一、母乳會不會導致食物過敏?
母乳是嬰兒最天然、最理想的營養(yǎng)品,母乳喂養(yǎng)不僅為母親及兒童帶來很多健康益處,同時也具有重要的經(jīng)濟價值。雖然傳統(tǒng)觀念認為母乳中含有很多免疫成分,如sIgA、益生菌及低聚糖等,有利于嬰兒免疫系統(tǒng)的成熟及降低過敏風險,然而亦有報道提示母乳可能與早期食物致敏有關(guān)[6-8]。
雖然母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒發(fā)生食物過敏的概率很低,但仍有文獻報道母乳可引起嬰兒過敏癥狀,甚至是嚴重過敏反應。有學者采用皮膚點刺試驗及母親食物回避回加試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),在47例有癥狀的母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰幼兒中 (1 ~ 19月齡),5例嬰兒被確診為“母乳”過敏 (10%),表現(xiàn)為當母親進食特定食物后喂養(yǎng)嬰兒后,嬰兒出現(xiàn)特應性皮炎加重、風團、吐奶和喘息等癥狀;過敏原為牛奶、雞蛋白和花生;而當母親進行針對性飲食回避后,嬰兒癥狀消失[9]。此項研究提示,母乳喂養(yǎng)亦可以發(fā)生食物過敏。
[17]。此外,還有母乳喂養(yǎng)后發(fā)生多種食物過敏的病例報道[18]。不僅如此,Monti等[19]還曾報道1例4月齡純母乳喂養(yǎng)的過敏性疾病高危兒,當母親進食魚類后喂哺嬰兒,導致嬰兒發(fā)生嚴重過敏反應。
由此可見,純母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒亦可發(fā)生食物過敏,尤其是過敏疾病高危兒,應引起家長和醫(yī)師的警惕。
二、母乳導致食物過敏的原因
食物過敏的免疫機制主要包括IgE和非IgE介導這2種類型,無論發(fā)病機制如何,食物抗原暴露是必要條件。越來越多的研究證實,嬰兒可能在母親子宮內(nèi)或是通過母乳、呼吸道、污染的手或物體導致早期致敏。
研究顯示,母親攝入的膳食蛋白 (部分仍具有過敏原活性) 可以在母乳中檢測到,嬰兒可以通過母乳接觸過敏原,因此哺乳被認為是導致嬰兒早期致敏的途徑之一。約50%的乳母可通過母乳分泌膳食抗原,濃度為0.1 ~ 1 000 ng / mL[20]。以牛奶為例,主要引起過敏癥狀的牛奶過敏原組分是酪蛋白、α乳球蛋白和β乳球蛋白,其中β乳球蛋白是研究最多的抗原。由于酪蛋白質(zhì)和α乳球蛋白是母乳中的天然成分,但β乳球蛋白不會出現(xiàn)于人乳中[21],因而母乳中的β乳球蛋白來源于母親食用的牛奶制品。53% ~ 63%食用牛奶的乳母乳汁中可檢測出β乳球蛋白[22-24]。1項橫斷面研究在調(diào)查的3周內(nèi)采集了10例健康母親和10例特應質(zhì)母親的300份母乳樣品,結(jié)果顯示無論是在健康或是特應質(zhì)母親的乳汁中均可檢測出β乳球蛋白[23]。嬰兒可以因乳母食用牛奶或奶制品而通過母乳接觸牛奶蛋白[25],從而發(fā)生牛奶蛋白過敏;當母親單次攝入240 mL牛奶后,乳汁中檢測出β乳球蛋白的持續(xù)時間可長達7 d[26]。因此,目前的過敏診療指南推薦,母乳喂養(yǎng)的牛奶蛋白過敏嬰兒的母親需要回避牛奶及奶制品,并補充鈣劑[21,27-28]。
除牛奶外,59% ~ 74%的母乳中可檢測出卵清蛋白[9],其濃度隨母親膳食中攝入雞蛋量的增加而增加[29];48%的母乳中可檢測出花生蛋白[9];此外,卵黏蛋白、α-S1-酪蛋白、小麥中的醇溶蛋白及其他食物過敏原也在生理狀態(tài)下可從母乳中檢測出來。
由此可見,母乳引起嬰兒食物過敏的主要過敏原并不是母乳本身成分,而是母乳分泌的某些膳食成分,因此臨床上更恰當?shù)奶岱☉獮椤敖?jīng)母乳導致的食物過敏”。
三、經(jīng)母乳導致的食物過敏管理原則
牛奶蛋白誘發(fā)的過敏性直腸結(jié)腸炎是引起1 ~ 6月齡純母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒直腸出血 (出血可以是點狀或大量) 的原因之一。過敏性直腸結(jié)腸炎病程自限,大多數(shù)嬰兒在1歲內(nèi)耐受牛奶。治療的主要方法是回避可疑蛋白。對于母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒,母親回避牛奶蛋白通??墒拱Y狀于72 ~ 96 h消失;如果癥狀于72 ~ 96 h未緩解,可以考慮更換為深度水解蛋白配方,若仍然沒有改善,可以更換成氨基酸配方[30-31]。
四、小結(jié)
綜上所述,嬰兒可以經(jīng)母乳接觸到過敏原從而引起食物過敏癥狀。當純母乳喂養(yǎng)嬰兒被確診為食物過敏時,母親針對性的飲食回避是治療首選,同時應對母親和嬰兒進行營養(yǎng)和生長監(jiān)測,減少母子雙方發(fā)生營養(yǎng)不足的風險。
(文:重慶醫(yī)科大學附屬兒童醫(yī)院 胡燕)
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(選自 NutriciaELN)