The International Day for Monuments and Sites Theme for 2010 “The Heritage of Agriculture” Celebrate the world’s heritage on 18 April 2010!
A contribution to the United Nations 2010 International Year of Biodiversity
國際遺址日
2010年主題—農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)
在2010年4月18日慶祝世界遺產(chǎn)
一個(gè)對(duì)聯(lián)合國2010年國際生物多樣性年的貢獻(xiàn)
About the day
On the proposal of ICOMOS, 18 April was endorsed as The International Day for Monuments and Sites by UNESCO in 1983.
關(guān)于這一天
在國際遺址委員會(huì)的建議下，聯(lián)合國教科文組織在1983年將4月18日定為國際遺產(chǎn)日。
This special day offers an opportunity to raise public awareness concerning the diversity of the world’s heritage and the efforts that are required to protect and conserve it, as well as to draw attention to its vulnerability.
這個(gè)特殊的日子為提高公眾意識(shí)即關(guān)于世界遺產(chǎn)的多樣性和為了保護(hù)和保留它需要付出努力以及吸引公眾注意到它的脆弱性。
For several years now, ICOMOS suggests a topic to be highlighted on this occasion. This has allowed our members and our committees to hold activities, conferences, colloquia or other events to raise awareness on this cultural heritage among the public, the owners or the public authorities by linking a global theme to local or national realities.
若干年以來，國際遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)委員會(huì)建議借機(jī)突出一個(gè)主題。這使得我們的成員和委員們以舉辦活動(dòng)、會(huì)議、對(duì)話或其他事件的方式，通過將其與當(dāng)?shù)?、國家的現(xiàn)實(shí)情況聯(lián)系起來的世界性主題，來提高公眾、文化遺產(chǎn)所有者和公共機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)于文化遺產(chǎn)的意識(shí)。
We thank you in advance for all your initiatives and ask you to inform the ICOMOS
Secretariat, as early as possible, of the activities you plan to undertake for 18 April, but also to share their results with us (programme, participation, publications). This will help us to disseminate information and to gather conclusions on all your activities, so as to be able to testify of the vitality of ICOMOS’ network.
我們首先對(duì)于你們發(fā)起的所有活動(dòng)表示感謝并且要求你們盡早通知國際遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)秘書處，你們?cè)?月18日將要舉辦的活動(dòng)，同時(shí)也請(qǐng)你們與我們分享其結(jié)果（計(jì)劃、參與情況和出版物）。這將幫助我們傳播信息并且匯集關(guān)于你們所有活動(dòng)的總結(jié)，以便驗(yàn)證國際遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)委員會(huì)的活絡(luò)活力。
For further information on the Day, previous themes, support material and the calendar of activities foreseen in 2010 consult http://www.international.icomos.org/18thapril/inde x.html. We will post information as it comes in.
關(guān)于這一天的更多信息，以前的主題和支持材料以及預(yù)見活動(dòng)的2010年日歷，請(qǐng)參閱
我們的網(wǎng)站，我們將及時(shí)張貼相關(guān)信息。
About the theme
In the last two decades, the international NGO’s and public administrations in charge of heritage protection have begun to define and characterize the heritage of agriculture as well as to establish the criteria and tools that should guide the assessment of its values, protection and
management.
關(guān)于主題
在過去的二十年中，國際非政府組織和負(fù)責(zé)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的公共行政機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)開始定義和定性農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)并且建立了將用來指導(dǎo)對(duì)其價(jià)值、保護(hù)與管理進(jìn)行評(píng)估的原則和工具。
Accordingly, ICOMOS, UNESCO and other international organizations have included these objectives in their ongoing research and projects.
因此，國際遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)委員會(huì)，聯(lián)合國教科文組織和其他國際組織已經(jīng)在他們正在進(jìn)行的項(xiàng)目和研究中包括了這些目標(biāo)。
It is therefore pertinent to evaluate how heritage properties linked to agricultural and livestock rearing practices are taken into account in current heritage practice by examining significant international experiences in this field,
因此，在當(dāng)代文化遺產(chǎn)實(shí)踐中，通過檢驗(yàn)?zāi)切┰谶@個(gè)領(lǐng)域里的重要的國際經(jīng)驗(yàn)，評(píng)估與農(nóng)業(yè)和牲畜飼養(yǎng)實(shí)務(wù)相關(guān)聯(lián)的文化遺產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)是如何被考量的，是順理成章的事情，
such as the listing of such properties in UNESCO’S World Heritage List and in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, as well as the Globally Important Ingenious Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme (GIAHS), led by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) with other partners such as UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), UNESCO and its World Heritage Centre, ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), IUCN (The World Conservation Union) and CGIAR (the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research).
如相關(guān)列入的組織名單有：聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)名錄的這些資產(chǎn)，和人類非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的代表名單以及全球重要的本地農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)體系計(jì)劃，這些都是由聯(lián)合國糧農(nóng)組織與其他合作者如聯(lián)合國發(fā)展計(jì)劃署，聯(lián)合國教科文組織和它的世界遺產(chǎn)中心，以及文化資產(chǎn)保護(hù)與重建國際研究中心，世界保護(hù)聯(lián)盟和國際農(nóng)業(yè)研究咨詢團(tuán)。
The protection of the heritage of agriculture: a legitimate social and scientific demand
文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的科學(xué)的法律的社會(huì)的需求
These international efforts to implement and assess the values of the heritage of agriculture undoubtedly arise from a legitimate social and scientific demand: the need to protect all significant natural and cultural heritage properties generated by agrarian activity in the course of history (country houses, orchards, mills, terraces, crops, irrigation channels, wells, farmyards, traditional festivities, gastronomy, indigenous species, landscapes…).
這些執(zhí)行和評(píng)估農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值的國際努力，毫無疑問地來自于科學(xué)的法律的和社會(huì)的需要：就是保護(hù)所有重要的自然和文化遺產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)的需要，就是在歷史進(jìn)程中由農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的(如鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)舍，果園，磨坊，梯田，農(nóng)作物，灌溉渠道、井，農(nóng)家院，傳統(tǒng)節(jié)慶，烹飪法，本地特產(chǎn)物種，自然風(fēng)光等等)文化遺產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)。
However, the establishment of criteria to guide the identification and formal recognition of the heritage of agriculture, in all its meanings and manifestations, is a relatively recent and pressing subject of study. In contrast to what has been achieved for other heritage categories, such as industrial or vernacular heritage, the latter being in fact frequently part of the agricultural heritage, the absence of a particular and appropriate recognition of agricultural heritage, as a multidimensional heritage which embraces different types of tangible and intangible, cultural and natural properties, has led to its underestimation and a lack of consideration. 然而，從所有的內(nèi)涵和外延上說，指導(dǎo)農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)的認(rèn)證和正式承認(rèn)的原則的建立，都是相當(dāng)迫近的研究主題。與已經(jīng)取得成效的其他文化遺產(chǎn)名錄相比較，如工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)或動(dòng)植物遺產(chǎn)，后者其實(shí)常常是農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)的一部分，一個(gè)特定的恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)的認(rèn)證的缺失，農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)作為一個(gè)多維度的，包含不同種類的物質(zhì)和非物質(zhì)的，文化和自然的遺產(chǎn)，已經(jīng)導(dǎo)致人們對(duì)其低估和認(rèn)知缺乏。
This lack of consideration strongly contrasts with the objective importance of agricultural heritage for humanity its subsistence value, its contribution to sustainable development and to the respect for the landscape, its role in the quality of life and the preservation of cultural and biological diversity, etc.-, and the relevance of the values and types of properties associated with it. This relevance is particularly exemplified by the profound integration of these natural and cultural (tangible and intangible) properties within their territory, as well as in the close links between agricultural heritage, cultural landscapes and other heritage types, such as cultural routes and heritage canals, that have already been studied by ICOMOS International Scientific Committees and special working groups.
認(rèn)知缺乏與農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)對(duì)人類的客觀重要性形成了鮮明對(duì)比---它的物質(zhì)價(jià)值，它對(duì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)和在自然景觀方面，在提高生活質(zhì)量的作用方面以及對(duì)生物和文化多樣性等的保護(hù)等等方面。以及與其相關(guān)聯(lián)的各類財(cái)產(chǎn)與價(jià)值的相關(guān)性。這種相關(guān)性，以自然和文化財(cái)產(chǎn)在它們的領(lǐng)域中（物質(zhì)與非物質(zhì)的）的深度整合為例，就與農(nóng)業(yè)遺產(chǎn)，文化景觀和其他遺產(chǎn)類型之間的緊密聯(lián)系一樣，如文化路徑和遺產(chǎn)渠道，這已經(jīng)是國際文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)委員會(huì)中國際科學(xué)委員和特別工作組的研究范疇。
It is also important to note that the protection of agricultural heritage reflects the development and broadening of the concept of heritage itself, given that its recognition implies:
了解農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)的保護(hù)反映了遺產(chǎn)概念本身的拓寬與發(fā)展，也是重要的，鑒于此，對(duì)它的認(rèn)證顯示了：
- the inclusion within the heritage concept of landscapes, artefacts and the traces of the “material cultures” which bear witness to the daily routines, the concerns of the working and middle classes and the efforts of men and women in the context of their work and subsistence, and not only those values traditionally linked to the historic, aesthetic and artistic appreciations of the dominant culture;
包含在景觀的文化遺產(chǎn)概念之內(nèi)，“物質(zhì)文化”承擔(dān)著見證日常生活作用的古器物
或遺跡，和藍(lán)領(lǐng)和中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的關(guān)注，以及在工作和物質(zhì)背景下的男人女人的努力的
作用，并且，不僅僅是這些傳統(tǒng)上與主流文化的歷史、審美和藝術(shù)欣賞相聯(lián)系的價(jià)
值。
- the identification and protection of intangible, living, continuous and contemporary aspects of heritage;
- the fusion of different types of heritage values, such as cultural and natural, tangible and intangible, a constant trend in the development of heritage management and theory worldwide;
- taking into account the spatial dimension of natural and cultural properties and their definitive integration within their territorial, cultural, social and economic scale, which has led to a substantial improvement in heritage theory, protection, management, interpretation and dissemination.
-非物質(zhì)的，活著的，可持續(xù)的和當(dāng)代的文化遺產(chǎn)方面的認(rèn)證和保護(hù)；
-不同類型的文化遺產(chǎn)的價(jià)值融合，例如文化與自然，非物質(zhì)與物質(zhì)，和世界范圍內(nèi)
的文化遺產(chǎn)管理和理論的持續(xù)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；
-考慮到自然和文化資產(chǎn)的空間尺度，和在它們領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的，文化的，社會(huì)的，經(jīng)濟(jì)的
范疇內(nèi)的確定性整合，這都將導(dǎo)致文化遺產(chǎn)理論、保護(hù)、管理和解釋與傳播方面的極
大提升。
The international approach to the heritage of agriculture
農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)的國際方法
The recognition and protection of agricultural heritage at the international level has principally occurred within the framework of UNESCO and ICOMOS and in two different directions:
在國際層面上對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)的認(rèn)證和保護(hù)，在聯(lián)合國教科文組織和國際文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)委員會(huì)的框架下產(chǎn)生，主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面：
- the inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List of agricultural landscapes and mixed cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value;
-在聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄上的，混合了文化與杰出的具有世界性價(jià)值的自然景點(diǎn)的農(nóng)業(yè)風(fēng)光。
- the inclusion of agricultural activity itself, and the skills and traditions related to it, within the intangible heritage concept and the instruments developed for its protection and universal appreciation, that is to say the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Heritage and the List of Intangible Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding.
-包含在農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)自身在內(nèi)的，與之相聯(lián)系的傳統(tǒng)與技巧，在非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)概念和為保
護(hù)和普遍性評(píng)價(jià)而開發(fā)出的工具之范疇內(nèi)，就是說，在聯(lián)合國教科文組織的非物質(zhì)文化遺
產(chǎn)的代表名錄內(nèi)，以及處于緊急保護(hù)需要的非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)。
The background and origin of both these forms of recognition lie not only in the World Heritage Convention and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, but, even before, in the Italian theory of cultural properties (Teoria dei beni culturali e ambientali) and its definition of cultural, environmental and landscape properties, which assumed, as stated in the sixties by the Commissione Franceschini, and later by Giannini, that certain territorial features, such as agrarian crops, related infrastructures and buildings, etc., were valuable not only as evidence of civilization (“testimonio materiale avente valore di civiltà”), but also because of the immaterial entity they represent and their particular way of shaping and conserving the landscape.
?。▽?duì)農(nóng)業(yè)文化遺產(chǎn)的）這些形式的認(rèn)證的起源和背景，不僅存在于世界文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)大會(huì)和非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)大會(huì)，而且，更早出現(xiàn)在關(guān)于文化資產(chǎn)的意大利學(xué)說方面，以及對(duì)自然文化和景觀資產(chǎn)的定義上，如曾在六十年代的the Commissione Franceschini，和后來的Giannini所表述的，在確定的特別的領(lǐng)域，例如，農(nóng)作物及相關(guān)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和建筑等，不僅僅有文明見證的價(jià)值，并且由于它們所代表的非物質(zhì)實(shí)體，以及它們的塑造和保護(hù)自然風(fēng)光方面的特定方式的價(jià)值。
a. Agricultural landscapes and mixed sites on the World Heritage List
在世界遺產(chǎn)名錄上的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀與混合遺跡
The inclusion of agricultural properties in the World Heritage List, mainly under the categories of cultural landscapes and mixed sites, results from four essential orientations in international doctrine:
包含在世界文化遺產(chǎn)名錄上的農(nóng)業(yè)資產(chǎn)，主要存在于文化景觀和混合遺址的名錄下，來源于存在于國際原理的四個(gè)基本起源：
- the trend of linking cultural and natural properties in relation to the World Heritage concept and through their characterization in wider contexts than those strictly associated with the properties and their buffer zones;
與世界文化遺產(chǎn)概念有關(guān)的自然與文化資產(chǎn)的連接趨勢(shì)，以及通過（自然與文化資產(chǎn)
的）比那些與資產(chǎn)和緩沖區(qū)更緊密聯(lián)系的更廣闊背景的特征
- the relevance of research, programs and strategies conducted by ICOMOS and the World Heritage Committee in the context of the Global Strategy for a credible, representative and balanced World Heritage List, in particular the ICOMOS Action Plan and survey The World Heritage List. Filling the Gaps - an Action Plan for the Future, and its proposal to identify new categories of World Cultural Heritage, including the properties related to agricultural activity and its landscapes;
由國際遺址委員會(huì)ICOMOS進(jìn)行的研究、計(jì)劃和戰(zhàn)略關(guān)系，特別是與在全球戰(zhàn)略背景
下，為了一個(gè)可信的具有代表性的平衡的世界遺產(chǎn)名錄的世界遺產(chǎn)委員會(huì)，特別是國
際遺址委員會(huì)的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃和檢驗(yàn)世界遺產(chǎn)名錄，填補(bǔ)了鴻溝—為了未來的行動(dòng)計(jì)劃，
確定世界文化遺產(chǎn)的新的名錄，包括與農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)和景觀相關(guān)聯(lián)的資產(chǎn)。
- the awareness that all landscapes, even those considered almost unspoilt or pristine, have been to some degree changed by human presence and activity; 對(duì)所有自然景觀，甚至那些被認(rèn)為幾乎未曾損害的純樸的景觀的意識(shí)，已經(jīng)被人
類存在和活動(dòng)相當(dāng)程度地改變了。
- the importance attached to the need for harmonious coexistence with the natural environment, deeply linked to current concepts of sustainable development and cultural and natural diversity. Agricultural landscapes, where such values are still alive, therefore represent a link between the past, the present and the future, and particularly reflect ongoing trends in the development of heritage theory. As stated in Annex 3 (paragraph 9) of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention: “Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature.
與自然環(huán)境和諧共存的需要的重要性被格外強(qiáng)調(diào)，與當(dāng)代可持續(xù)發(fā)展和自然文化多樣性的概念深刻聯(lián)系。一直存在的價(jià)值觀，如農(nóng)業(yè)景觀，代表著與過去現(xiàn)在和未來的聯(lián)系，特別反映了文化遺產(chǎn)理論發(fā)展的正在進(jìn)行的趨勢(shì)。如附件3所列的世界遺產(chǎn)大會(huì)的執(zhí)行操作指引：文化景觀常常反映了可持續(xù)的土地使用的特別技術(shù)，考慮到自然的特征與局限，它們得以建立其中，并且有一種特別的與自然的精神聯(lián)系。
-Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land-use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the landscape. The continued existence of traditional forms of land-use supports biological diversity in many regions of the world. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity”.
自然景觀的保護(hù)能夠?qū)ΜF(xiàn)代的可持續(xù)使用土地的技術(shù)能有所貢獻(xiàn)，并且能保持和加強(qiáng)景觀的自然價(jià)值。傳統(tǒng)形式的土地使用的持續(xù)共存在世界很多地區(qū)支持著生物多樣性。對(duì)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)景觀的保護(hù)在保持生物多樣性方面很有助益。
Agricultural landscapes particularly correspond to Category ii under cultural landscapes, as defined in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, and referred to as an organically evolved landscape: “This results from an initial social, economic, administrative, and/or religious imperative and has developed its present form by association with and in response to its natural environment. Such landscapes reflect that process of evolution in their form and component features. They fall into two sub- categories:
農(nóng)業(yè)景觀特別與文化景觀下的目錄II相對(duì)應(yīng)，如在為完成世界文化遺產(chǎn)大會(huì)所作的操作指引中所定義的,并且作為一個(gè)有機(jī)包含其中的景觀：“這來源于一個(gè)初始的社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的行政的和/或宗教的 并且通過與它自然環(huán)境相聯(lián)系和發(fā)生反應(yīng)，已經(jīng)發(fā)展成它目前的形式。這樣的景觀反映了在它們形式與內(nèi)容特征方面的演化的過程。它們導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)子目錄產(chǎn)生。
- a relict (or fossil) landscape is one in which an evolutionary process came to an end at some time in the past, either abruptly or over a period. Its significant distinguishing features are, however, still visible in material form.
一個(gè)遺跡景觀是一個(gè)演變的過程在過去某時(shí)結(jié)束的景觀，或者突然間或者經(jīng)過一段
時(shí)間。它的明顯的突出的特征是，在物質(zhì)形式上一直可見的。
- a continuing landscape is one which retains an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional way of life, and in which the evolutionary process is still in progress. At the same time it exhibits significant material evidence of its evolution over time.”
一個(gè)持續(xù)的景觀，是一個(gè)在當(dāng)代社會(huì)中，與傳統(tǒng)生活方式緊密聯(lián)系的，保持一個(gè)活躍的社會(huì)作用的景觀，并且在這其中，演變過程是一致在進(jìn)步中。同時(shí)，它也展示了隨著時(shí)間而演變的明顯的物質(zhì)證明。
With regards to their representation on the World Heritage List, it must be noted that approximately 21 landscapes, mainly from the European continent, have already been inscribed because of their outstanding universal value related to agricultural activities.
The first landscape of this type, the spectacular Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, was inscribed in 1995, and, as Henry Cleere has noted, “established an important precedent by identifying the significance of landscapes that evolved in the production of significant staple and economic crops”, namely tobacco (Viñales Valley, Cuba), coffee (Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba), agave (Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila, Mexico), etc.
關(guān)于它們?cè)谑澜缥幕z產(chǎn)名錄上的代表性，必須要知道的是大概21個(gè)自然景觀，主要是來自歐洲大陸，由于它們杰出的普遍價(jià)值，已經(jīng)被確定下來。這樣類型中的第一個(gè)景觀，這壯觀的位于菲律賓的Cordilleras梯田，1995年被確定，并且，如Henry Cleere所描述的那樣，“通過確認(rèn)這些景觀的重要性，建立起一個(gè)重大的先例，即這些包含了重要主食和經(jīng)濟(jì)作物生產(chǎn)過程的景觀”
著名的煙草（古巴Viñales谷地），咖啡（在古巴東南地第一個(gè)咖啡種植園的考古景觀），
Agave(Agave景觀和遠(yuǎn)古的Tequila（龍舌蘭酒）產(chǎn)業(yè)化設(shè)施)
In this sense, it is also important to note that, despite the numerous regional and expert meetings organized by ICOMOS, IUCN and the World Heritage Centre over the past twenty years to stress the importance of the traditional landscapes of staple crops in heritage terms, the only other agricultural landscapes to have been inscribed on the List in recent years are connected wholly or partly to wine production. This is not surprising taking into account that vineyard landscapes are of high scenic and historic value and that they provide significant economic benefits to their communities. Nevertheless, the identification of other agricultural landscapes of outstanding universal value that could be promoted and protected at national or international level should be encouraged.
從這個(gè)意義上說，知道這些也很重要，盡管有國際遺址理事會(huì)組織的很多地區(qū)性和專家會(huì)議，以及世界遺產(chǎn)中心在過去的二十年中強(qiáng)調(diào)從文化遺產(chǎn)角度的主食作物的傳統(tǒng)景觀的重要性，最近幾年，唯一的被確定在名錄上的農(nóng)業(yè)景觀，只是整個(gè)或部分地與葡萄酒生產(chǎn)有關(guān)。這并非讓人吃驚，考慮到葡萄園景觀具有高景觀與歷史價(jià)值，并且它們?yōu)樗谏鐓^(qū)提供了非常重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益。然而，具有突出的普遍性的價(jià)值的其他農(nóng)業(yè)景觀的確認(rèn)，可能得到國家或國際水準(zhǔn)上的提升或保護(hù)，這樣的做法，值得鼓勵(lì)。
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