| 探秘宇宙“無字書”（上） 日期： 作者： 來源：文匯報 |
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     探秘宇宙“無字書”（上） 姚詩煌 真理不在蒙滿灰塵的權(quán)威著作中，而是在宇宙、自然界這部偉大的無字書中。 ——伽利略 過去五十年中，丁肇中做過五六個實驗，開始都受到了反對，包括AMS實驗。他說，物理學的進步，就是推翻所有人已知的東西而發(fā)展的。 五百多年前，沒有伽利略的天文望遠鏡，人們不知道地球外面的世界是什么樣的。直到一百年前，還有人認為地球是宇宙的中心；一百年后，人類對地球、對宇宙的認識，有了長足進步，再過五十年、一百年，人類的認識又將達到什么樣的程度？七十五歲的丁肇中還在探索。而所有的科學研究，為的是人類的明天。
沒有親身體驗，是理解不了科學研究的枯燥與辛勞的。任何一項成果和發(fā)現(xiàn)，都是對科學家的意志和耐心的巨大考驗。 丁肇中曾把當年發(fā)現(xiàn)新夸克的實驗，形象地比喻為在一百億顆雨滴中，尋找一顆彩色雨滴。而今天尋找宇宙的反物質(zhì)粒子，發(fā)現(xiàn)率或許更低于百億分子之一。難能可貴的是，一個大科學家，在十七年的艱辛探索中，始終保持著一絲不茍的工作精神和科學探索的興趣。正如他所說，“過程確實是艱辛的、枯燥的，但結(jié)果是令人興奮的?！? 面對浩瀚的宇空，這位"當代伽利略"正在繼續(xù)探索著自然的真理。
時隔八年，我再次來到世界物理學家的“圣地”——歐洲核子研究中心（CERN）。滿目蒼翠的樹林和田野在八月的陽光下顯得分外謐靜，使人很難想象世界上最強大的粒子加速器正在我們的腳下運轉(zhuǎn)。兩年前，當新建的大型強子對撞機（LHC）即將投入運行前，一個關(guān)于“人造黑洞”的傳言，曾引起全球的恐慌；其實，這里什么也沒有發(fā)生，周圍的一切仍是那么安寧。只是近兩個月，一輛輛載著參觀者的大巴似乎打破了這里的寧靜，目標是一幢新建的二層樓房——AMS實驗樓。這里有一個中央控制室，就像航天中心的控制室一樣，可以看到國際空間站的運行、彼此的對話和聯(lián)系，幾十位科學家晝夜值班，收集來自宇宙射線的密集數(shù)據(jù)。于是，不必進入幽深的地下、無需再冒核輻射的風險，人們在這里可以探知關(guān)于高能粒子和宇宙起源的奧秘。好一座“太空版的CERN”！而它的掌門人和靈魂，就是諾貝爾獎獲得者丁肇中教授。 丁肇中的辦公室在二樓，隔著玻璃窗可以俯視樓下的中央控制室。這個辦公室同時也是會議室，特別設計的會議桌把他的辦公桌包涵在內(nèi)，室、桌都可兩用，典型的“丁氏風格”：簡約。我說：“丁教授，比起您原來的辦公室，這里現(xiàn)代化多了。”他苦惱地搖了下頭：“你看，這些遙控器該按哪個鍵，我老是忘，只好打電話請人來幫忙。”為了幫我把材料和照片復制到U盤上，他眼睛貼近了電腦顯示屏，頗費力地一個一個查找。真是難為這位七十五歲的老人了。然而，一談起AMS，他的自信和思維的敏捷、縝密，不遜當年的風采。 我遇到的反對，多極了！多極了! 我說：“八年前我采訪您時，正是哥倫比亞航天飛機出事不久，我曾問，這會不會影響AMS-02的發(fā)射升空？當時您很自信地說：'對AMS的計劃沒有影響。’然而，后來計劃不僅被推遲了，還一度被美國航空航天局（NASA）取消。當時，您有沒有失去信心？” “我從來沒有失去信心。我相信一定會發(fā)射的，我仍然做自己該做的事。不能因為考慮到有這個人反對、那個人反對，就顧慮重重，無所適從?！倍≌刂袌远ǖ鼗卮鸬?。 其實，這期間丁肇中承受了巨大的壓力。NASA不僅在2004年宣布取消AMS-02的發(fā)射計劃，還放話說：政府已決定發(fā)展載人上火星的計劃，所有的科學家都支持，只有一個科學家不支持。曾有記者問丁肇中，NASA說的這個人是誰？“這個人就是我?！倍≌刂泻敛缓卣f，一股山東漢子的倔脾氣。 這七噸重的AMS-02，凝聚了世界十六個國家、地區(qū)的六十所大學、研究所共六百多位科學家、工程師的智慧和心血。所有的儀器和技術(shù)，都是世界上前所未有的：它們必須能在太空經(jīng)受各種極端條件的考驗，長期運行而不發(fā)生任何故障。這對可靠性提出了極其苛刻的要求。譬如，AMS-02上有六百五十個微處理器、三十萬個電子感應元件，它們能否無故障地在太空工作十至二十年？國際空間站每九十分鐘要經(jīng)歷一次晝夜變化，導致溫度在零下40攝氏度和零上60攝氏度之間波動，但探測器的工作溫度必須穩(wěn)定在1攝氏度的變化范圍內(nèi)，這就對熱控制系統(tǒng)提出了極高的要求。 這樣的儀器現(xiàn)在能做出來嗎？很多人不相信。反對的還有理論物理學家。他們認為，宇宙中的反物質(zhì)是不可能存在的，AMS的實驗沒有意義。然而，丁肇中是一個認準了目標決不回頭的人。他說：“研究物理，就是要不怕別人的反對，甚至所有的人都反對。我第一個實驗，是1964年開始做的，測量電子的半徑。當時，哈佛大學和康奈爾大學的著名教授，用了幾年時間，做了兩個實驗，認為電子是有半徑的。但根據(jù)波動理論，電子是沒有半徑的。那么，電子究竟有沒有半徑？我認為這事情很重要，就提出報告要求做這個實驗。當時，我剛拿到博士學位，只是哥倫比亞大學的一個年輕教師，沒有經(jīng)驗，所以沒有人相信我能做出這樣的實驗，我所在的學校也不支持我，認為你從來沒有做過，怎么能做這種高難度的實驗？剛好德國有一個實驗室歡迎我去，我就辭職到了德國。八個月后，實驗做出來了，證明了電子是沒有體積的?！? 丁肇中感慨地說：“我遇到的反對，多極了！多極了！過去五十年中，我做過五六個實驗，開始都受到了反對，包括AMS實驗。但是，做實驗物理，就不能考慮別人的看法，不能因為絕大多數(shù)人反對，你就不做。物理學的進步，就是推翻所有人已知的東西而發(fā)展的。你寫一個報告，審查的人依據(jù)的是現(xiàn)有觀點；而你要進步，就必須推翻現(xiàn)有的觀念。于是，有很多好的東西，就在評審中被否定掉了。所以，做基礎(chǔ)研究要對自己有信心，做你認為正確的事，不要因為大多數(shù)人反對而改變，甚至不能考慮自己的前途，要有義無反顧的精神。當然，現(xiàn)在反對我已經(jīng)不太容易了。因為我從來沒有做過錯誤的實驗，大家都認為這個人的工作記錄很好。政府也很支持我。即使有人反對做這么大的實驗，已很困難了?！? NASA決定取消AMS計劃后，支持這個項目的美國能源部找來世界上最一流的科學家，對AMS項目進行再評審。這樣的評審一共進行過三次。這第三次評審是在2006年9月25日，地點在華盛頓，參加評審的有獲得過諾貝爾獎的，有美國科學院院士，有最優(yōu)秀的天文學家，共七八個人。評審結(jié)果認為：AMS-02的實驗，可以進一步給人類帶來新的知識。這個研究項目有一支非常強的國際團隊，有很好的實驗基礎(chǔ)，又有很好的記錄。這個項目應該繼續(xù)進行下去。根據(jù)這一評審結(jié)果，能源部立即寫信給NASA：根據(jù)最新的專家評審意見，我們認為應繼續(xù)支持AMS-02實驗。 2008年1月,美國參、眾兩院通過了一項6063號決議，為AMS-02增加一次航天飛機的發(fā)射。這項決議在兩院是高票通過的，因此時任總統(tǒng)布什立即簽署了這項決議。但航空航天局的主管仍一直拖延著不動；直到2008年11月，奧巴馬當選為美國新一屆總統(tǒng)，航空航天局局長也換了人。2009年1月23日，奧巴馬政府上任后的第三天，美國NASA就宣布了運送AMS的航天飛機的班期。盡管以后由于天氣的原因，班期推遲了6~7個月，但NASA這么快就能做出安排，說明下面工作部門也是理解和支持AMS-02項目的，實際上早就做好了準備。 丁肇中感慨地說：“科學的發(fā)展是必然的，誰也沒有辦法禁錮人類的智慧。五百多年前，沒有伽利略的天文望遠鏡，人們不知道地球外面的世界是什么樣的。直到一百年前，還有人認為地球是宇宙的中心；一百年后的今天，我們對地球、對宇宙的認識，有了如此進步，那么再過五十年、一百年，不知道我們?nèi)祟惖恼J識能達到什么樣的程度？科學研究，為的是人類的明天。我希望那時的人們，能記得我們今天的探索。” 這么多年了，我只做一件事 當NASA于2009年1月宣布了航天飛機的班期后，整個項目組用超常規(guī)的速度，抓緊把儀器做完，到3月份已一切準備就緒，計劃5月從荷蘭的歐洲航天研究和技術(shù)中心運至美國肯尼迪航天中心。此時，一件事情的突然發(fā)生，又改變了原定的計劃。原來，3月18日美國航空航天局宣布：國際空間站的工作年限，將從2015年延長到2028年。而AMS－02原來是依照在空間站工作到2015年設計的，現(xiàn)在空間站的工作年限一下增加了十三年，這就為AMS－02提供了能夠工作更長時間的機會，若從2009年算起，能在空間站待上二十年。AMS－02的其它組件，在使用壽命上都留有很大的余量，繼續(xù)工作十幾年應該沒有問題，只是其核心部件——超導磁體，沒法工作到2028年，因為保持超導所需低溫的液氦會損耗，只有三至五年的工作壽命。屆時，又無法再上天為它注入液氦。這樣，在以后的十多年間，AMS－02將失去磁性，探測器無法工作，成為國際空間站上的一塊廢鐵。這怎么辦？ 丁肇中當即決定，將超導磁鐵換為永磁鐵，以延長AMS－02的工作壽命。AMS-01使用的就是永磁體，它是由中國科學院電工研究所制造的，使用效果很好。他決定把AMS-01上的這塊永磁鐵，裝在AMS-02上繼續(xù)使用。 這個決定自然引起了一陣波瀾。一是時間已非常緊張，好不容易排上的航天飛機發(fā)射班期，又將推遲；更重要的是，已組裝好的AMS－02還得施行“換心術(shù)”，這么大的“手術(shù)”，能否保證“術(shù)”后的“健康”？丁肇中是一個下了決心就再不會動搖的人。他力排眾議，認為不管有沒有困難，都要這樣做。否則，三五年后AMS-02就沒有用了，放在空間站豈不成了浪費。尤其三五年中收集的數(shù)據(jù)，與二十年收集的數(shù)據(jù)，將完全不一樣。他的想法，最后得到了各方面的支持?？紤]到永磁體的磁場強度比超導磁鐵小，就再增加兩層探測器，由原來的七層探測器，變成了九層探測器，以提高工作效率。經(jīng)過反復論證，丁肇中于4月16日最后拍板，并定下時間表，要求到2010年7初改裝完成。 整整大半年，在CERN的一個車間里，科學家和工程師們玩起了“連軸轉(zhuǎn)”。無論是周末休假還是圣誕新年，都沒有斷過人影。丁肇中身先士卒，似乎回到了當年在布魯克海文實驗室不分晝夜工作的情景。他說，當時的“最高紀錄”是連續(xù)六個晝夜沒有睡覺。 2010年8月26日，美國空軍的大型運輸機C5降落在日內(nèi)瓦國際機場。這是在日內(nèi)瓦機場降落的最大型飛機，機場方面非常重視，降落后滑行時，為了避免機翼碰撞到跑道旁的物體，特地允許一位副駕駛員打開機艙，站立起來觀察。一個小時后AMS－02被裝上了機艙，飛機隨即起飛，于當天安全抵達肯尼迪航天中心，降落在航天飛機降落所用的跑道上。 今年5月，AMS-02終于裝入航天飛機。臨發(fā)射前，丁肇中對大家說：“你們所有的人都離開，讓我單獨留在這里，我要一個人靜靜地想一想?！本瓦@樣，他獨自坐在機艙內(nèi)，將AMS-02的各個子系統(tǒng)、所有部件，再仔細地在腦海中過了一遍，思索還可能有什么問題。AMS-02在日內(nèi)瓦組裝時，他就曾要求組裝好后再拆分開，然后重新組裝，這樣反復了三次。當時這樣做有兩個目的，一是再仔細地檢查一遍，有沒有地方會出錯；二是想估算一下裝上航天飛機、臨近發(fā)射前，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)什么地方有問題，那么拆開后再重新裝好，需要多少時間？所以，對AMS-02的整個系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和所有構(gòu)件，他都稔熟于胸，清晰地印在腦海中。此時，整整四個小時，丁肇中就一直在機艙中坐著，面對著這臺即將登上太空的探測儀，對每個細微之處都在腦中再仔細掃描了一遍。 這種“過電影”式的沉思，是丁肇中多年養(yǎng)成的一種習慣。盡管AMS-02項目涉及到多個學科領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)，知識非常新，要求又很高，但他對每一項技術(shù)都非常熟悉，對每一個細節(jié)都了如指掌，能及時地發(fā)現(xiàn)任何問題。我曾問他是如何做到這一點的？丁肇中說：“因為我不做別的事情，只做一件事。我空下來就在想，想實驗的每一細節(jié)，反復想，想得很具體，一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，就會立即打電話，給德國、意大利，或別的國家的科學家，與他們討論，有時請他們過來?！彼€說：“我基本不看文件，也很少看書，一有空就是想自己的實驗。書都是別人寫的，講的是別人已有的知識，而我們做的完全是新的，是別人的知識所沒有的，只有靠自己。這么多年了，我腦中想的，就只有這一件事?！? 從航天飛機機艙出來后,丁肇中站在有五層樓高的發(fā)射塔上，環(huán)繞著航天飛機，最后又走了一圈。他邊走，邊審視著眼前的一切，思考著還可能有什么問題被忽視。因為這時候如果發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，他還來得及做出決定，暫時取消發(fā)射。他說：“這是國會通過的一個項目，一旦出錯，負責任的，只有一個人，即是我。我必須慎之又慎?！边M入發(fā)射指揮大廳后，他被安排坐在指揮席上。旁邊的兩位，一位是美國航空航天局的代表，一位是肯尼迪航天基地的指揮員。發(fā)射倒計時開始前的最后一秒，他們再次讓丁肇中決定，是否要啟動發(fā)射鍵。丁肇中點了一下頭，說：“好，發(fā)射吧?！庇谑?，5月15日8時56分，隨著火焰的噴射而出，奮進號終于踏上了它的最后一次征程。 做得對，比早發(fā)表更重要 5月19日，奮進號抵達國際空間站，AMS-02安裝在預定的位置后，經(jīng)過四小時的調(diào)試，從當天的9點35分開始，就發(fā)回數(shù)據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)先傳到在美國的馬歇爾宇航中心，再傳到CERN的AMS實驗室，前后不到一秒鐘。 丁肇中每天早晨一到實驗樓，就拎著包先走進中央控制室，坐在大屏幕前觀看空間站的運行,向值班人員了解AMS-02的工作狀況。他告訴我：這是在美國本土之外惟一可以接收國際空間站數(shù)據(jù)的控制室。中間這塊大屏幕顯示的是國際空間站的位置和運行軌跡。你看，它現(xiàn)在正在中國南沙群島上空，往東飛行，將越過太平洋，向美洲靠攏。它每九十分鐘繞地球一周，其中四十五分鐘是在白天，四十五分鐘在黑夜。旁邊那兩塊小一些的屏幕，幾乎每秒就有一條斜線穿過，這就是AMS-02接收到的宇宙射線，由于宇宙射線的數(shù)量很密集，屏幕上顯示的不到其中百分之一，大量的數(shù)據(jù)都在計算機中。 大廳的兩旁就是一臺臺計算機，值班的科學家都專心致志地盯著顯示屏，注意著數(shù)據(jù)和曲線的變化。丁肇中告訴我：“現(xiàn)在我們這個組由兩方面的人組成，即負責儀器設備運轉(zhuǎn)的工程師和負責數(shù)據(jù)分析的物理學家。值班人員一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)異常情況，就要立即向我報告，無論白天還是晚上，我的手機都二十四小時開著，即使是晚上或出差在外，我每隔兩個小時都要打電話來詢問情況?！币晃桓S丁肇中工作了二十多年的工程師告訴我，這是丁教授多年的習慣了，以前做L3實驗時，他的“查崗”還要更嚴，連每個人正在做什么，都要問清楚。我曾問丁肇中：“您晚上每隔二小時就要打電話去'查崗’，自己還能睡嗎？”他一笑說：“可以的，我習慣了，其實這樣心里踏實，反而睡得著，我每晚能睡六小時吶?！? 每天下午五點，大家都匯集到丁肇中的辦公室開工作例會，主要是匯報當天監(jiān)測到的儀器工作狀況。盡管是很普通的會，但有兩個顯著特點：一是極其準時。大家五點不到就來到丁肇中的辦公室門口，走道上、樓梯上，幾十個人都站著，無論資深的科學家、年輕的研究生，一起靜候著，準點一到，才魚貫而入。二是安靜。會議室絕沒有絲毫雜音，誰在別人發(fā)言時發(fā)出細微的聲音，丁肇中都會立即投以嚴厲的目光。 會議的認真，也是非親眼所見難以想象的。為了與空間站的姿態(tài)調(diào)整取得協(xié)調(diào)，課題組起草了一封給NASA的信，希望國際空間站每次調(diào)整太陽能板和運行姿態(tài)前，能提前通知他們。就這么一封信，丁肇中每天都在會上主持討論，親自拿著一支激光筆，在投影屏上逐字逐句地斟酌、修改。這樣，竟然天天討論、修改了兩個多星期，這封信才正式發(fā)出。 下午四點，是物理學家的會，分析收集的數(shù)據(jù)。這個會每個人都可以發(fā)言，也可以交頭接耳。丁肇中說：“做物理分析，要求有天分，但更要鼓勵創(chuàng)新思維。有時，一個很聰明的學生，可能提出很有價值的想法。物理學的事情，不在于你是否有名，是否是主任?！? 盡管AMS-02僅三個月就獲得了超過以往五十年的數(shù)據(jù)總和，但是丁肇中說他不會輕易發(fā)表文章。他說：“決不能提前發(fā)表文章，越是往后發(fā)表文章越好，做得對比發(fā)表早更為重要。一切都要做到最精確可靠。任何錯誤都會對國際上這一領(lǐng)域的長期發(fā)展帶來消極的影響?！彼嬖V我，文章至少得一年以后才會發(fā)表。一方面是沒有人和我們競爭，更重要的是一定要準確。嚴格地說，現(xiàn)在儀器還處于校準階段，你要發(fā)表一篇文章，別人又不能檢查，如果有誤差，就可能對今后產(chǎn)生長遠影響。所以一定要小心和謹慎。準確的數(shù)據(jù)分析，才是最重要的。 這種一絲不茍的作風，處處體現(xiàn)在這位諾獎得主的身上。一天，他把我叫去。原來，他應江蘇省領(lǐng)導邀請，將于下個月赴南京，在一個國際性會議上做一次講演，時間是十分鐘。他讓我聽一下他的試講。然后讓秘書看好時間，一字一句地很認真講了一遍?！坝昧硕嗌贂r間？”他問。“九分半。”秘書看了一下表。“這樣講行嗎？你提提意見？”他把臉轉(zhuǎn)向我。我當即被這位科學大師的認真態(tài)度感動了，不知怎么說好。想了一下，就說：“您還有半分鐘多余的時間，是否最后的兩點結(jié)論，可以再講得具體些?！彼⒓唇邮芰宋业慕ㄗh。這時，我忍不住說：“教授，您就是超過一些時間，又有什么關(guān)系呢？”“不，我從來是遵守時間規(guī)定的?！彼指嬖V我，每次受邀請去演講，他都要試講五六遍，甚至多達七遍。他的身體力行，形成了組內(nèi)的規(guī)矩：凡被邀請外出做演講、報告，都要先在內(nèi)部試講。 興趣是科學家從事基礎(chǔ)研究的原動力 沒有親身體驗，就理解不了科學研究的枯燥和辛勞。任何一項成果和發(fā)現(xiàn)，都是對意志和耐心的巨大考驗。丁肇中曾把當年發(fā)現(xiàn)新夸克的實驗，形象地比喻為在一百億顆雨滴中，尋找一顆彩色雨滴。而今天尋找宇宙的反物質(zhì)粒子，發(fā)現(xiàn)率或許更低于百億分之一。十七年的艱辛，才只是剛邁出了第一步。今后，他們將守望著浩瀚的宇空，十年、二十年，在上千億的雨滴中，尋覓那不同色彩的異常雨滴。這股能持久堅持的動力，來自什么？ “是興趣?！倍≌刂姓f，“興趣是科學家從事基礎(chǔ)研究的原動力。” “您從事研究已幾十年了，難道這股興趣就不會減退嗎？”我問道。 “因為我不斷地在做新的實驗，因此就不斷產(chǎn)生新的興趣?！彼幕卮鸷芎唵巍? “但每項實驗，都要經(jīng)歷好幾年甚至十幾年的漫長過程，您是如何保持這一興趣呢？”我又問。 “過程確實是艱辛的、枯燥的，但結(jié)果是令人興奮的?！倍≌刂姓f。 這使人不禁想起了愛因斯坦的話：“工作的最重要動機是工作中的樂趣，是工作獲得結(jié)果時的樂趣。”英國科學家貝弗里奇在《科學研究的藝術(shù)》一書中曾說：“只有那些對發(fā)現(xiàn)抱有真正興趣和熱情的人才會成功?！? 丁肇中回憶說：“我開始學物理學，我母親非常反對。因為當時學物理的人，不容易找到事情做。我父親沒有發(fā)表意見，但從來往的信件中看出，他當時也并不贊成。我就對母親說：'我的興趣和前途，是我的事情，讓我自己決定吧?！赣H說：'既然你有如此看法，我就支持你吧。’我母親是從事教育的，父親是學土木工程的。他們都受過良好的高等教育，能理解我的想法，支持了我的興趣和選擇。” 當年父母對自己志向的理解、支持，也延續(xù)在丁肇中身上。他有兩個女兒、一個兒子，都不是學物理的。他風趣地說：“我兩個女兒最感興趣的，是怎么管理我這個爸爸?！眱鹤觿偞髮W畢業(yè)，也有自己的志向。這次奮進號發(fā)射成功后，兒子在慶賀的酒會上說了一番話，讓丁肇中很是感慨。那天，大家正談得歡，兒子突然站起來，說要講幾句話：“今天，對我是很重要的日子，因為我更懂得了自己的父親。我父親總是一件事、一件事地做，每件事都做得很不容易。父親開始做這件事時，我還是個孩子，現(xiàn)在我都大學畢業(yè)了。父親對我的影響，真是很大……” 為了科學研究，丁肇中長期在歐洲的實驗室，與妻子、兒女離多聚少。他第一個夫人是一位事業(yè)心很強的建筑師，由于其職業(yè)在歐洲工作受到限制，最后不得不與他分手，但始終保持著友誼，包括與丁肇中現(xiàn)在的夫人蘇珊，彼此也是好朋友。蘇姍是一位心理學博士，為了幫助丁肇中的事業(yè)，她放棄了自己的專業(yè)，參加AMS項目組的工作，負責實驗項目行政方面的重要事務，包括與政府部門的來往和方方面面聯(lián)系。每年向政府的匯報，圖表、文字、預算，都由她做。如今，她已成為組內(nèi)的重要一員。 丁肇中崇尚簡單的生活。在靠近CERN的法國境內(nèi)，他的住宅就像一座農(nóng)宅，茅草的屋頂、原木的桁梁。屋后有兩排高大挺拔的松樹。他說，當年就是看中了這些樹，才買下這幢房。這里空氣清新，遠離城市的喧囂，距離實驗室也只有半小時的車程。他自己開車，早出晚歸，周六和周日也都去實驗室。他平時的鍛練，主要是游泳和健身器騎車。他說：“游泳和聽相聲，是我業(yè)余的愛好。前幾天去臺灣，飯店設有游泳池，我早晨六點起來，就游泳半個小時，在五十米的泳道上，游二十圈。感覺精神特好。也只有在游泳時，才不會想AMS。其它的時間，腦中都無法擺脫對這件事的思考。” 丁肇中對自己的生活要求不高，更淡泊于名利。他告訴我：“這次發(fā)射成功后，有不少大學希望我到他們的學校去，給我的薪水比現(xiàn)在要高3倍。我說，錢對我個人來說沒有意義，我不可能離開麻省理工。我是麻省理工惟一不教書的教授，學校對我非常支持。已經(jīng)快五十年了，從1967年至今，五任的學院院長，以及校長，都很支持。我獲諾貝爾獎時，校長是肯尼迪政府的科學顧問。我是麻省理工物理系第一個獲諾獎的教授。學校聘我為講座教授，拿出很大一筆科研經(jīng)費支持我的研究工作。你說，我怎么能一成功就走呢？” 我說，AMS實驗是一項有再次獲諾貝爾獎希望的工作，教授搖了搖頭說：“科學研究不能為得獎而工作，尤其是老想拿諾貝爾獎，這是很可怕的?！蔽覇枺骸澳斈臧l(fā)現(xiàn)新的夸克粒子時，想到過會得獎嗎？”他說：“根本沒有想到。那天，我正在實驗室，接到從瑞典打來的電話時，還以為是在開玩笑吶。后來，得知真的是獲諾貝爾獎了，我還在想，肯定是評委們一時糊涂了?！彼α艘幌掠终f：“物理學的發(fā)展太快了。一個人再有名，只能代表過去的貢獻；你沒有做出新的事情，很快就會被人忘掉。如果五十年、一百年后，人們還能記得我們這項工作，我就心滿意足了！” 確實，過去幾百年，人們對物理世界的了解，大多來自實驗物理。正如丁肇中所說：實驗是科學的基礎(chǔ)，理論沒有實驗的證明，是沒有意義的；實驗可以推翻舊理論，創(chuàng)建新的理論。為此，他經(jīng)常提到實驗物理學的開拓者——伽利略：當年，伽利略的比薩斜塔實驗，就是第一例加速器實驗；他又第一個用自制的望遠鏡觀察天體，證明了哥白尼的“日心說”，開辟了天文學的新時代。 伽利略曾說，真理不在蒙滿灰塵的權(quán)威著作中，而是在宇宙、自然界這部偉大的無字書中。今天，面對著浩瀚的宇宙，伽利略的后人們正在繼續(xù)探索著自然的真理。他們傳承了伽利略不畏權(quán)威、追求真理的科學精神，他們是“當代伽利略”。 1979年，當羅馬教廷為伽利略平反時，曾邀請世界著名科學家組成委員會，而丁肇中就是其中一位。 是歷史巧合，抑或蒼穹有意？ |
| Exploration universe "without first" () Date: the author: source: wen wei Po |
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Exploration universe "without first" () YaoShiHuang Truth is not be filled with dust in the works of authority, but in the universe, nature of this great without the evidences. -Galileo Over the past 50 years, DingZhaoZhong had five or six experiments, began to have been the opposition, including AMS experiment.He said, the progress of the physics, is all the known thing to overthrow. More than five hundred years ago, no Galileo's telescope, people don't know the earth the outside world is like.Until one hundred years ago, and people think that the earth was the center of the universe;After one hundred years, humans on the earth, understanding of the universe, had great progress, then after fifty years, one hundred years, and human understanding and will reach the extent of what?The seventy-five-year-old DingZhaoZhong are exploring.And all of the scientific research in order to human tomorrow.
No experience, is understand scientific research of boring and hard.Any a results and find, all is the will and the patience of scientists a great test. DingZhaoZhong had found that new quarks experiment, compared to ten billion in the image of the star in the rain, looking for a color rain.And today looking for the universe of antimatter, found that the rate may be more less than yuan and one of the molecules.Valuable is, a big scientists, in 17 years of hard exploration, kept a meticulous work spirit and scientific exploration of the interest.As he puts it, "process is really hard, boring, but the result is exciting." Facing the vast empty space, the "contemporary Galileo" are continuing to explore the truth of nature.
Eight years later, once again, I came to the world physicists "holy land" of nuclear research center-Europe (CERN).A green trees and the field in August sunshine look particularly MiJing that it was hard to imagine the world's most powerful particle accelerator is our feet operation.Two years ago, when the new the large hadron collider (LHC) is before operation, about a "man-made black hole" rumour, who caused global panic;Actually, there is nothing happened, everything around him is still so quiet.Just nearly two months, floral carrying the visitors bus seems to break the peace of here, and the target is a newly-built building floor-AMS lab building.Here is a central control room, as the control room of the space center, can see the international space station of the operation, each other's dialogue and contact, dozens of scientists on the day and night, collected from cosmic rays dense data.So, need not into a deep underground, need not take the nuclear radiation risks, people here can discovery about high energy particles and the origin of the universe mystery.Good a "space version of CERN"!And its chief executive and the soul, is of the Nobel Prize winner DingZhaoZhong professor. DingZhaoZhong office on the second floor, across the glass window overlooks central control room downstairs.The office is also meeting rooms, special design of the table with his desk inside, the room, table can be amphibious, typical of the "DingShi style" : contracted.I say: "professor ding, compared with the original office, here you much more modern."He noted with shake head: "you see, the remote control according to which the key, I always forget, have to call people to help."In order to help me put the materials and photo copy to U disk, his eyes close to a computer screen, easily a quite a find.It's really hard, the seventy-five-year-old old man.However, one about AMS, his confidence and thinking agility, meticulous, below the belt that year of elegant appearance. I met opposition, wonderful!Wonderful! I say: "eight years ago I an interview with you, it is the space shuttle Columbia accident soon, I asked, it will affect the launch of AMS-02? Were you very confidence to say:" have no effect on the plan of AMS. "however, then program not only was postponed, also once was NASA canceled. At that time, you have lost confidence?" "I never lost faith. I believe that will launch, I still do the thing you should do. Can't because considering with this man, that person opposition, against heavy, disoriented. It concerns"DingZhaoZhong firmly replied. In fact, this period DingZhaoZhong under enormous pressure.NASA not only in 2004-02 announced the cancellation of the AMS planned launch, still put words: the government has decided to develop manned Mars plan, all the scientists support, only one of the scientists do not support.Once a journalist asked DingZhaoZhong, NASA said who is this?"This man is my."DingZhaoZhong unequivocally said, a stream of shandong man obstinate temper. The seven tons of AMS-02, condensed the 16 countries in the world, the 60 universities, research institute with more than six hundred scientists and engineers of the wisdom and efforts.All of the instruments and techniques, is unprecedented in the history of the world: they must be able to withstand in the space of the test of the extreme conditions, working for a long time and does not produce any fault.It puts forward the extremely hard to reliability requirements.For example, AMS-02 has six hundred and fifty micro processor, three hundred thousand electronic sensing elements, whether they will be able to work in space without ten to twenty years?The international space station every ninety minutes a day and night to experience changes that lead to a temperature of minus 40 degrees Celsius and 60 degrees Celsius above freezing between fluctuation, but the probe work must be a stable temperature in Celsius within 1 changes, the thermal control system puts forward the high requirements. This instrument can now make?A lot of people don't believe it.Opposition and theoretical physicists.They think, antimatter in the universe is not possible, AMS experiment has no meaning.However, DingZhaoZhong is a look the target never return.He said: "study physics, is to not afraid of others, even against all of the people are against it. The first one, I began in 1964, and the measurement of the electronic radius. At that time, Harvard University and the famous professor at Cornell university, in a few years time, made two experiments, think electronic is a radius. But according to wave theory is no radius, electronic. So, what if any electronic radius? I think that it's very important, puts forward the reporting requirements to do this experiment. At the time, I just got Ph.D degree, just the Columbia University a young teacher, no experience, so no one believed me that can do this experiment, I school also does not support me, think you have not made, how can you do this difficult experiment? Just a laboratory in Germany welcome me to, I'll quit to Germany. After eight months, the experiment have proved, there is no volume of electronic." DingZhaoZhong regrets ground say: "I met opposition, wonderful! Wonderful! The past 50 years, I have five or six experiments, began to have been the opposition, including AMS experiment. But, do the experiment physics, can consider the opinions of others can't because most people oppose, you don't do. The progress of physics, is all the things people to overthrow known. You write a report, the review of the people is the basis of the existing view is, and you want to progress, we must overthrow existing opinion. So, there are a lot of good things, just in the review is denied away. So, to do basic research to have confidence in yourself, do what you think is right, because most people don't change, can't even opposed to consider his own future, want to have the spirit of sublimity. And, of course, now against I have not too easy. Because I was never a wrong experiment, everyone think that the man work record is very good. The government is also support me. Even if someone is against it experiment, already very difficult." NASA decided to cancel AMS plan, support the project for the U.S. department of energy to the world's most of first-class scientists, the AMS project review again.This review had altogether three times.This review is the third time in September 25, 2006, the location in Washington, participates in the evaluation of have won the Nobel Prize, academician of academy of sciences of the United States, with the most excellent astronomers, a total of seven or eight others.The results of the think: AMS-02 experiment, can further brought new knowledge.The research project has a very strong international team, has the very good experimental basis, and have a good record.The project should continue to do it.According to the results of the review, the energy department immediately wrote to NASA: according to the latest expert evaluation opinions, we think that we should continue to support the AMS-02 experiment. In January 2008, the United States and senate passed a resolution 6063, for AMS-02 increase a space shuttle launch.The resolution in the senate is high ticket through, so the President bush immediately signed the resolution.But NASA supervisor still has been putting off motionless;Until November 2008, Obama was elected to the United States the new President, NASA's chief also changed.On January 23 2009, Obama after his government of the third day, NASA announced that the delivery of the space shuttle AMS schedule.Although later because of the weather, postponed the schedule of six to seven months, but NASA so quick to make an arrangement, the department is work that understanding and support of the AMS-02 project, in fact had prepared well. DingZhaoZhong regrets ground say: "the development of science is inevitable, who also have no way to imprison human wisdom. More than five hundred years ago, no Galileo's telescope, people don't know the earth the outside world is like. Until one hundred years ago, and people think that the earth was the center of the universe; today, one hundred years later, we have to the earth, understanding of the universe, such progress, then in fifty years, one hundred years, don't know we human understanding can achieve what kind of degree of scientific research, to human? Tomorrow. I hope that people can remember, we today's exploration." So many years, I only do one thing When NASA announced in January 2009 after the space shuttle schedule, the project team with exceptional speed, the instrument to finish, to march has everything ready, plan may by the European space research and technology center shipped to the United States the Kennedy space center.At this time, of a thing happen suddenly, and changed the original plan.Originally, March 18, NASA announced: work on the international space station fixed number of year, from 2015 in 2028 to extend.And AMS-02 is the original work in accordance with in the space station in 2015 to the design, the work of a fixed number of year now space station added 13 years, this is the AMS-02 provides the opportunity to work longer, if from 2009, starting in the space station can for twenty years.AMS-02's other components, in service life on a bore a surplus, continue to work more than ten years should be no problem, but its core part--superconducting magnets, can't work until 2028, because of the low temperature superconducting required to keep YeHai will loss, only three to five years of work life.At the appointed time, and can't god for its infuse YeHai.So, in the later ten years between, the AMS-02 will lose magnetic, the probe will not work on the international space station as a piece of metal.This do? At the DingZhaoZhong decisions will change and superconducting magnets for magnets to extend the working life of the AMS-AMS-01 use is the permanent magnet, it is by the Chinese academy of sciences institute of electrical manufacture, use the effect is very good.He decided to put the AMS-01 on this ever of magnet, packed in AMS-02 continue to use. The decision natural caused a stir.One is the time already very nervous, very not easy row of the shuttle launch schedule, and will be delayed;More important, already assembled good AMS-02 still have to execute "just change", so much "surgical", can you guarantee "art" "healthy"?DingZhaoZhong is a determined it won't be moved.He LiPaiZhongYi, think that no matter whether the difficult, want to do so.Otherwise, 35 years later AMS-02 there, on the space station not become waste.Especially 35 years of data collection, and twenty years to collect data, will be completely different.His ideas, and finally got the support.Considering the permanent magnet field strength than superconducting magnets small, add to it two layers of detector, from originally of the seven layers detector, and turned into nine layer detector, in order to improve the work efficiency.After repeatedly demonstrated, DingZhaoZhong in April 16 the decider, and set a timetable to require early July 2010 completed modification. Exactly, redeemed in CERN's a workshop, scientists and engineers playing "LianZhouZhuan".Whether the weekend vacation or Christmas and all through the New Year no broken figure.DingZhaoZhong example, seems back on day and night in brookhaven lab work situations.He said, when the highest "record" is a continuous six days and nights without sleep. On August 26, 2010, the United States air force transport plane landing in Geneva C5 large international airport.This is the most landing in Geneva of large aircraft, airport very seriously, after landing taxi, in order to avoid the wing to the object of the runway collisions, specially allows a co-pilot open the cabin, and stand up and observation.An hour later AMS-02 was placed onto a the cabin, and then the plane take off, in the day that the security arrived at the Kennedy space center, landing on the space shuttle landing on the runway. In may this year, AMS-02 finally into space plane.Before the launch, DingZhaoZhong say to you: "you all leave, let alone I stay here, I want a silent think about it."In this way, he sat alone in the cockpit, AMS-02 each will subsystem, all parts and then carefully in the back of my mind after a time, thinking may also have what problem.AMS-02 in Geneva assembly, he asked assembled again after open separate, then reassemble, such repeated three times.At that time to do so has two purposes, it is again a careful check it again, is there any place will be wrong;Two is to estimate a space shuttle, near the remove theatrical makeup and costume before launch, if found where there is a problem, then open again after pack good, how much time?So, the entire system of AMS-02 structure and all components, he RenShou in the chest, clearly printed in the mind.At this time, for four hours, DingZhaoZhong have been sitting in the engine room, faced with this one is on the space detectors, for every slight place again carefully in the brain scan it. The "movie" type of meditation, are DingZhaoZhong formed a habit for many years.Although AMS-02 project involves multiple disciplines technology, knowledge is very new, requirements and high, but he for each one technology are very familiar with, to every detail his hand, could be found any problem.I once asked him is how to do it?DingZhaoZhong said: "because I don't do anything else, do only one thing. I'm empty down to, want to experiment in every detail, repeated want to, want to very specific, once found, it will be immediately, call to Germany, Italy, or other countries, and they discussed the scientists, sometimes please them over."He also said: "I don't see the basic document, read a book, a few free is want to own experiment. The book is all other people write, tells the existing knowledge, and others we do is completely new, is the other people's knowledge, not only on their own. So many years, I think, only the brain this thing." From the shuttle engine room it out, DingZhaoZhong stood in five floors high towers, around the space shuttle, and then left again a circle.He walking, the side at the sight of all, thinking about may also have what problem is ignored.Because by this time if found the problem, and he also had time to make a decision, suspended launch.He said: "this is a project through congress, once the error, responsible, only one, that is me. I must be doubly cautious."Enter the hall after launch command, he was sitting on the table for the command.The next two, one is NASA's representative, one is the commander of Kennedy space base.Launch countdown began to until the last minute, and again they let DingZhaoZhong decide whether to start launch button.DingZhaoZhong with a nod of his head, and said: "good, launch it."Then, on May 15 at 8 56 points, with the flame of the injection, and the endeavour finally got on its last journey. To do so, more important than made earlier On May 19, endeavour arrived at the international space station, AMS-02 installed in a predetermined position, after four hours of commissioning, from the day of the 35 points, nine starts, it sent the data.These data to the first in the United States the Marshall space center, again to CERN AMS laboratory, before and after less than a second. DingZhaoZhong every morning to a building, carry the bag first walked into the central control room, sitting on the big screen, to watch the space station before the operation, the officer on duty to know AMS-02's work conditions.He told me: this is in the outside the United States only can receive the international space station the control room of the data.Among the big screen is the space station's position and running track.You see, it is now China over the nansha islands, flying to the east, will be across the Pacific, close to America.It around the earth every ninety minutes a week, including 45 minutes is during the day, 45 minutes in the night.The two pieces of small next to some of the screen, almost have a slash per second through, this is AMS-02 receives the cosmic rays, because the number of cosmic rays is very crowded, the screen is less than one percent, a large number of the data in the computer. The sides of the hall is YiTaiTai computer, scientists are on duty of concentration on staring at the screen, pay attention to the data and the shape of the curve.DingZhaoZhong told me: "now we this group of people who by two aspects, namely responsible for instrument equipment operation engineers and responsible for data analysis of physicists. The officer on duty once found, will be immediately abnormal report to me, no matter, day and night my mobile phone is open 24 hours, even at night or on a business trip, I once every two hours to make a phone call to come to asked about the situation."A follow DingZhaoZhong work more than 20 years of the engineers told me, this is professor of the habit of reading for many years, do before the L3, his "ZhaGang" even more severe, even everyone is doing what, all want to ask.I once asked DingZhaoZhong: "you every two hours at night to call 'ZhaGang', oneself still can sleep?"He a smile to say: "yes, I am used to in the heart, actually such steadfast, but sleep every night, I can sleep six hours yet." Every afternoon, five, everyone gathers in DingZhaoZhong office for work meeting, mainly is the day to report monitoring instruments work conditions.Although is very ordinary, but there are two significant characteristics: it is an extremely on time.Everyone less than five DingZhaoZhong came to the office door, the aisles, stairs, dozens of people were standing, whether senior scientists, young student, together with forward, on schedule a to, just crowd cheered as.2 it is quiet.Conference room away without any noise, who in others speech a small sound, DingZhaoZhong will immediately cast with harsh glare. The meeting seriously, also is seen hard to imagine.In order to adjust the attitude of the space station to achieve harmony, task group drafted a letter to NASA's letter, hoping that the international space station every time adjust solar panel and running before the attitude, can advance notice them.So a letter, DingZhaoZhong every day in the meeting discussion presided over himself with a laser pens, in the projection screen to consider, modify word for word.So, should discuss, modified every day for more than two weeks, this letter was officially issued. At four o 'clock in the afternoon, is a physicist's will, analysis of the data collected.This will everyone can speak, also can whisper.DingZhaoZhong said: "do physical analysis, the request has talent, but more to encourage creative thinking. Sometimes, a very clever student, may put forward valuable ideas. Physics things, is not whether you famous, is the director." Although AMS-02 only three months for the past 50 years of data sum, but DingZhaoZhong said he would not easily published articles.He said: "never published an article in advance, the more the article published back good, published early more important. Contrast everything to do the most accurate and reliable. Any mistakes will to international this field of long-term development brings negative impact."He told me, the article at least a year later will be published.On the one hand is not and we competition, more important is must be accurately.Strictly speaking, now instrument is still in the calibration stage, you must make an article, others and can't check, if there is error, it is possible to produce long influence to the future.So be careful and cautious.Accurate data analysis, is the most important. This kind of meticulous style, is reflected in the laureates of the body.One day, he called me.Originally, he should invite leaders in jiangsu province, will next month to nanjing, in an international conference a speech, time is ten minutes.He let me listen to his try to speak.Then let secretary bullish on time, slowly seriously spoke 1 time."With the how much time?"He asked."Nine and a half."The secretary looked at the table."Speak thus do? You advise?"He brought his face turned to me.I was immediately be the master of science is serious moved, don't know how to say yes.Thought once and say: "you have half a minute of extra time, if the last two conclusions, can speak some specific again."He immediately took my advice.At this time, I could not help but say: "professor, you are more than some time, what does it matter?""No, I never is abide by the provisions of the time."He also told me, every time be invited to lecture, he will try to speak five or six times, even as many as seven times.He's example, formed in the group rules: all who are invited out making a presentation, a report, first in the internal try to speak. The interest is the driving force of the scientists engaged in basic research No experience, would not understand the scientific research of the boring and hard work.Any a results and find, all is the great test will and patience.DingZhaoZhong had found that new quarks experiment, compared to ten billion in the image of the star in the rain, looking for a color rain.And today looking for the universe of antimatter, found that the rate may be more less than one over ten billion.Seventeen years of hard, is only just taken the first step.In the future, they will watch the vast empty space, 10, 20, in the hundreds of billions, rain, looking for the different colour abnormalities of the rain.This can insist the power lasting from??????? "Be interested."DingZhaoZhong said, "interest is the driving force of the scientists engaged in basic research." "You're engaged in research has for decades, is the interest is not fall?"I asked. "Because I kept doing new experiment, and thus created new interest."His answer is very simple. "But every experiment, all have to go through several years or even more than 10 years of a long process, how do you keep this interest?"I ask again. "The process is really hard, boring, but the result is exciting."DingZhaoZhong said. This makes people can not help but think of the words of Einstein, "work the most important work of the motivation is fun, is for the fun of the work."British scientists bei fritz strange in the scientific research of the arts, "a book once said:" only those who have to find real interest and enthusiasm of the talent will be successful." DingZhaoZhong recalled, "I began to learn physics, my mother is very opposed. Because at that time learn physics, and not easy to find things to do. My father didn't comment, but the letters from whom, that he was not in favor of. I said to his mother:" my interest and the future, is my thing, let me to decide. "mother said:" since you have such views, I'll support you! "my mother is engaged in the education of civil engineering, father is to learn. They all had a good education, higher can understand me, support the idea of my interest and choice." That parents to their ambition understanding, support, also continued in the DingZhaoZhong body.He has two daughters and a son, are not learn physics.He quipped: "my two daughters are most interested in is how you manage, I the father."Son just graduated from the university, have their own ambition.The endeavour after the success of the launch, son of the cocktail party in celebration of the words said, let DingZhaoZhong is very mixed feelings.That day, all are talked about huan, son suddenly stood up and said to say a few words: "today, is important for me, because I know more days for their own father. My father always one thing, one thing to do, everything is very not easy. Father began to do it when I was a child, now I have graduated from college. My father told me, the influence is a great......" For scientific research, DingZhaoZhong long-term in Europe's laboratory, and his wife, and children from much less together.He first lady is a great enterprise architects, because its professional work in Europe is restricted, finally had to break up with him, but maintained a friendship, including DingZhaoZhong now wife Susan with each other, but also good friends.Susan is a psychologist, in order to help DingZhaoZhong career, she gave up her own specialty, attend AMS project team, and responsible for experimental project administrative important affairs, including and government departments and contact with all aspects.Every year to the government report, charts, text, budget, are made by her.Now, she has become an important part in the group. DingZhaoZhong advocate the simple life.Near the French territory in CERN, his house is like a farming curtilage, thatched roof truss beam, log.There are two row lofty and forceful to the back of the pine tree.He said that it was eyeing the trees, just bought this house room.Here the air fresh, away from the noise, the distance from the laboratory also only half an hour's car ride.He drive, setting out early, Saturday and Sunday all go to the laboratory.His regular exercise, main are swimming and fitness implement ride.He said: "swimming and listen to crosstalk, is my amateur hobby. A few days ago to Taiwan, and hotel has a swimming pool, up at six in the morning I go swimming for half an hour, in the 50 m lanes, swim 20 laps. Feel spirit is especially good. Also only in swimming, won't want to AMS. Any other time, the brain can't get rid of all of this thinking." DingZhaoZhong to own life demand is not high, the more indifferent to fame and wealth.He told me: "after the success of the launch, many university hope I to their school, my pay three times higher than it is now. I said, the money to me it doesn't make sense, I can't leave MIT. I was not the only teaching MIT professor, school to my great support. It's almost fifty years, from 1967 to now, five as dean of the principal, and were very supportive. I won the Nobel Prize, the principal is the Kennedy administration science adviser. I am of the physics department at the Massachusetts institute of technology's first winning the Nobel professor. The school to give me the lecture professor, take out for a large sum of scientific research funding support my research work. You said, how can I be a successful away?" I said, AMS experiment is a again the Nobel award want, professor shook his head and said: "scientific research can't for the prize and work, especially old to get a Nobel Prize, this is terrible."I ask: "that you find new quarks particles thought would win the prize?"He said: "never thought I was laboratory. On that day, from Sweden, received a telephone call from, the thought is kidding yet. Later, that is really has won the Nobel Prize, I also think, affirmation is the judges was stupid."He at a smile and say: "the development of physics too fast. One man to represent only the famous the contribution of the past; you have no make new things, will soon be forgotten. If fifty years, after one hundred years, people can still remember we the work, I will be satisfied with!" Indeed, over the past several hundred years, the people to the understanding of the physical world, mostly from experimental physics.As DingZhaoZhong said: the experiment is the foundation of scientific, theory of no experiment proof, is of no significance;The experiment can overturn old theory, create a new theory.For this, he often mention the pioneers of experimental physics, Galileo: that year, Galileo's Pisa experiment, is the first case of accelerator experiment;And he made the first in the telescope objects, proof of Copernicus "heliocentrism", opened up a new era of astronomy. Galileo had said, and the truth is not be filled with dust in the works of authority, but in the universe, nature of this great without the evidences.Today, facing the vast universe, Galileo's people are continuing to explore the after the truth of nature.They inherits the Galileo not authority, to pursue truth of scientific spirit, they are "contemporary Galileo". In 1979, when the Vatican amounted to Galileo, who had invited the world famous scientists constituted committee, and DingZhaoZhong is one of them. Is history coincidence, or to heaven? |
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