這段時間，學生在做近幾年的高考閱讀理解題，發(fā)現(xiàn)有幾種類型的文章非常難理解，學生答題時的錯誤率比較高?，F(xiàn)把這些語篇做了一些整理，歸為四大類，形成文字，以饗讀者。歡迎大家補充。
一、掐頭去尾型
高考閱讀材料大都選自于近期的報刊雜志和網(wǎng)絡。命題者在命題時，往往會在一篇長文章中截取幾段，約300字左右。一篇長文章被斬頭去尾之后，原文的一些背景知識也會隨之消失。復雜的內容在脫開語篇背景之后，就會成為閱讀者的理解障礙。閱讀者需要首先根據(jù)語段內容和措辭中的蛛絲馬跡，對原文的背景知識進行推測和重建，才能理清文章的來龍去脈。例如2010年四川卷D篇
Fearplays no part in this latest problem.“I’m not afraid I'll lose mychildren. I won't lose my children. We live together, and nothing,nothing,” she repeats, her voice rising when speaking to John'slawyer, “will stop me from being with my children. A law? Yeah,right. Don't disturb me when it comes to my children. You are nevergoing to win. If John wants to see them, I cannot stop him. He'stheir father--—I want them to seehim! However, his visit in his present condition will disturb thechildren's stable life.”
John, who has spentmuch of his time in California recently, has only hired a house forhimself in Pennsylvania, according to his lawyer. "If he'd like tostick to a regular life, I'd be more than happy to do that,"Jane says."The best thing for any child of a divorced parent is astable life. I want nothing more than for him to set up a stablelife for himself, so that he can be part of making our children'slives more stable. "
While matters ofmoney and care won't be settled for weeks, Jane hardly puts herlife on hold. Last week the ABC network announced that Janewould return with her own show, Twist of Jane, in which shegives advice to other moms. Jane and her eight children will alsoreturn to ABC in a series of Jane Plus 8 specials showing them onvarious adventures．It’s a rest for Jane, who insists that she needsher new, busy life to provide f or her family．“I have to lead sucha life．a(chǎn)nd I’m thankful that I’ve built it to the top where now Ican support my children.”she says．
Andwhether a bellicose dance judge or a bellicose former wife，Janeplans to keep on facing attacks on her. “Some people try to knockme down—only to make me more fierce, more protective, moredetermined to do better,” she says. “Go ahead, take me on. Thiswill just make me stronger.”
起初，這篇文章沒有引起我的注意，句式簡單，又沒有多少生僻的單詞。但是，等學生做完這道閱讀理解后，發(fā)現(xiàn)正確率非常低。問了一下學生，他們眾口一詞，都說文章的開頭非常突兀，直接引語多，東一句西一句的，不知道在說什么，而且人物之間的關系也不明朗。
要讀懂這篇文章，學生需要重構文章的背景，可以從弄明白第一段中的she,I, we, he等人稱代詞與下文的Jane,John等之間關系入手。Jane與John是一對夫妻，正在鬧離婚。再從第三段第一句話，可以看出這對夫婦正在解決離婚中的財產(chǎn)分割和孩子撫養(yǎng)權歸屬的問題。當學生知道文章的這個背景之后，再來回答下面的四個問題就非常容易了。
57. According to Jane in thefirst paragraph，thelaw
A.can’t take her children away from her B. can’t do anything with thecase
C.will best settle theproblem D. will disturb her children
58 . What does “todo that” refer to in the second paragraph?
A.To live withJohn． B．To hire a house for John．
C．Toallow John to see thechildren D．To ask John to set up a regular life.
59. What does theunderlined sentence in the third paragraph mean?
A．Jane’s life isvery difficult． B．Janecontinues to live as usual．
C．Jane almost can’tcontrol her life D．Jane works very hard to live a happylife．
60 . Which word canbest describe Jane?
A.Proud． B．Fierce．C．Determined． D．Independent
二、文章的預期讀者不是學生
每個作者在動筆之前，都要考慮一下預期的讀者群，即誰將會看到這篇文章。讀者不一樣，作者采取的寫作策略也不一樣。如果寫給小學生看的，作者的敘述就要面面俱到，采用兒童聽得懂的簡單語言，說話就要平鋪直敘，不能拐彎抹角。但如果文章是寫給同行或受過高等教育的成年人看的，那么作者就會使用不同的寫作風格，跳過一般性的簡單邏輯推理，省略掉那些不說自明的信息，有一些內容，作者往往只會點到而已，給讀者留下必要的一定的思考空間，讓讀者自己得出結論，從而使文章更具有吸引力。例如2010四川卷E篇：
Open Letter to anEditor
Ihad an interesting conversation with a reporter recently---one whoworks for you. In fact, he's one of your best reporters. He wantsto leave.
Yourreporter gave me a copy of his resume and photocopies of sixstories that he wrote for you. The headlines showed you played themproudly. With great enthusiasm, he talked about how he findsissues, approaches them, and writes about them, which tells me heis one of your best. I'm sure you would hate to lose him.Surprisingly, your reporter is not unhappy. In fact, he told me hereally likes his job. He has a great assignment, and said you run agreat paper. It would be easy for you to keep him, he said. Heknows that the paper values him. He appreciates the responsibilityyou've given him, takes ownership of his profession, and enjoys hisfreedom.
Sowhy is he looking for a way out?
Hetalked to me because he wants his editors to demand so much more ofhim. He wants to be pushed, challenged, coached to newheights.
Thereporter believes that good stories spring from good questions, buthis editors usually ask how long the story will be, when it will bein, where it can play, and what the budget is.
Helongs for conversations with an editor who will help him turn hisgood ideas into great ones. He wants someone to get excited aboutwhat he's doing and to help him turn his story idea upside down andinside out, exploring the best ways to report it. He wants to bemore valuable for your paper. That's what you want for him, too,isn't it?
Soyour reporter has set me thinking.
Ourbest hope in keeping our best reporters, copy editors,photographers, artists ----- everyone ----- is to work harder tomake sure they get the help they are demanding to reach theirpotential. If we can't do it, they'll find someone whocan.
從文章的標題就知道，這是作者對一個編輯的公開信，學生需要思考的第一個問題就是，作者的身份是什么？關于這篇文章，有四個問題要回答，然而最重要的問題、最需要先回答的問題卻是第三個問題。通過文章中的we，可以判斷出作者也是一個編輯，是兩個同行在探討業(yè)內的事情。這就是為什么許多學生初讀這篇文章時一頭霧水的原因了。要看懂這篇文章，學生還需要弄清楚以下幾個問題：這個編輯為什么要給他的同行寫這封公開信？他們在探討什么問題？
60. What does thewriter think of the reporter?
A.Optimistic. B. Imaginative. C.Ambitious. D. Proud.
61. What does thereporter want most from his editors in their talks?
A.Finding the news value of his stories. B. Giving him financialsupport.
C.Helping him to findissues. D. Improving his good ideas.
62. Who probablywrote the letter?
A.Aneditor. B. Anartist. C. Areporter. D. A reader.
63. The letteraims to remind editors that they should __
A.keep their best reporters at all costs
B.give more freedom to their reporters
C.be aware of their reporters' professional development
D.appreciate their reporters' working styles and attitudes
三、高級詞匯多
詞匯量是影響理解的最大因素，生詞比率超過5%的文章會影響閱讀理解，在這種情況下，去談任何閱讀策略或技巧都是徒勞的。一個人的精力是一個定值，如果在閱讀中把過多的時間和精力用于猜詞，那么他的理解和記憶肯定要收到影響，當我們的電腦桌面上放了過多文件，占有過多的內存，那么電腦的反應速度勢必要放慢。要想閱讀好這類文章，學生需要提高在閱讀理解中處理高級詞匯的能力。例如2011重慶卷E篇：
Skeptics are strange lot. Some ofthem refuse to admit the serious threat of human activities to theenvironment, and they are tired of people who disagree with them.Those people, say skeptics, spread nothing but bad news about theenvironment. The “eco-guilt” brought on by thediscouraging news about our planet gives rise to thepopularity of skeptics as people search for more comfortingworldviews.
Perhaps thatexplains why a new book by Bjorn Lomborg received so muchpublicity. That book, The SkepticalEnvironmentalist, declares that it measures the“real state of the world” as fine. Of course, another explanationis the deep pockets of some big businesses with specialinterests. Indeed, Mr. Lomborg’s views are similar to those ofsome Industry-funded organizations, which start hugeactivities though the media to confuse the public aboutissues like global warming.
Soit was strange to see Mr. Lomborg’s book go largelyunchallenged in the media though his beliefs were contrary tomost scientific opinions. One national newspaper in Canadaran a number of articles and reviews full of words ofpraise, even with the conclusion that “After Lomborg, theenvironmental movement will begin to die down.”
Suchone-sided views should have immediately been challenged. Butonly a different review appeared in Nature, arespected science magazine with specific readership.The review remarked that Mr. Lomborg’s “preference forunexamined materials is incredible”。
Acritical eye is valuable, and the media should presentinformation in such a way that could allow people to makeinformed decisions. Unfortunately, that is ofteninaccessible as blocked by the desire to be shockingor to defend some special interest. People might becomehalf-blind before a world partially exhibitedby the media. That’s a shame, because matters concerning thehealth of the planet are far too important to be treatedlightly.
閱讀這篇文章時，學生需要用構詞法來識別的新詞：合成詞、派生詞和轉化詞；需要用閱讀經(jīng)驗識別的專用詞：人名、地名、雜志名稱等；需要通過上下文來猜測的單詞：一詞多義、熟詞生義和完全陌生；需要運用閱讀策略忽略一些未影響閱讀理解的陌生詞匯。使用這些方法，當然可以幫助學生猜測一部分單詞的大概意思。但話的說回來，在閱讀中，學生不能過度依賴根據(jù)上下文來猜測詞義，這種做法只能偶爾為之。最重要的還是在平時，要多擴充自己的閱讀詞匯量，有些單詞只要混一個臉熟就行了，不一定要求完全掌握。對于閱讀理解而已，認識50個單詞，比完全掌握5個單詞的用法更加經(jīng)濟實惠。
要想在高考閱讀理解中取得好成績，詞匯量的起步價是3,000個詞族 (word families)或者5,000個單詞的詞匯量。這是一個“門檻”，是閱讀理解的一個轉折點。對于閱讀理解而已，詞匯量當然越大越好。有統(tǒng)計發(fā)現(xiàn)，從5,000個單詞的詞匯量到10,000個單詞的詞匯量之間，讀者每增加1,000個單詞的詞匯量，理解率大約增長7個百分點。通過集中記憶和平時的積累，我的學生在高三畢業(yè)時的詞匯量一般可以達到七千左右。
72. Which of thefollowing may be regarded as “skeptics”?
A.People who agree on the popularity of “eco-guilt”.
B.People who disbelieve the serious situation of ourplanet.
C.People who dislike the harmful effect of humanactivities.
D.People who spread comforting news to protect ourenvironment.
73. Which can be areason for the popularity of Lomborg’s books?
A.Some big businesses intend to protect their owninterests.
B.The book challenges views about the fine state of theworld.
C.The author convinces people to speak comfortingworldviews.
D.Industry–funded media present confusing information.
74. The authormentioned the review in Nature in order to____.
A.voice a differentopinion B. find fault with Lomborg’s book
C.challenge the authority of the media D. point out the value ofscientific views.
75. What is theauthor’s main purpose in writing the passage?
A.To encourage the skeptics to have a critical eye.
B.To warn the public of the danger of half–blindness withreviews.
C.To blame the media’s lack of responsibility ininformation.
D.To show the importance of presenting overall information by themedia.
四、話題陌生
學生在閱讀文章時，大腦會積極調動已有的舊知識。如果是學生熟悉的話題，那么可供學生使用的背景知識就相對較多，及時碰到生詞，學生也能猜出大概的意思。但是，如果一個陌生話題，那么大腦在閱讀中的負擔會加重，要不停的推測、歸納和記憶，閱讀速度會放慢，正確率也會下降。所以說，學生已有的背景知識儲備也是影響閱讀理解成敗的一個重要因素。例如2012年江蘇卷C篇
Medical drugssometimes cause more damage than they cure. One solution to thisproblem is to put the drugs inside a capsule, protecting them fromthe body—and the body from them—until they can be released at justthe right spot. There are lots of ways to trigger (引發(fā)) thisrelease, including changing temperature, acidity, and so on. Buttriggers can come with their own risks—burns, for example. Now,researchers in California have designed what could be a harmlesstrigger to date: shining near-infrared light (NIR, 近紅外線) on thedrug in the capsule.
Theidea of using light to liberate the drug in the capsule isn’t new.Researchers around the globe have developed polymers (聚合物) andother materials that begin to break down when they absorb eitherultraviolet (UV, 紫外線) or visible light. But tissues also readilyabsorb UV and visible light, which means the drug release, can betriggered only near the skin, where the light can reach thecapsule. NIR light largely passes through tissues, so researchershave tried to use it as a trigger. But few compounds (化合物) absorbNIR well and go through chemical changes.
Thatchanged last year when Adah Almutairi, a chemist at the Universityof California, San Diego, reported that she and her colleagues haddesigned a polymer that breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.Their polymer used a commercially available NIR-absorbing groupcalled o-nitrobenzyl (ONB). When they catch the light, ONB groupsfall off the polymer, leading to its breakdown. But ONB is only aso-so NIR absorber, and it could be poisonous to cells when itseparates from the polymer.
SoAlmutairi and her colleagues reported creating a new material forcapsules that’s even better. This one consists of a long chain ofcompounds called cresol groups linked in a polymer. Cresol containsreactive(易反應的) components that make it highly unstable in itspolymeric form, a feature Almutairi and her colleagues use to theiradvantage. After polymerizing the cresols, they cap each reactivecomponent with a light-absorbing compound called Bhc. When the Bhcsabsorb NIR light, the reactive groups are exposed and break thelong polymer into two short chains. Shining additional lightcontinues this breakdown, potentially releasing any drugs in thecapsule. What’s more, Almutairi says, Bhc is 10 times better atabsorbing NIR than is ONB and is not poisonous to cells.
這篇文章介紹了膠囊定點釋放裝置的研發(fā)情況，這對于高中生來說，是一個全新的陌生話題，學生頭腦中已有的知識儲備基本上是零。碰到這種文章，首先心態(tài)上要穩(wěn)住，不能著急亂了陣腳。然后，一邊閱讀一邊整理獲取的信息，必要時，還可以在草稿紙上劃出關鍵信息的流程圖或者樹形圖，梳理出文章主要事實和觀點的框架。
從文章前兩段可以得知，達到膠囊定點釋放，需要滿足兩個條件：一是在特點條件下能夠馬上溶解的膠囊外殼；二是能夠穿透皮膚，并能激發(fā)膠囊外殼溶解的光線。關于光線，文章提到了UV和NIR兩種，但這兩個光線各有弊端，前者穿透力不強，到達不了人體比較深的部位。NIR的穿透力非常強，但缺點是能吸收它的物質非常少。ONB首先被排除了，原因是吸收能力一般，而且還對人體有毒。文章在最后一段介紹了一個新型裝置：Cresol和Bhc，用后者來吸收NIR光線，再用Cresol來激發(fā)膠囊來溶解。
63. According tothe passage, which of the following could be the besttrigger?
A.Temperature change. B. NIR light. C. Aciditychange. D. UV light.
64. Why is ONBunsatisfactory?
A.It breaks down when it absorbs NIR light.
B.It falls off the polymer and triggers drug release.
C.It has not come onto the market up till now.
D.It is not effective enough and could be poisonous.
65. Which word canbe used to complete the following process ofchanges?
Bhcs absorb NIR → Part of the cresol is ______ → Polymer breaks down → Drug isreleased
A.protected B.formed C.exposed D. combined
在高考閱讀理解中，似乎有一個奇怪的現(xiàn)象：文章簡單的，題目往往有陷阱，容易錯；而難以讀懂的文章，就像紙老虎，題目則往往簡單。因此，碰到疑難型語篇，不要著急，要沉下心來，尋找語篇中的線索，步步為營，讀懂文章的主要內容。我的建議是，在讀懂文章之前，不要輕易地去看問題的四個選項，因為那樣的話，你的思維很容易受到干擾項的左右。最重要的是，功夫在平時，在高考復習中，就要有意識的進行疑難語篇閱讀理解的訓練。有一句話說得好，平時多流汗，高考少流淚。
