一、句子的基本成分 句子的基本成分有以下幾種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)。1、主語(yǔ)：句子的主體，全句述說(shuō)的對(duì)象。一般由名詞、代詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句擔(dān)當(dāng)，位于句首。The boy needs a pen.Smoking is bad for you.2、謂語(yǔ)：說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。由動(dòng)詞或系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)擔(dān)任，常置于主語(yǔ)后。The train leaves at 6 o’clock.She is reading.3、賓語(yǔ)：表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。一般由名詞或代詞擔(dān)當(dāng)，常置于謂語(yǔ)后。He won the game. He likes playing computer.4、表語(yǔ)：用以表述主語(yǔ)的特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。一般由名詞或形容詞擔(dān)任，置于系動(dòng)詞之后。He is a student.We are tired.注意：除了be 系動(dòng)詞外，還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞，1)表感官的動(dòng)詞: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞: become, get, grow, turn, go等。3)表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。5、定語(yǔ)：對(duì)名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。The black bike is mine.（形容詞）The boy in blue is Jim.（介詞短語(yǔ)）I have nothing to do today.（動(dòng)詞不定式）注意：1、當(dāng)定語(yǔ)修飾不定代詞如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等時(shí)，定語(yǔ)要放在其后作后置定語(yǔ)。例如： I tell him something interesting. 2、不定式、短語(yǔ)或從句作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，也放在被修飾的名詞之后。例如：The boys who are in the room are playing games.6、狀語(yǔ)：用以修飾adj. /v. /adv.及全句，位置靈活。1、修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí)，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；I am very sorry.2、表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、目的的狀語(yǔ)一般位于句子兩頭，強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)放在句首。In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.They are writing English in the classroom.3、一些表示不確定時(shí)間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語(yǔ)通常位于be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞之前。We often help him.He is always late for class.7、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的情況。由n./adj./介賓/分詞/不定式等擔(dān)任。常位于賓語(yǔ)后。He made me sad.（形容詞）She asks me to take an umbrella.（不定式）The war made him a soldier.（名詞）I find him at home.（介詞短語(yǔ)）I saw a cat running along the wall.（分詞）8、同位語(yǔ)：同位語(yǔ)是句子成分的一種, 它位于名詞、代詞后面, 說(shuō)明它們的性質(zhì)和情況, 它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞性短語(yǔ)或從句充當(dāng)。Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.I myself will do the experiment.She is the oldest among them six.二、句子的基本分類1、按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問(wèn)句、祈使句和感嘆句。1）陳述句：說(shuō)明一個(gè)事實(shí)或陳述一種看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound. 光比聲傳播速度快。（說(shuō)明事實(shí)） The film is rather boring. 這部電影很乏味。（說(shuō)明看法）2）疑問(wèn)句：提出問(wèn)題。有以下四種： a. 一般疑問(wèn)句： Can you finish the work in time? b. 特殊疑問(wèn)句： Where do you live? c. 選擇疑問(wèn)句： Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑問(wèn)句： He doesn't know her, does he?3）祈使句：提出請(qǐng)求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如： Don't be nervous!4）感嘆句：表示說(shuō)話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如： What good news it is!2、按其結(jié)構(gòu)，句子可以分為以下三類：1）簡(jiǎn)單句：只包含一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡(jiǎn)單句。例如：She is fond of collecting stamps.2）并列句：包含兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號(hào)來(lái)連接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite.3）復(fù)合句：包含一個(gè)主句和一個(gè)或幾個(gè)從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。例如： The film had begun when we got to the cinema.三、句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)1、簡(jiǎn)單句1. Things changed.2. Trees are green.3. We don’t like children.4. He gave his sister a piano.5. I found the book interesting.2、并列句This is me and these are my friends.They must stay in water, or they will die.It’s not cheap, but it is very good.It was late, so I went to bed.四、句子的擴(kuò)寫(xiě)1. The children played.Lots of lovely children from China played happily in the park this morning.2. The boy lent me a book.The kind boy in blue coat lent me a very interesting book several days ago, and I love it so much.句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)綜合訓(xùn)練一、指出下列劃線部分的基本成分。1. Our school is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest.4. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.5. Her job is to look after the babies.6. We need a place twice larger than this one.7. He goes to school by bike.8. The man over there is my old friend.9. What he needs is a book.10. I must leave right now.二、指出下列句子屬于哪種基本句子結(jié)構(gòu)。1. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.2. He broke a piece of glass.3. He asked us to sing an English song.4. We will make our school more beautiful.5. Trees turns green in spring.6. He came finally last night.7. Her voice sounds sweet.8. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.9. Mary handed her homework to the teacher.10. He made it clear that he would leave the city.三、寫(xiě)出下列句子。1、她學(xué)習(xí)很努力。2、我昨天早上遇見(jiàn)了Lily。3、五年前我住在北京。4、你必須在兩周以內(nèi)看完這些書(shū)。5、布朗夫人看起來(lái)很健康。6、這個(gè)主意聽(tīng)起來(lái)很有趣。7、我爸爸上個(gè)月給我買了一輛嶄新的自行車。8、他的父母給他取名為John。9、這個(gè)學(xué)校有一名音樂(lè)老師和一名美術(shù)老師。10、我認(rèn)為他聰明又有趣。四、擴(kuò)展下列句子。1. I went to school.2. I got a book.3. He left.
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