定語(yǔ)從句。
定義。
an exciting match:形容詞可以放在名詞之前作定語(yǔ)，來(lái)修飾名詞
the book in my hand:介詞短語(yǔ)可以放在名詞之后作定語(yǔ)，來(lái)修飾名詞。
但如果修飾名詞的定語(yǔ)不是某一個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，而是一個(gè)句子時(shí)，我們就要使用定語(yǔ)從句。
定語(yǔ)從句通常跟在所要修飾的中心名詞（先行詞）之后，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)。 定語(yǔ)從句相當(dāng)于形容詞或者介詞短語(yǔ)的作用。
注意。
1.從句相當(dāng)于整個(gè)句子的一個(gè)成分，因此，從句不能單獨(dú)使用。
She saw that he was sleeping.(賓語(yǔ)從句)
I am reading the article which is about your experience in the UK.(定語(yǔ)從句)
2.先行詞
定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的詞叫“先行詞”，因?yàn)樗偸翘幵诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句的前頭，比定語(yǔ)從句先行一步。
先行詞通常為人、物或者是事情。
e.g. I am reading the article that is about your experience in the UK.
3.關(guān)系詞
從意義上說(shuō)：先行詞定語(yǔ)從句的組成部分從結(jié)構(gòu)上說(shuō)：先行詞不在從句中出現(xiàn) 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，并取代先行詞在從句中的成分
e.g. I am reading the article that is about your experience in the UK. 關(guān)系詞的功能：
1. 關(guān)系詞作主語(yǔ)（動(dòng)作發(fā)出者）
The trees are on the school campus. They have lost their leaves.
The trees which are on the school campus have lost their leaves.
2. 關(guān)系詞作賓語(yǔ)（動(dòng)作接受者）
We saw the student just now. He is the best runner in our school.
The student whom we saw just now is the best runner in our school.
3. 關(guān)系詞作表語(yǔ)
Jack used to be a lazy boy. He is no longer a lazy boy
Jack is no longer the lazy boy that he used to be.
4. 關(guān)系詞作定語(yǔ)（通常為所有格）
She has a brother. I can’t remember his name.
She has a brother whose name I can’t remember.
5. 關(guān)系詞作狀語(yǔ)（時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、原因狀語(yǔ)）
The school is in Shenzhen. He studies in the school
The school where he studies is in Shenzhen.
4.定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
關(guān)系詞。
關(guān)系代詞(relative pronouns)
who, whom, which, that, as, whose等跟在先行詞的后面，指代先行詞，引出定語(yǔ)從句。 在從句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)的作用。
who的用法
先行詞必須是人，作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)
e.g. The man who spoke at the meeting this morning is a famous lawyer. The girl who you saw just now is Jane.
作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可用whom, that替換, 可以省略。
whom的用法
先行詞必須是人，作賓語(yǔ)。
通常可以省略
e.g. The girl whom / who / that you saw just now is Jane.
which的用法
先行詞必須是事物，作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)
e.g. This is the book which / that was written in easy English by our English teacher.
作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞不可省略。
The pictures (which / that) he drew in the 1980s are on show.
作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系詞可以省略。
注意(whom & which)：
whom & which做介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，介詞?？商崆埃唇樵~+whom/which+從句，此時(shí)whom & which不能由who或that代替，不能省略。
e.g. This is the man from whom your son always begs money.
The chair on which she is sitting is made of wood.
但當(dāng)介詞置于從句末尾時(shí)，whom可以由who或that代替，which可由that代替，都能省略。
e.g. This is the man (whom / that / who) your son always begs money from. 有一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)中的介詞是固定搭配，不可拆開(kāi)，一般還是放在動(dòng)詞之后，不提前。 He is the student who the teachers are looking for.
The number of the children who she takes care of is 30.
動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是否可以拆分，關(guān)鍵看拆分后與拆分前的意思是否相同。如果意思不變，可以拆分，否則不行。
that的用法
1)that可作定語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)（取代who或which），賓語(yǔ)（取代who或whom或which）
2)關(guān)系代詞作表語(yǔ)，必須使用that，指代人或物，可以省略。
e.g. My father is no longer the man (that) he was.
My hometown is not the small town that it used to be twenty years ago.
3)that的特殊用法
必須使用that的情況。
①當(dāng)先行詞是人+事物時(shí)。
e.g.They talked about the teachers and schools that they had visited.
The police had great trouble in diverting the men and the cars that had blocked the way.
②當(dāng)先行詞跟在系動(dòng)詞be后作表語(yǔ)，或關(guān)系詞本身作定語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞必須用that，但也可以省略
e.g.My father is no longer the man (that) he was.
He thought his daughter would be the dancer (that) she always wanted to be. It’s a book (that) will help you a great deal.
③當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞如the first, the last 等詞修飾時(shí)。
e.g. This is the best film that I have ever seen.
This is the first choice that I have made.
She is the most careful girl that I have ever known.
This is the last letter that I received from him.
④當(dāng)先行詞前面有the only, the very, one of, any, no, every, few, little等詞修飾時(shí)。 e.g. The only person that seems to know the truth is Doctor Brown.
Any person that wants to succeed must work hard.
There is no difficulty that we can not overcome.
I have read all the books that can be borrowed here.
⑤當(dāng)先行詞本身為不定代詞如anything, something, nothing, everything, all, much, few, little, none, the one時(shí)。
e.g.All that I want is peace and stability.
There is little that I can do.
There is nothing that I can tell you.
I have tried everything that I can think of.
I do not mean this one. I mean the one that was bought yesterday.
注意：anybody, nobody, everybody等不在此列。
不能使用that的情況。
①當(dāng)定語(yǔ)從句前有介詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不能用that。
②that不能用于非限制性定于從句。
③當(dāng)先行詞為one, ones, anyone, those, 指人時(shí)，用who。
e.g.Those who learn not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
④當(dāng)先行詞是he時(shí)，用who。(多諺語(yǔ))
e.g.He who plays with fire gets burnt.
He who laughs at last laughs best.
⑤當(dāng)先行詞本身是that時(shí)，用which或who避免重復(fù)不能用于非限制性定于從句。 e.g.What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
whose的用法
whose作定語(yǔ)從句中的定語(yǔ)，表示所修飾的“某（些）人的”或“某物的” 。 e.g.The boy whose name is Tom is the top student in my class.
Look at the house whose roof is red.
注意：
當(dāng)whose指代物時(shí)，whose+從句結(jié)構(gòu) =…of which+從句 =of which the…+從句 e.g. Look at the house whose roof is red.
Look at the house, the roof of which is red.
Look at the house, of which the roof is red.
as的用法
1)as用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句
so …as；such…as；the same…as；
2)as用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。代表所修飾的句子，作用相當(dāng)于which，但比which多一層“正如”的意思。
e.g.She is very careful, as (= which) her work shows.
It is like a snake, as (= which) anybody can see.
但要注意，當(dāng)as從句置于句首時(shí)，as不能由which取代。
e.g. As he had hoped, he saw the play.
3)as的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)
as we all know 眾所周知
as is well-known 眾所周知
as has been said before 如上所述
as we had expected 正如人們所預(yù)料的那樣
as anybody can see 正如人人都看到的那樣
as often happens 正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的那樣
關(guān)系副詞(relative adverbs)
when, where, why 等跟在先行詞的后面，指代先行詞，引出定語(yǔ)從句分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因。在從句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)的作用。
1)when 在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
when代替at / in / on / during/since which等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
2)where 在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
where代替at / in / to which等，在定語(yǔ)從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
3)why 在定語(yǔ)從句中作原因狀語(yǔ)
why引導(dǎo)從句作reason的定語(yǔ)，可以用for which取代，充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)。
注意：當(dāng)先行詞為某個(gè)時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)/reason時(shí)，關(guān)系詞的選擇要依據(jù)關(guān)系詞在從句中的
其他考點(diǎn) 關(guān)系詞的省略
只有關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略
The young man (who) you saw was our manager. There is something (that) we must keep in mind.
在表示方式的“the way”之后的定語(yǔ)從句有三種引導(dǎo)方式 I don’t like the way you answered my question. I don’t like the way that you answered my question. I don’t like the way in which you answered my question.
定語(yǔ)從句中主謂一致的問(wèn)題
Mr. Smith, who ______ now downstairs, ______ asking to see you. Mr. Smiths, who ______ now downstairs, ______ asking to see you. Jeff is one of the students who ______ punished.
Jeff is the only one of the students who ______ punished. I, who ______ a senior high student, should learn hard
Keys：is,is;are,are;are;is;am.
that使用時(shí)候出現(xiàn)的矛盾
1. The very chair on ________ she is sitting is made of plastics. 2. My sister is a nurse, ______I am not.
Keys:which;who.
請(qǐng)找出下列各句中的錯(cuò)誤并加以改正。
1. This is the factory where we visited last week. 2. This is the watch for which Tom is looking.
3. The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two. 4. The house in that we live is very small.
5. The sun gives off light and warmth, that makes it possible for plants to grow.
6. I’ve read all the books which I borrowed from the library. 7. This is the best film which I have ever seen.
8. My father and Mr. Smith talked about things and persons who they remembered in the country.
9. Everything which we saw was of great interest. 10. His dog, that was now very old, became ill and died. 11. The reason which he didn’t go to school is that he was ill. 12. Those who wants to go with me put up your hands. 13. The boy, his mother died last year, studies very hard. 14. I have two sisters, both of them are doctors.
15. We’re going to visit the school where your brother works there. 16. He is the only one of the students who have been invited to the English Evening.
17. That is the way which they work.
18. Those have questions can ask the teachers for advice. 19. Who is the man who has white hairs?
20. I will never forget the days which we had a good time together at the sea.
答案與部分解析:
1. where→that/which或去掉where。
2. 把for放在looking之后。英語(yǔ)中,有些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,介詞或副詞不可與動(dòng)詞相分離。又如:look after, run into等。
3. who→whom。盡管在口語(yǔ)中who, whom都能作賓語(yǔ),但在介詞后只能用whom。 4. that→which。
5. that→which。that不可以引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
6. which→that或去掉which。當(dāng)先行詞被all, every, no,some, any, little等修飾時(shí),常用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
7. which→that或去掉which。當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級(jí)或the only,the very等所修飾時(shí),常用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
8. who→that。如果先行詞既指人又指物時(shí),常用that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
9. which→that或去掉which。當(dāng)先行詞為something, anything,everything, nothing, all等時(shí),常由that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。 10. that→which。
11. which→why/which前加for或去掉which。
12. wants→want。定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞一致。 13. his→whose。
14. them→whom或both前加and。 15. 去掉there。
16. have→has。當(dāng)one of+名詞復(fù)數(shù)作先行詞時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);但是當(dāng)one前有the (only)時(shí),從句謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)。
17. which→that/which前加in或去掉which。 18. Those后加who。
19. 第二個(gè)who→that。當(dāng)主句是以who 或which開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句時(shí), 定語(yǔ)從句常用that 引導(dǎo), 以避免重復(fù)。
20. which→when或which前加in。 選擇題
1．This is the best factory ____we visited last year . A. where B. which C. in which D. that 2.Is this the factory ____computers are built ? A. that B. which C. in which D. in that
3.please pass me the dictionary ____cover is red . A. whose B.its C. which D. which of 4.The man ____has arrived .
A. whom I told you B. that I told you
C. whom I told you about him D. I told you about 5. Do you know the comrade ____we are talking ? A. to whom B. to who C. whom D. to that
6. They visited the house ___the great writer was born . A. from where B. in which C. which D. in where
7. The comrade ___is speaking at the meeting is my teacher . A. whom B. which C. who D. whose
8. He asked us to watch carefully everything ___he did in class . A. who B. that C. what D. where
9. I’ll visit the professor tomorrow ,___he will be back from Shanghai . A. who B. that C. when D. which 10.The school ___I study is a new one .
A. on which B. at where C. on that D. at which 11. China has many islands,____the largest is Taiwan . A. in which B. at which C. which D. of which
12. The city ____my mother grew up is not far from here . A. what b. where C. that D. which
13. Our teacher lives in the house ____door facts to the north . A. which B. his C. that D. whose
14. Do you know the man ___your father nodded ? A. whom B. to whom C. to who D. about whom 15.Wresting is a sport in ___people easily get hurt . A. that B. when C. which D. what 16. I told you ____I know .
A. all that B. all which C. all what D. all whom
17.China has a lot of famous writers ,one ___is Lu Xun . A. of which B. of whom C. of who D. of them 18. Is this factory ____we visited last year ? A. in which B. around that C. whom D. the one 19. Who is the man ____was there ? A. who B. which C. that D. whom
20. Is there anything ____I can do for you, sir ? A. that B. which C. whose D. who
21. I still remember the day ____she first wore that green dress . A. which B. in which C. on that D. on which
22. The knife ____we used to cut the bread is very sharp . A. with which B. with it C. with that D. which
23. The games ____the young men competed in were difficult . A. in which B. which C. it D. who Key:
1-5DCCDA 6-10 BCBCD 11-15 DBDBC 16-20 ABDCA 21- 23 DAB
定語(yǔ)從句練習(xí)
1、The knife which
2、The brave man, which
3、The clever boy made a hole in the wall, what it was going on inside the house. which
4、The beautiful dress which
5、During the days Browns’. them
9、You can take any seat
A．in which D．which
to you?
B．which belongs D．that is belonged C．a(chǎn)s
A．that belong C．that belongs A．where D．which
is free.
C．where
B．that
A．that followed C．following
.
B．you want them D．you want
it used to be. C．a(chǎn)s
B．to follow
D．followed
, he worked as a servant at the
A．in which
Miss Jones went to the ball was
C．through which D．on
borrowed from a friend of hers.
B．worn by
A．on which
B．a(chǎn)t which
C．through which D．in
he could see
A．of whom
the tiger was shot, is a good hunter. B．by that
C．by whom
D．by
A．which
we used to cut the bread is very sharp. B．with
C．with it
D．with
6、You may take anything useful
A．which you want C．what you want A．like D．which
7、My hometown is no longer the same
B．that
8、The old woman has two sons, one
A．of who
B．of whom
is a teacher.
D．of
C．of which
10、Is there anything
11、We hope to get such a tool
B．that
he is using.
one
35、Crusoe’s dog became ill and died,
A．this D．a(chǎn)s
in big cities.
B．that
made him very lonely.
C．which
C．this the school A．whose
D．this school family is in the city.
D．who
24、Is there any one in your class
B．which
25、Can you lend me the book
A．which you talked C．a(chǎn)bout that you talked A．which has been shown C．that have shown A．that I spoke
C．who’s
the other day ?
B．that you talked
D．you talked about this year.
B．that have been shown D．have been shown
B．I spoke to
are girls.
26、This is one of the best films
27、Do you know the man
C．to who I spoke A．two-thirds in which C．two-thirds of them A．neither of them C．neither of which A．by it D．in which
D．whom I spoke B．two-thirds in them
writes well.
28、There are two thousand students in our school,
D．of whom two thirds
B．none of them D．none of which
C．with that
29、I have bought two ball-pens,
30、He built a telescope he could study the skies.
B．through which
31、Do you know the reason 32、
he was late?
D．that
D．Which
A．for which B．for what A．As A．who D．a(chǎn)s
B．That
C．which
has been said above, grammar is a set of dead rules.
C．What
had been expected. C．that
33、John got beaten in the game,
B．what
34、They’re invented me to their party,
A．this D．a(chǎn)s
B．that
is kind of them.
C．which
36、There isn’t so much noise in the country
A．a(chǎn)s A．who D．which
B．where
C．which
D．that
37、I often thought of my childhood,
B．when
I lived on a farm. C．where
38、Next month,
A．where A．which D．/
39、The next thing
you’ll be in your hometown, is coming.
C．that
D．which
B．when B．that
must be done is to make a plan.
C．when
interested him
40、He talked happily about the men and books
greatly in the school.
Ⅱ、Fill in the blanks： 1、This is the professor 2、The hospital modernized. 3、This is the boy 4、The film interesting.
5、Do you know the student 6、1949 is the year founded.
7、They work in a factory 8、They work in a factory our friends.
10、Here are players from Japan, some of friends.
11、She lives in a small village,
she has some friends.
A．that D．which
B．when
C．who
taught me chemistry in 1980 .
was built five years ago has been father died three years ago.
we saw the day before yesterday is very
was praised at the meeting?
the People’s Republic of China was
makes radio parts. radio parts are made.
we can see and talk to
are our
old
9、This is the vision phone through
is only three miles from here.
12、She is going to spend the summer holidays in Shanghai, 13、We’ll put off the meeting till next week, so busy.
14、The sun gives the earth light and heat, important to the living things.
is
we won’t be
very
15、Those names here.
want to go to the computer room write your
made his teacher very angry.
he had visited.
16、He was often late, 17、Who is the person
is standing at the gate?
18、He talked about the teachers and schools
Ⅲ、Correct the mistakes in the following sentences if there are any: 1、He told us about the countries where he had visited. 2、Egypt is a country where is famous for its pyramids. 3、China is the country where he spent the best part of his life. 4、The days when we spent together cannot be easily forgotten. 5、The house stands at the place that the two roads meet. 6、We shall visit the college where his father teaches there. 7、I know the reason that she looks so worried. 8、He left me the book, that is very useful for me. 9、This is the room which food is kept.
10、April 15, 1976 is the day when we’ll never forget. 11、The man came yesterday is our English teacher.
12、The students are playing football on the playground are of Class Two . 13、This is all which I can do for you.
14、Can you think of anyone who’s house was here? 15、The watch that Mother bought it for me works very well. 16、This is the only book that were borrowed from the library. 17、The day which she had to leave arrived at last. 18、The doctor whom they want to see have come.
19、Do you know the young man whom has been chosen chairman? 20、The park stands at the place that the two rivers meet. 21、A plane is a machine can fly.
22、It is one of the best pictures which have been sold. 23、Those that want to go put up your hands.
24、This is the knife with that the doctor did the operation. 25、Who is the man whom you said hello just now?
【答案】:
Ⅰ、1、D
Ⅱ、1、who / that
Ⅲ、1、where—that
去掉there
7、that—why 9、which—where 10、when—which / that 13、which—that
11、man后面加who 14、who’s—whose
12、students
15、
8、that—which
2、where—which 5、that—where
3、√
6、
4、when—that / which 4、which / that 5、who / that
8、where
10、whom 14、which 18、that
11、which 15、who
12、where 16、which
9、which 13、when 17、that
6、when
7、which / that
2、which / that
3、whose
5、A
7、C 12、B 17、D 22、A 27、B 32、A 37、B
8、B 13、B 18、C 23、C 28、D 33、D 38、B
9、D 14、D 19、C 24、A 29、C 34、C 39、B
10、C 15、C 20、D 25、D 30、B 35、C 40、A
2、C
3、C
4、A
6、D 11、C 16、D 21、A 26、B 31、A 36、A
后面加who
去掉it 16、were—was 19、whom—who
17、which—when
18、
have—has
20、that—where
21、machine后面加which / that which—that
23、that—who
25、whom—that
22、24、that—which
轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)保留出處，http://www.360docs.net/doc/info-285028bec77da26925c5b09c.html
聯(lián)系客服
