其次，對于暗含在文章中的人物的行為動機(jī)、事件的因果關(guān)系及作者未言明的傾向、意圖、態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)等要進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的判斷、推理、分析，進(jìn)一步增強(qiáng)理解能力，抓住材料實(shí)質(zhì)性的東西。
解析
在高考閱讀理解題中難度最大且出現(xiàn)頻率最高的是推理判斷題,近幾年的高考每年都保持在10題左右。這種題要求考生根據(jù)文章中出現(xiàn)的暗示,抓住內(nèi)含語義,用邏輯思維的方法加以整理,然后做出合理的判斷。推理的方法大致可分為:簡單推理和復(fù)雜推理。
一、簡單推理
所謂簡單推理就是以表面文字為前提,以具體事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行推理,做出判斷。這種推理方式比較直接,只要弄清事實(shí),即可結(jié)合常識推斷出合理的結(jié)論。 如:
When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years from now, how could they even begin to picture modern life? Yet to men of 50,000 years from now, we may seem as primitive (原始的) in our ideas as the Stone-Age hunters do to us. Perhaps they will spend their days golllocing to make new spunders, or struggling with their ballalators through the cribe. These words, which I have just made up, have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can't think of.
1. The text discusses men and women 50,000 years ago and 50,000 years from now in order to show that________.
A. human history is extremely long
B. life has not changed a great deal
C. it is useless to plan for the next 50,000 years
D. it is difficult to tell what will happen in the future
從段首 When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? 可推出:生活在今天的人們要想像50,000 年以后會發(fā)生什么,當(dāng)然也是困難的。答案選D 。
二、復(fù)雜推理
復(fù)雜推理不但要以文字為依據(jù),而且還要以文章的語境、內(nèi)涵為前提。這是一種間接而復(fù)雜的邏輯推理方式?？忌茢喑鑫恼聸]有表明但又合乎邏輯的推理,就必須由表及里地歸納或演繹。下面是幾種復(fù)雜的推理方法:
1. 如何推測作者的寫作目的和意圖推測作者寫作目的的設(shè)題形式有:
1) The purpose in writing this text is to ________.
2) The author writes this passage to______.
3) The author in this passage intends to ________.
推測作者的寫作目的,必須要先了解文章的主題,然后分析作者的論述方法、論述的重點(diǎn)和材料的安排。如:
A young man from a village called Nawalapitiya married a young woman from Maliyuwa, a nearby village. They lived with the man's big family-his parents, his brothers, their wives and children. The family kept an elephant, in which the young woman soon took a great interest. Every day she fed it with fruit and sugar.
Three months later the woman went back to her parents' home, having quarrelled with her husband. Soon the elephant refused to eat or work. It appeared to be ill and heart-broken. One morning after several weeks the animal disappeared from the house.
It went to the woman's home. On seeing her, the elephant waved its trunk and touched her with it. The young woman was so moved by the act of the animal that she returned to her husband's home.
The writer wrote the story in order to________.
A. show that elephants are very clever
B. tell how a woman trained a wild animal
C. show that women care more for animals than men do
D. tell how an animal reunited a husband and wife
解答此題,需綜合所讀內(nèi)容并加以判斷。通過第一段得知:The family kept an elephant which the young woman liked very much. 第二段是說:The woman went back to her parents' home, having quarrelled with her husband. And the elephant appeared to be ill. 第三段是說:The elephant went to the woman's home. Moved by the act of the animal, the woman returned to her husband's home. 通過綜合分析,答案應(yīng)該是D 。
2. 如何推測文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論
推測文章的觀點(diǎn)或結(jié)論的設(shè)題形式有:
1) It can be inferred from the passage that ________.
3) From the passage we can conclude that ________.
這類問題問的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部觀點(diǎn),可能只是文章中的某一觀點(diǎn)。但要推測出文中的某一觀點(diǎn),仍離不開對全文主要觀點(diǎn)或中心思想的把握。如:
Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by "Take only as directed?" Read the following directions and see if you understand them.
"To reduce pain, take two tablets(藥片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours,as required. For night-time and early morning relief (緩解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.
For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctor's advice.
Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine."
It can be inferred from the directions that this medicine________.
A. helps you to fall asleep quickly
B. may be dangerous to small children
C. cannot be taken if one feels sleepy
D. shouldn't be taken by children
under six
從文章第三段第二句得知,六歲以下兒童是否可用此藥需要向醫(yī)生咨詢,但并未加以禁止。因此可判斷B 為正確選項(xiàng)。
3.如何推斷文章的出處
推斷文章出處的設(shè)題形式有:
1)The passage is most likely to be taken from______.
2)Where would this passage most probably appear?
3)The passage is most likely a part of______.
這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容或結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處:
A.報(bào)紙:前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點(diǎn)或通訊社名稱。
B.廣告:因其格式特殊,容易辨認(rèn)。
C.產(chǎn)品說明:器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式,而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)、藥量等。
如上篇文章:
This text is most probably taken from a______.
A. textbook
B. newsreel
C. doctoer's notebook
D. bottle of medicine
此題極易誤選D。的確,人們常在藥瓶上的說明中看到文章直接引語部分的文字內(nèi)容,但是像第一段這樣的內(nèi)容不可能出現(xiàn)在藥瓶上。由此可見,這一段文章應(yīng)選自教科書中有關(guān)如何讀服藥說明的課文。所以答案選A 。
4.如何推斷人物性格
推斷文章中人物性格的設(shè)題形式有:
1)What do we know about somebody in the text?
2)What kind of man somebody is ?
3)Somebody can be said to be______.
做這類題時一定要注意:
A.準(zhǔn)確把握字里行間的意思,切忌用自己的觀點(diǎn)代替作者的觀點(diǎn)。
B.特別注意表達(dá)情感、態(tài)度和觀點(diǎn)的詞語。 如:
A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday. "That's right,"said the old man. "Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world. They're all dead."
"Well, sir," said the interviewer,"I hope very much to have the honour of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday."
The old man looked at the young man closely, and said,"I can't see why you shouldn't. You look fit and healthy to me!"
What kind of man would you say the old man was?
A. He was ill. B. He was unconscious.
C. He was very proud and sure of his health.
D. He was very polite to young people.
要答對此題,重點(diǎn)是要分析老人所說的話。從老人的話中,"That's right,"said the old man. "Ninety-nine years old, and I haven't an enemy in the world. They're all dead."我們可以看到老人對自己高壽的自豪。最后一段,老人說:"I can't see why you shouldn't. You look fit and healthy to me!"這句話又體現(xiàn)了老人自己對健康狀況的自信。所以答案應(yīng)選C 。
5.如何借助文章結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行推測
有些推斷題要從文章結(jié)構(gòu)的角度進(jìn)行分析,才能推斷出正確答案。因此,閱讀時不僅要注重詞、句的理解,而且還要分析語篇的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Another way is energy conservation(節(jié)能),which means using energy more efficiently (有效的). In some very cold countries people build special houses to save energy. They place materials between the inside and the outside of the walls of the house to keep the cold out and the warmth in. The house is heated by the lights, the body heat of the people and the other equipment in it.
The writer tells about the"special house"because they _____.
A. show the excellent skills of the builders
B. serve as an example of energy conservation
C. are heated by different sources of energy
D. are warmer than other types of houses
本段的中心主題是節(jié)能,文中 special house 的提及是作為一個例子來具體說明它是節(jié)能的一種具體方式。所以該題答案應(yīng)選B 。
總之,簡單推理和復(fù)雜推理是做閱讀理解推理判斷題時進(jìn)行判斷、得出結(jié)論的有效方法。具體做題時,考生一定要因"題"而宜,切不可生搬硬套。
