It sounds like the perfect聽起來(lái)好像是完美的terrorist weapon恐怖武器, but it is a toy that teaches the principles of electrochemistry. ,但它是玩具,教導(dǎo)的原則。電化學(xué)It's also a high-tech squirt gun.這也是一個(gè)高科技噴水槍。
The Plastic Hydrogen Bomb uses electricity to break apart water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. 塑料氫彈用電水分子分裂成氫和氧。Then it uses a spark of electricity to explosively recombine the gases into high pressure steam, which propels a stream of water high into the air.之后它使用的電力的火花爆炸性氣體到重組高壓蒸汽,推動(dòng)一股到空中的水很高。
The construction is a little more difficult than the other toys in this book, but the skills learned by building this toy can be put to good use building many other devices and works of art.建設(shè)是一個(gè)變得更加困難比其他玩具,在這本書,但技能據(jù)悉,由建設(shè)這個(gè)玩具,可以把用好建設(shè)很多其他的設(shè)備和藝術(shù)作品。
The bomb is made from these materials:炸彈是由這些材料:
In schematic form, the bomb looks like this:在示意圖的形式,炸彈看起來(lái)像這樣:
The 9 volt battery is connected to the carbon rods, which are under water in the bomb chamber. 9伏電池連接到碳棒,在水的炸彈室。The water breaks up into hydrogen and oxygen, which is trapped in the upper half of the chamber. 水分割成氫氣和氧氣的,被困在上半部的內(nèi)閣。The piezo-electric ignitor from the electronic lighter is pushed, which causes a spark to jump the spark gap, which ignites the hydrogen and oxygen. 壓電電點(diǎn)火器從電子打火機(jī)是推,導(dǎo)致了火花跳火花隙,這點(diǎn)燃這些氫和氧。The resulting high pressure steam forces the water out through the exit tubes, high into the air.由此產(chǎn)生的高壓蒸汽力量水通過(guò)出口管、向高空。
The first bomb I built was done entirely with the "lost wax casting" method used by artists, sculptors, and jewelers.第一炸彈I內(nèi)建做完全與“失蠟精密鑄造”所使用的方法,藝術(shù)家,雕刻家,和貴金屬。
In the lost wax method, a model of the finished object is made of wax, then plaster is poured over the wax and allowed to harden. 在這種脫蠟的方法,建立了完成的對(duì)象是蠟制的,然后石膏倒在蠟和允許變硬。Finally, the wax is melted out of the hardened plaster, and the hollow is filled with molten metal, which cools into the same shape as the original wax model. 最后,蠟熔化出硬石膏、和中空充滿了熔融金屬,它能夠冷凍到相同的形狀,作為原蠟?zāi)Ｐ汀?/span>The plaster is broken away, and the finished piece of art or jewelry is cleaned and polished.石膏壞了去、完成作品的藝術(shù)或珠寶是清洗和拋光處理。
With the bomb, we eliminate all of the steps after the wax has been melted out of the mold, since our objective is to build a hollow in the plastic into which the carbon rods and spark gap protrude.與炸彈,我們消除所有步驟后,蠟已熔化出模具,因?yàn)槲覀兊哪繕?biāo)是要建立一個(gè)在空心塑料到其中的碳棒和火花隙protrude。
The first bomb is shown below:第一個(gè)是炸彈,如下所示:
Note that the spark gap at the top of the bomb is made out of carbon rods. 請(qǐng)注意,星火的差距,在上方的炸彈是采用碳棒。Later versions use a simpler spark gap made of copper wire.以后的版本使用一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的火花隙由銅絲。
You can see the red wire from the battery clip going to the carbon rod at the bottom of the hemispherical chamber. 你可以看到紅色電線電池夾去碳棒,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出底部的屋子里。You can also see a rectangular tube curving up from the bottom of the chamber and exiting out the top of the device. 你也可以看到一座矩形管從彎曲的底部和存在的最高的裝置。This tube was formed from a thin sheet of wax, and is there to let the water in and out of the chamber. 這管子形成一個(gè)薄的蠟,有讓水在室。There is another tube like it on the other side. 還有一個(gè)管喜歡在湖的另一邊。The blue at the bottom is a pile of plastic beads that the wax model was sitting on when the liquid plastic was poured over it.藍(lán)底是一堆塑膠珠的蠟?zāi)Ｐ蜁r(shí)坐在塑料液體倒。
The problem with the lost wax version is that you can't see the inner workings very well. 問(wèn)題的這種脫蠟的版本是,你無(wú)法看到的內(nèi)部很好。My next attempt used a clear plastic box and some clear plastic tubing. 我的下一個(gè)嘗試用透明塑膠盒,有些透明塑料管材。It exploded in my face on the first attempt to use it. 就爆炸了我的臉在第一次使用它。The remains are shown below.遺體如下圖所示。
The plastic box was not strong enough to contain the force of the explosion, and the plastic tubes were too narrow and too long to let the water out fast enough to prevent the plastic from being blown apart. 塑膠盒子不夠有力遏制的力量,爆炸發(fā)生后,和塑膠管的太狹窄,太長(zhǎng)時(shí)間讓水不夠快,以防止塑料被風(fēng)吹分開。However, the new spark gap, made of twisted copper wire, worked perfectly.但是,新的火花隙,用扭曲的銅絲、鋁完美地完成。
In succeeding refinements, the plastic box is completely covered with the polyester resin, so that the walls of the chamber are at least a half inch thick. 在連續(xù)的改良,塑料盒是完全覆蓋了聚酯樹脂,使室內(nèi)的墻壁至少半寸厚。The entry/exit tubes are drilled into the plastic, so they are straight and wide. 入口/出口鉆管塑料,所以他們寬廣筆直,A little bit of lost wax technology is used to provide a target for the drill, and so the wax can support the carbon rods and spark gap.一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的脫蠟技術(shù)被用來(lái)抽取目標(biāo)演習(xí),所以,耳垢可以支持的碳棒和火花隙。
Construction starts with the removal of two carbon rods from a couple of old fashioned carbon-zinc batteries. 建設(shè)從清除兩個(gè)碳棒從兩舊式的carbon-zinc電池。These are the cheap type, such as the Eveready 'Classic' or Radio Shack 'Heavy Duty' types, not the alkaline batteries that have largely replaced them in common use.這些都是便宜的類型,如Eveready”的經(jīng)典”或無(wú)線電屋里的重型的類型,而不是堿性電池已經(jīng)很大程度地取代了他們常用。
In the photo below one of the batteries has the cover and top removed to show the carbon rod sticking up out of the cardboard seal. 在照片下面的一個(gè)電池已封面和頂部拆除,以顯示碳桿堅(jiān)持從紙板密封。A little twist and pull and the rod slips right out, and can be washed and used.有點(diǎn)扭拉和標(biāo)尺滑的權(quán)利,并且可以清洗和使用。
Next we attach insulated copper wire to the carbon rods by stripping the insulation off of a few inches of the wire on one end, and winding several turns around the rod, to make a good connection. 明年我們非常重視絕緣銅線的碳棒由剝離絕緣小康了數(shù)英寸的鋼絲上,另一端,和清盤的幾個(gè)輪流周圍桿,使一個(gè)很好的連接。The wire is tightly twisted to hold the connection securely.該產(chǎn)品被緊緊拉伸舉辦連接的安全。
The spark gap is made by bending the insulated copper wire around a pencil, then twisting the ends tightly for a couple of inches. 星火差距是由彎曲絕緣銅導(dǎo)線周圍的一支鉛筆,然后扭兩端緊緊地為一對(duì)夫婦的英寸。The loop is then cut, and some of the insulation trimmed from the ends.鎖相環(huán)處于然后切,和一些絕緣裁剪從地極。
The spark gap and the carbon rods are then placed in the clear plastic box (the box from Tic-Tac candies will do if you don't have a cubical box as in the photo). 星火的差距,和碳棒,然后放在透明塑膠盒(這個(gè)箱子淋濕的心會(huì)滴答糖果就會(huì)做,如果你沒(méi)有立方框來(lái)作為在照片)。The box is filled with water up to about a half of an inch from the top. 這個(gè)箱子里裝滿了水大約半英寸來(lái)自高層的。Then melted wax is poured on top of the water to seal the box and the spark gap and rods. 然后把火漆上的水封裝火花隙的制造、銷售。When the wax has hardened, it can be loosened a little to let the water out, then replaced to seal the box.當(dāng)蠟變硬,它可以稍微放松,讓水流出,然后再更換密封的箱子里。
Now we attach two thick pieces of wax to the bottom that will form hollow channels to let the water in and out. 現(xiàn)在我們附上著兩件蠟來(lái)底部,去組成空心通道讓水。If you like, you can extend these all the way up to the top, making channels of square cross section. 如果你喜歡,你可以延長(zhǎng)這些一直爬到頂端,同時(shí)廣場(chǎng)渠道階層。I like to drill the channels later, but you might like challenging people to guess how you drilled square holes in the plastic.我喜歡鉆通道后,但你可能會(huì)喜歡具有挑戰(zhàn)性的人能猜出你的洞鉆廣場(chǎng)塑料。
The next step is to take apart the下一步就是要采取除了electronic lighter電子打火機(jī)to get the piezo-electric ignitor.得到壓電電點(diǎn)火器。
The ignitor is the little gadget that produces a spark when it is pushed down. 的點(diǎn)火器是小配件,產(chǎn)生火花當(dāng)它被推下。It has two contacts that need to be roughened with a knife or sandpaper before the spark gap's wires can be soldered to them.它有兩個(gè)聯(lián)絡(luò),需要使用刀或砂紙打磨粗糙的電線火花隙前可焊接。
The larger lighters used for lighting fireplaces have larger ignitors that are easier to solder.規(guī)模較大的打火機(jī),用于照明壁爐有較大的ignitors是比較容易焊接。
You can see the larger ignitor is soldered to the spark gap in the photo of the box on its side a few photos earlier. 你可以看到較大的點(diǎn)火器是焊接到星火的差距在照片的情況下,振盒,其副作用數(shù)的照片更早。The wires to the 9 volt battery clip are also soldered to the wires that go to the carbon rods.這些電線到9伏電池夾也焊接在電線上那去的碳棒。
The casting of the polyester resin is done in three steps. 鑄造的聚酯樹脂是做在三個(gè)步驟。A tupperware bowl was used for the mold. 一個(gè)擁有碗是用于模具。The first casting is a thin layer on the bottom of the bowl. 第一次澆注是一種薄層底的碗里。This layer is allowed to harden, to be a base on which to sit the carbon rods and the rest of the apparatus.這一層是允許變硬,是一個(gè)以作為坐的碳棒和其余的裝置。
The next casting layer is a half of an inch thick, and holds the carbon rods in place, and covers the wax outriggers at the bottom of the box. 接下來(lái)的鑄造層是半英寸厚,并持有的碳棒的地方,和掩護(hù)蠟支架底部的盒子。This layer is also allowed to harden before the last layer is poured. 這一層是也被允許去變硬直到最后一層是倒。This ensures that the hollow box will not float to the top of the mold when the last layer is poured.這保證了空心盒不會(huì)浮在水面上的塑造當(dāng)最后一層是倒。
The last layer is then poured, and should completely cover the top of the box to a thickness of at least a half of an inch. 最后一層是之后再倒,應(yīng)完全封面頂部的情況下,振盒,厚度至少半英寸。It will also cover the soldered connections on the piezo-electric ignitor, but must not touch the moving parts or get inside the ignitor, or the ignitor will be stuck and not operate.它還將按焊接連接壓電電點(diǎn)火器,但千萬(wàn)不要觸摸運(yùn)動(dòng)部件或得到內(nèi)點(diǎn)火器,或火器將遇到麻煩了,無(wú)法運(yùn)作。
The penultimate step is drilling the entry and exit holes. 鉆孔的倒數(shù)第二步是入境、出境的洞。I use a 1/4 inch drill bit. 我用一個(gè)1 / 4英寸的鉆頭。Finally, the wax is melted out by placing the project in a warm oven (no more than 150 degrees Fahrenheit), in a pan on top of newpapers to catch the melted wax.最后,蠟融化了項(xiàng)目將在溫暖的烤箱(不超過(guò)150華氏度),在平底鍋上的火漆newpapers趕上。
You can see the results in the photo above.你可以看到的結(jié)果,在照片以上。
The carbon rods are used because they will not disintegrate when the electric current is run through the water. 的碳棒被使用,因?yàn)樗麄儗⒉凰榱岩坏╇娏髋苓^(guò)水面。If we used copper wire, one wire would be eaten away, and the other would get a plating of copper sludge on it that was removed from the other wire.如果我們用銅絲、鋁一條線會(huì)沖蝕,另將會(huì)得到鍍銅污泥,被清除出了其他電線。
However, if we use a less reactive metal, such as gold, this destruction of the wire will take place much more slowly, and the toy can be used many times without any noticeable changes.不過(guò),如果我們使用較少反應(yīng)的金屬,如黃金,這破壞鐵絲網(wǎng)將發(fā)生更為緩慢,玩具,可用于很多次,沒(méi)有任何值得注意的改變。
To test this, I made a bomb of design similar to the one we just made, but using some gold plated connectors used for high end stereo connections.為了證明這點(diǎn),我提出了炸彈的設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)類似我們剛才所作的發(fā)言,但使用一些鍍金連接器,用于高端立體聲連接。
The result is a nice looking bomb:結(jié)果是一個(gè)很好看的炸彈:
To operate the toy, hold it under a faucet, tilted so that water can enter one hole and air can exit the other. 經(jīng)營(yíng)玩具,站在的水龍頭,傾斜,使水可以進(jìn)入一個(gè)洞,空氣可以出口。The chamber should be only about half full, with a bubble of air keeping the spark gap dry.商會(huì)應(yīng)該只有大約半滿的,泡的空氣保持火花隙干。
Plug in a 9 volt battery, and watch as tiny bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen form on the carbon rods (or gold electrodes).插入一個(gè)9伏電池,看細(xì)小泡沫的氫和氧組成表格的碳棒(或金電極)。
After about 15 to 20 minutes, enough of the gases will have formed for the bomb to explode with a nice effect. 約15 - 20分鐘,足夠的氣體將形成了炸彈爆炸的一個(gè)很好的效果。Note that as the gases form, the water is displaced, and leaks out the drilled holes. 注意,當(dāng)氣體形式,水被替換,泄漏出鉆洞。Hold the bomb at arm's length, and press the ignitor down until it clicks. 持有炸彈距離時(shí),請(qǐng)按火器直到其點(diǎn)擊。The water remaining in the bomb and the tubes will shoot out, covering the ceiling and spectators.剩下的水彈和管要射出來(lái),包括天花板和觀眾。
Some years ago I was demonstrating my science toys on a television show. 一些年前,我是體現(xiàn)我的科學(xué)玩具在一個(gè)電視節(jié)目。Before the show began taping, we filled a bomb and plugged in the battery.在演出開始前拍的,我們充滿了一顆炸彈,插入電池。
After describing and demonstrating other toys for about 25 minutes, it was almost time to go. 本文在介紹,并展示的其它玩具大約25分鐘,這幾乎是該走的時(shí)候了。I held the bomb in my hands, and clicked on the ignitor, but nothing happened. 我抱炸彈在我手中,點(diǎn)擊的點(diǎn)火器,但是什么都沒(méi)有發(fā)生。I clicked a few more times, muttering something about the spark gap being wet.我點(diǎn)擊幾次閑逛,一些關(guān)于星火的差距,是濕的。
The host of the show decided to give it a try. 顯示的主人決定試一試。He held the bomb, and carefully looked down the tubes as he clicked the ignitor.他握著炸彈,并小心地向下看了這管他點(diǎn)擊了火器。
Of course it worked for him. 當(dāng)然它工作了他。The water splashed up into his glasses, his hair, his shirt, the ceiling, all over. 水濺到他的眼鏡,他的頭發(fā),他的襯衫、天花板、都結(jié)束了。The camera crew were laughing so hard you could see the camera shaking.照相機(jī)船員們都笑得好你能看一下相機(jī)搖晃。
Be very careful with bombs.必須非常小心炸彈。
Using electricity to break up water is called electrolysis (Greek for 'loosening by electricity').用電來(lái)分手電解水被稱為“放松(希臘用電”)。
Water is made up of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. 水分子是由兩個(gè)氫原子和一個(gè)氧原子。In the liquid form, the molecules are constantly breaking up into electrically charged pieces, and then getting back together. 在液態(tài),分子不斷分割成帶電碎片,然后再在一起。The electrically charged pieces are called ions.帶電的碎片被稱為離子。
Water breaks up into ions by losing one of the hydrogen atoms. 水而被分割成離子的氫原子構(gòu)成。The nucleus of the hydrogen atom breaks away, leaving its electron behind, with the other two atoms. 氫原子的核心,把它突破了電子后,與其他兩個(gè)原子。Thus we have a positively charged hydrogen ion H+, and a negatively charged hydroxyl ion, OH-.因此,我們有一個(gè)帶正電的氫離子H +,羥基帶負(fù)電荷的離子,哦-。
One of the carbon rods is attached to the negative terminal of the battery, and has excess electrons. 其中的碳棒是重視的負(fù)面終端的電池,并已過(guò)量電子。This electrode is called the cathode. 叫做電池陰極。The excess electrons attract the positively charged hydrogen atoms to the cathode.多余的電子吸引帶正電的氫原子陰。
Two of the electrons on the cathode combine with two H+ ions, forming a hydrogen molecule H2. 兩個(gè)電子在陰極結(jié)合,形成兩個(gè)H +離子對(duì)氫氫分子。This molecule joins others and forms bubbles of hydrogen gas that rise through the water, making room for more water to contact the cathode and form more hydrogen.這種分子加入他人和形式的泡沫成分氫氣體,上升渡過(guò)水、造屋要水喝,請(qǐng)隨時(shí)聯(lián)系我們的陰極和形成更多的氫。
The reaction at the cathode is described chemically as:反應(yīng)在陰極所描述的化學(xué)為:
The other electrode is called the anode. 另一個(gè)電極稱為陽(yáng)極。The battery has pulled electrons from the anode, leaving it with a positive charge. 電池已把陽(yáng)極棒,電子擁有bim正電荷。This positive charge attracts the negatively charged hydroxyl ions to the anode. 這正電荷吸引帶負(fù)電荷的氫氧根離子到屏級(jí)。Four hydroxyl ions get together and form two molecules of water and one molecule of oxygen, while donating four electrons to the anode.四氫氧根離子聚在一起,形成兩個(gè)水分子和一個(gè)分子的氧,而捐贈(zèng)四電子陽(yáng)極。
The reaction at the anode is described chemically as:反應(yīng)在陽(yáng)極所描述的化學(xué)為:
The oxygen forms bubbles and rises through the water to join the hydrogen.氧形式的氣泡,上升,通過(guò)水加入氫氣。
It takes a lot of energy to separate the H+ ions from the OH- ions. 需要大量的精力去把H +離子從哦-離子。This energy is stored in the form of the hydrogen and oxygen gases. 這個(gè)能量?jī)?chǔ)存在形式的氫氣和氧氣的氣體。Some of the energy comes from the chemical bond between the two hydrogen atoms in the hydrogen molecule. 一些能量來(lái)自于化學(xué)債券之間的兩個(gè)氫原子在氫分子。Likewise, energy comes from the bond between the two oxygen atoms in the oxygen molecule. 同樣地,能量來(lái)自債券之間的二個(gè)氧原子在氧氣分子。Most of the energy comes from the battery. 大部份的能量來(lái)自電池。All of this energy is 'stored' by the mere separation of the gases into their respective molecules. 所有這些能量是“儲(chǔ)存的分離,僅靠氣體到各自的分子。If we could cause the atoms to rearrange themselves to form water again, that energy would be released.如果我們能夠使原子自己來(lái)重新排列成水了,這能量會(huì)釋放。
In order to cause the gases to reform as water, we must first add a little energy to break the bond between the hydrogen atoms, and a little more to break the bonds between the oxygen atoms. 為了使氣體,以改革為水,我們必須先添加少許能源打破債券之間的氫原子,和多一點(diǎn)打破債券之間的氧原子構(gòu)成。Only when these bonds are broken will the atoms be free to rearrange to form other molecules.只有當(dāng)這些債券是破碎也會(huì)原子可以重新排列形成其他分子。
The energy to break the molecular bonds in the gases is supplied by the spark. 能源打破分子國(guó)債在氣體供應(yīng)的火花。It breaks up the molecules of gas into their atoms, so they can recombine into H2O, releasing the stored energy as heat.它打破了氣的分子,這樣他們就可以它們的原子重組成H2O,釋放存儲(chǔ)能量的熱。
The heat from those first recombinations is enough to break up more of the gas molecules, allowing them to recombine into water also. 像是等位基因﹐那些第一批的熱量足以打破更多的氣體分子,使他們重組成水。This reaction happens rapidly, consuming all of the gases, and producing quite a bit of heat. 這個(gè)反應(yīng)迅速發(fā)生的消耗掉大部份的氣體,生產(chǎn)相當(dāng)?shù)臒崃俊?/span>Almost all of the energy that the battery put into the system during 20 minutes is released in a small fraction of a second.幾乎所有的能量的電池輸入進(jìn)系統(tǒng)在20分鐘的一小部分釋放一秒。
The H2O that results from the reaction is too hot to be a liquid. 而造成的水反應(yīng)太熱是液體。It is a gas whose heat causes it to expand to take up much more space than the original gases needed. 它是一種氣體的熱量引起它擴(kuò)展到多占用更多的空間比原來(lái)氣體所需要的。It expands, and pushes the remaining water out the only exit that exists -- the two holes that lead up to the ceiling.它膨脹時(shí),然后他把剩下的水存在唯一的出口,釀成兩個(gè)孔到天花板上去了。
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