英文來源| NPR 翻譯| 王大發(fā)財@煎蛋網(wǎng)

Studying? Take A Break And Embrace Your Distractions
想要學(xué)習(xí)好，先學(xué)會正確開小差和休息

School is starting, and students across the country are about to spend a lot of time in the classroom and in the library. And as they crack their textbooks open, they're going to hear a lot of familiar advice about how to study right.
馬上又要開學(xué)了，全國的學(xué)生們又要投入學(xué)習(xí)之中，學(xué)生們會將大量的時間會花在課堂和圖書館里，只要他們打開教科書，各種熟悉的正確學(xué)習(xí)建議就會出現(xiàn)在眼前。

Sit still, in a quiet place. Avoid distractions. Keep your focus on the book. Put away your devices. Study in the same place every day. Practice discipline and make studying into a routine.
其中一條是學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)該在安靜的地方進(jìn)行，坐姿端正，避免分心，將注意力全部集中于書本。學(xué)習(xí)的時候遠(yuǎn)離任何設(shè)備，每天都要在同一個地方學(xué)習(xí)。學(xué)習(xí)的時候要守規(guī)矩，每天的學(xué)習(xí)過程都要按照相同的套路進(jìn)行。

But that's not the only way to learn, and brain science is increasingly suggesting alternatives.
但是，學(xué)習(xí)的方法不止一種，而且越來越多對人類大腦進(jìn)行的研究表明我們應(yīng)該經(jīng)常更換學(xué)習(xí)方式。

Benedict Carey, who covers medicine and science for the The New York Times, is the author of How We Learn. He says that many of the old adages about studying and focus are outdated.
《我們?nèi)绾螌W(xué)習(xí)》的作者Benedict Carey平時也為《紐約時報》撰寫一些醫(yī)學(xué)和科學(xué)方面的文章，他說那些關(guān)于學(xué)習(xí)和專心的老舊格言，很多都過時了。

Take the idea of studying in the same place every day. "You don't have to have the same chair, the same cubicle, the same room, to do your memorization," Carey tells Tess Vigeland, guest host on weekends on All Things Considered. In fact, he says, "Changing context, changing environment aids retention."
就拿每天在同一個地方學(xué)習(xí)來說。“你不需要每天都坐同一把椅子，待在同一間小房間才能記住東西，”Carey對All Things Considered欄目的周末嘉賓主持Tess Vigeland說，“換個布置，換個環(huán)境能夠幫助你記住東西?！?/p>

Carey tells Vigeland that science suggests distractions aren't the enemy, and discipline isn't the key component of effective learning.
Carey說科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為分心并不是什么壞事，紀(jì)律也不是保持學(xué)習(xí)高效的關(guān)鍵因素。

On discipline and learning
關(guān)于紀(jì)律和學(xué)習(xí)

A lot of people think learning is all discipline. I know I believed it. And it turns out scientists have discovered, through a whole lot of different ways, that it doesn't work that way. The brain is a foraging instrument. You know, it's a scavenger, just like humans were for so much of their existence. And once you appreciate that, you're able to take some pressure off yourself to not worry that you're doing things right all the time and to have a tactical plan when you study for something.
很多人認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)的全部就是要守規(guī)矩，我知道我自己也信這套。但是科學(xué)家通過使用大量不同方法發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)并非如此。人類大腦是一臺覓食工具，其實(shí)就是一個清道夫。認(rèn)識到這點(diǎn)，就能放下壓力，不用時時刻刻都做與學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)的事情，你應(yīng)該勞逸結(jié)合才能學(xué)進(jìn)去。

On how we typically study vs. how we learn life skills
傳統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)方式VS生活技能學(xué)習(xí)方式

We know that quiet study, ritual, all those things we assume to be true, assume to be self-evident, those are only one way to study. A lot of things we've learned, whether it's to cook or ride a bicycle or socialize, we've done those piecemeal. The brain is very good at learning on the fly during daily life.
我們以往所了解的那種安靜、固定的學(xué)習(xí)方式雖然不證自明，但只是學(xué)習(xí)方式的其中一種。我們現(xiàn)在對學(xué)習(xí)已經(jīng)有很多了解，在學(xué)做菜、學(xué)汽車和學(xué)交際的過程中，我們的大腦已經(jīng)在逐漸學(xué)習(xí)，要知道每天日常生活中大腦都在飛快地學(xué)習(xí)。

On the value of distractions — including digital ones
分心的價值——包括玩數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品

Distraction is one of those things everybody is worried about — certainly every parent, with the iPhones and people jumping on Facebook and so on. And of course if you're spending your entire time tooling around on Facebook, you're not studying, so that's a problem.
每個人都擔(dān)心分心，尤其是孩子家長，只要身邊有iPhone或者Facebook之類的東西，大家往往就忘了學(xué)習(xí)。當(dāng)然如果你把所有時間都花在Facebook上，你就根本沒有學(xué)習(xí)，所以這是個問題。

However, there's a whole bunch of science looking at problem-solving. In problem-solving, when you get stuck, you've run out of ideas, distraction is really your best friend. You need to stand up, let it go — walk around the block, go to the cafe, drink a beer, whatever it is — and that is really your best shot at loosening the gears a little bit and allowing yourself to take a different and more creative approach to the problem.
不過許多科學(xué)研究表明，如果你在解決難題卡住了，才思枯竭了，分心其實(shí)是最好的。這個時候你要站起來，把困難撇在腦后——在街區(qū)里到處逛逛，喝杯咖啡，來杯酒(成年才可以)，或干點(diǎn)其他事情——這樣可以最大程度舒緩神經(jīng)，再次面對難題時，你就有不同的思路和創(chuàng)造性的解法了。

On testing as a study tool, not just an evaluation

做個卷子幫助自己鞏固，不只是評估一下自己的學(xué)習(xí)

There's a lot of interesting research now looking at using testing as a study tool … self-examination, or even doing tests before a course starts, are both very intriguing, interesting and possibly sort of revolutionary approaches to learning.
研究表明，許多人喜歡做個測驗(yàn)來幫助自己學(xué)習(xí)。有的人是為了自我檢查，有的人甚至還沒學(xué)到那里就開始做試題，其實(shí)兩種方法都是很有趣，也許能給學(xué)習(xí)帶來變革。