-commerce, government intelligence,   medicine, etc., have large-scale ontologies and require the reuse of ontology merging  processes。

 3.3 工具、系統(tǒng)和相關(guān)工作

 ·SMAR:SMART is a semi-automatic ontology merging and alignment tool.

 ·PROMPT:PROMPT is a semi-automatic ontology merging and alignment tool.

 ·OntoMorph: OntoMorph provides a powerful rule language for specifying mappings,     and facilitates ontology merging and the rapid generation of      knowledge-base translators.

 ·HICAL (Hierarchical Concept Alignment system):
 provides concept hierarchy management  for ontology merging/alignment (one concept   hierarchy is aligned with another concept in another concept hierarchy), uses a   machine-learning method for aligning multiple concept hierarchies, and exploits the   data instances in the overlap between the two taxonomies to infer mappings.

 ·Anchor-PROMPT:takes a set of anchors (pairs of related terms) from the source
     ontologies and traverses the paths between the anchors in the source ontologies.

 ·CMS (CROSI Mapping System): CMS is an ontology alignment system.

 ·FCA-Merge:a method for ontology merging based on Ganter and Wille’s formal
   concept analysis, lattice exploration, and instances of
   ontologies to be merged.

 ·CHIMAERA: CHIMAERA is an interactive ontology merging tool based on the Ontolingual
      ontology editor.

4、本體映射工具和系統(tǒng)的比較


四、結(jié)論

[文中的一個(gè)圖]

下面要重點(diǎn)看的五篇論文:

A、[2002][www][ AH Doan][Learning to Map Between ontologies on the semantic web]
B、[2002][EKAW][Alexander Maedche][MAFRA— A MApping FRAmework for Distributed Ontologies]
C、[2003][IEEE Internet Computing][D Beneventano][Synthesizing an integrated ontology](未打)
D、[2004][ISWC][John Li][QOM - Quick Ontology Mapping](未打)
E、[2003][IEEE Intelligent Systems][A Maedche][Ontologies for enterprise knowledge management](未打)

 

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