本篇和極簡英語語法,一圖囊括所有相呼應(yīng),是其中一個分支的詳解。簡單句在總圖中的位置如下:
簡單句分五種,是一切句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。所有復雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)都可以歸結(jié)為簡單,所有從句都是簡單句的相互鑲嵌。
這種句型中的動詞大多是不及物動詞,常見的動詞如: work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。
Night gathers, and now my watch begins. 長夜將至,我從今開始守望——守夜人誓詞
He works very hard. 他工作勤奮。
The haze disappears. 霧霾消散了。
He arrived late . 他遲到了。
這種句型主要用來表示主語的特點、身份,狀態(tài),變化等
表示狀態(tài)的詞有:be, remain, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep, feel等
This kind of food tastes delicious.
He looked worried just now.
She remains silent,
表示變化的詞有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。
Winter comes. It is getting colder and colder. 冬天來了,天氣變得越來越冷
The boy has grown much taller than before.
主語+ 謂語動詞+賓語
這種句型中的動詞一般為及物動詞。其賓語通常由名詞、代詞、動詞不定式、動名詞或從句等來充當。
He always helps Han Mei when she has difficulties.
I love you (賓語作代詞).
You have the right to remain silent(不定式作賓語),你有權(quán)保持沉默。米蘭達警告第一句
I don''t know what I should do next. (從句作賓語)
只能跟不定式作賓語的動詞:want, hope, expect, intend, demand, plan, decide, determine, promise, agree, refuse, prepare, manage, set out等。
She longed to go back to her hometown。 她想回家鄉(xiāng)。
I can''t bear to look back。我忍不住回頭看。
只能跟動名詞作賓語的動詞:suggest, mind, enjoy, practice, finish, prevent, imagine, consider, look forward to, get used to, give up, can’t help等。
Imagine all the people, living for today. 想像這個世界所有的人,為了今天而生活著。
I suggest trying one more time. 我認為該再試一次。
這種句型中,直接賓語為主要賓語,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當;間接賓語也被稱之為第二賓語,去掉之后,對整個句子的影響不大,多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔。引導這類雙賓語的常見動詞有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。
He bought her a ring as a birthday present. 他給她買了戒指作為生日禮物。
She gives me kiss. 她給我一個吻。
You owe me money. 你欠我錢。
賓語補足語的主要作用或者是補充、說明賓語的特點、身份等;或者表示讓賓語去完成的動作等。擔任補語的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、動詞不定式等。
常見的帶賓補的動詞有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。
You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你應(yīng)該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。
We made the God our witness,to prove our love is true. 上帝作證,我們的愛情是真的。
His father told him not to play in the street. 否定式做補語。
I find learning English difficult. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)學英語很難。
注意:動詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的動詞不定式作賓補時,不帶to。如:
The boss made him do the work all day. 老板讓他整個白天都干活。
I heard her husband beat her all the time last night. 我聽到昨晚她老公打了她一宿。