句子成分(Members of a Sentence)
什么叫句子成分呢？句子的組成成分叫句子成分。在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關系，按照不同的關系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當?，F代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補語（complement）。
英語句子的基本結構可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結構的基礎。
英語五種基本句型列式如下：
一： Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂）
二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓）
四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）
五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）
基本句型 一：Ｓ Ｖ （主＋謂）
主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數形式常和冠詞不分家！
謂語：謂語由動詞構成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結構，如：We come.
此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。
Ｓ │ Ｖ （不及物動詞）
1. The sun │was shining. 太陽在照耀著。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙長存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares? 管它呢？
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所講的沒有什么關系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個小時。
8. The pen │writes smoothly 這支筆書寫流利。
基本句型 二： Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ （主＋系＋表）
此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構成復合謂語，才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯系動詞：look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞
Ｓ │Ｖ（是系動詞）│ Ｐ
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的氣味很好。
3. He │fell │in love. 他墮入了情網。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看來都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他長得又高又壯
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻煩的是他們缺少錢。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我們井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的臉紅了。
There be 結構： There be 表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆。
此結構后跟名詞，表示‘（存在）有某事物’
試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞‘那里’。
基本句型 三： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ （主＋謂＋賓）
此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構成一樣，不同的是構成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’，如：me，him，them等
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物動詞）│ Ｏ
1. Who │knows │the answer? 誰知道答案？
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感謝。
3. He │has refused │to help them. 他拒絕幫他們。
4. He │enjoys │reading. 他喜歡看書。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他說："早上好！"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承認犯了錯誤。
基本句型 四： Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ （主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）
有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。如：Give me a cup of tea,please.
強調間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：
Show this house to Mr.Smith.
若直接賓語為人稱代詞：動詞+ 代詞直接賓語 +介詞+ 間接賓語。如：Bring it to me,please.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ ｏ（多指人） │ Ｏ（多指物）
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她給自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他給你帶來了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他對她什么都不拒絕。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我給他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽車。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我開機器。
基本句型 五： Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ （主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）
此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。
賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系，它們一起構成復合賓語。
名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞
The war made him a soldier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞
New methods make the job easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語
I often find him at work./我經常發(fā)現他在工作.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老師讓學生們關上窗戶.
名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞
I saw a cat running across the road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.
Ｓ │Ｖ（及物）│ Ｏ（賓語） │ Ｃ（賓補）
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他們任命他當經理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他們把門漆成綠色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 這使得他們要細想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他們發(fā)現那房子無人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么會這樣想？
6. We │saw │him │out. 我們送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早點回來。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。
但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數詞），也可以是各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語
一、 定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構成的復合不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。
形容詞作定語：
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修飾名詞boy；blue修飾名詞pen.）/小男孩需要一支蘭色的鋼筆。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是個英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有個乖男孩。
數詞作定語相當于形容詞：
Two boys need two pens./兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。
The two boys are students./這兩個男孩是學生。
There are two boys in the room./房間里有兩個男孩。
代詞或名詞所有格作定語：
His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。
His name is Tom./他的名字是湯姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。
介詞短語作定語：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有兩個9歲的，三個10歲的男孩。
名詞作定語：
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圓珠筆。
It is a ball pen./這是一支圓珠筆。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./這鉛筆盒里只有一支圓珠筆。
副詞作定語：
The boy there needs a pen./那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。
The best boy here is Tom./這里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定語：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./將要寫這封信的男孩是湯姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天無事要做。
分詞（短語）作定語：
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她買的筆是中國產的。
There are five boys left./有五個留下的男孩。
定語從句：
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那個在閱讀的男孩需要你昨天買的鋼筆。
The boy you will know is Tom./你將認識的男孩叫湯姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./參加游戲的男孩有五個。
二、狀語：狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等。
狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結構之后，強調時放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調時放在句首，地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。
有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義，應注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘（此時in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此時in the classroom為地點狀語），最好寫作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\'
副詞（短語）作狀語：
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置）
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現在需要一支鋼筆。（時間狀語）
介詞短語作狀語：In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點狀語）
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子.(條件狀語)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里沒有學生.(時間狀語)
分詞（短語）作狀語：
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因為不得不完成作業(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./（因為）受了驚嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）
不定式作狀語：
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）
To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./為實現夢想,湯姆變得對商業(yè)很有興趣.
名詞作狀語：
Come this way!/走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z）
狀語從句：
時間狀語從句、地點狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結果狀語從句、目的狀語從句
、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句
三、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學生’）
We all are students. / (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）
四、獨立成分：有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分(注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨立結構)。
感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定詞yes
否定詞no
稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。
插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個故事還遠沒結束.
情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當然，等。
五、分詞獨立結構：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致! 否則應有自己的邏輯主語，構成分詞獨立結構。
例：
錯句：Studying hard,your score will go up.
正確：(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.
或 (2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析：錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score . 顯然做study的應是人，不應是your score（分數）. 正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致( 同為you );正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出study的主語,(不過已經不是分詞結構了). 分詞獨立結構常省略being,having been.不過‘There being...’的場合不能省略.
如：
Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand. 獨立結構還可用with、without引導，作狀語或定語。這種結構不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。
如：
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./無事可做，他很快就睡著了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老師進來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略！）
句子成分練習題( 一 )
(一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘）
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
(二) 選出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘）
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C.go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A.Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
⑥ Tom didn't do his homework yesterday.
A. Tom B. didn't C. do D. his homework
⑦ What I want to tell you is this.
A. want B. to tell C. you D. is
⑧ We had better send for a doctor.
A. We B. had C. send D. doctor
⑨ He is interested in music.
A. is B. interested C. in D. music
⑩ Whom did you give my book to?
A. give B.did C. whom D. book
(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘）
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?⑥ The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.
⑦ They made him monitor of the class.
⑧ Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left.
⑨ You will find it useful after you leave school.
⑩ They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.
(四) 挑出下列句中的表語（5分， 5分鐘）
① The old man was feeling very tired.
② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.
⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
(五) 挑出下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘）
① They use Mr, Mrs with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
⑥ I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
(六) 挑出下列句中的賓語補足語（6分， 6分鐘）
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
(七) 挑出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘）
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
(八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分， 5分鐘）
① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
③ Mr Li is going to teach us history next term.
④ Here is a pen.Give it to Tom.
⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
答案
(一)① teacher ② man ③ dictionary ④ To do
(二)① B② A ③ C ④ A ⑤ C ⑥ C ⑦ D ⑧ C⑨ A⑩ A
(三)①homework. ②English. ③attention ④ words ⑤to go swimming ⑥ he was ill. ⑦ him monitor ⑧bridge museum⑨ it
school. ⑩ who"Father Christmas"really is.
(四)①tired. ②worried ③yellow. ④interested ⑤the first
(五)① family ②given③third ④ some ⑤ downstairs ⑥ of the other shoe!
(六)①to read newspapers and books ②to take the boy ③ difficult ④ Lily ⑤ get on the bus ⑥ playing football
(七)① on her face. ②Every night ③ when he was eleven.
④ too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm ⑥ because she loves books. ⑦ if you’ve lost it ⑧ to see the other machine.
(八)① us, 間接賓語 a story, 直接賓語
② me, 間接賓語 a new bike, 直接賓語 ③ us, 間接賓語 history, 直接賓語
④ Tom, 間接賓語 it, 直接賓語 ⑤ me, 間接賓語 message, 直接賓語
句子成分練習題( 二 )
指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分：
1.Whether we’ll go depend on the weather .
2. People’s standards of living are going up steadily .
3. That was how they were defeated.
4.The nursery takes good care of our children .
5.I’ll return the book to you tomorrow .
6.We are sure that we shall succeed .
7.The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .
8.There are many film that I’d like to see.
9.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking ?
10.I have a lot of work to do .
11. Anyway I won’t stop you from doing it .
12. I said it in fun .
13. We can send a car over to fetch you .
14. She had to work standing up .
15. Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried .
16. Much interested , he agreed to give it a try .
17. The bus arrived ten minutes late .
18. We should serve the people heart and soul.
19. Spring coming on , the tree turned green .
20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .
21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting .
22. It’s strange that she doesn’t come today .
23. It was in the library that I come today .
24. He likes drawing at times when he isn’t working .
25. We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.
句子成分練習題( 三 )
A
1、 ___ six years since I began to study English.
A. It is B. I have been C. There are D. It was
2 、___ in the room at that time.
A. Nobody was B. Someone were C. Who is D. He are
3 、IT'S very noisy outside. ___ is going on?
A. Who B. What C. Which D. Where
4、 ___ in English in class every day is important.
A. Speak B. Talking C. Saying D. To tell
5 、There must be____ near the factory.
A. a book store B. book store C. books store D. books stores
6 、Although it's raining hard, ___ are still working in the fields.
A. but they B. and they C. they D. since they
B
1、 The doctor as well as the nurses ___ great concern for the patients.
A. show B. shows C. have shown D. are showing
2、 Your son must be a clever boy, ___ he?
A. is B. isn't C. must D. mustn't
3、 The computer center, ___ last year, is very popular among students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. opened D. being opened
4 、I ___ go to the shop today, for there is a lot of food at home.
A. mustn't B. had to C. can't D. needn't
5 、Don't ___ excited.
A. get B. is C. seem D. look
6 This room ___ every morning.
A. is cleaning B. is cleaned C. cleans D. cleaning
C
1、 Glad to meet you! ___ is your full name?
A. What B. Where C. How D. Who
2、 He is ___ to lift the heavy box.
A. too weak B. weak tooC. enough weak D. weak enough
3、 The days are ___ warmer and warmer in spring.
A. getting B. looking C. seeming D. going
4 、His job is____English.
A. teach B. to teach C. taught D. teaches
5 、Two balls are___.
A. under the desk B. in the wall C. to here D. at desks
D
1 、We should get ready___ others.
A. helping B. to help C. help D. help with
2、 ___interesting work we are doing?
A. What a B. How C. What D. What an
3、 I want___ a teacher when I grow up (-fx;fc).
A. to be B. to C. be D. being
4、 -Would you like to go on a picnic with me today?
-I don't think so. To be honest, I really don't feel like___on a
picnic.
A. going B. to go C. go D. went
5 Do you know___?
A. where does he live B. where he lives
C. where he live D. if where he lives
6 Let ____ do it again.
A. I B. me C. he D. she
7 I don't know___.
A. how to do B. what to do C. where to do D. when to do
E
1、 I saw him ___ basketball with Jack an hour ago.
A. plays B. to play C. played D. play o
2、 Sorry, we've kept you___ for a long time.
A. waited B. sing C. stand D. waiting
3 、The teacher told us ____ late again.
A. aren't be B. don't be C. not to be D. not be
4 、We find the room very___.
A. warm B. warmly C. terribly D. hardly
F
1 、I found ___ difficult to work together with him.
A. it B. its C. that D. those
2 、We all know ___ our duty to clean our classroom after school every day.
A. that B. this C. which D. it
3、 He found ___ very interesting to play with the little dog.
A. what B. it C. / D. that
G
( ) 1 Tom said he ___ a good dream yesterday evening.
A. dream B. dreamed C. have D. has
( ) 2 Children ___ a happy life in
A. lead B. living C. has D. leading
H
( ) 1
A. developing B. developed C. less developed D. develop
( ) 2 -___ skirt is that on the chair?
-Let me see. Oh, no, it's not mine.
A. Whose B. What C. Who's D. Which
( ) 3 Do you have anything ___?
A. saying B. to^ay C. said D. say
( ) 4 Look, there is an___tree by the wall.
A. apple B. apple's C. apples' D. apples
( ) 5 Where is____seat?
A. yours B. your C. you D. yourselves
I
( ) 1 The box is ___ heavy for her ___ carry.
A. very; to B. too; not to
C. too; to D. very too; to
2 -___ did you buy the new bag?
-Last Monday.
A. Where B. How C. When D. Who
3 You can see these signs in a hospital. ___ can you see them?
A. Where else B. Where place else
C. Where else place D. Else where
4 They went out ___ their old friends.
A. visit B. visiting C. to visit D. visited
5 There is a wide river____ our village.
A. outside B. over C. from D. below
J
1 The young man, ___ works in the office.
A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me
2 Our English teacher, ___ often helps us with study.
A. Mrs Wang B. Mrs5 WangC. MrsWang's . D. of him
3 ___, some railway workers are busy repairing the train.
A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs
A . 1
D. 1-7 B C A A B B B E. 1-4 D D C A F. 1
H. 1-5 B A B A B I .1
