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I. 技能點(diǎn)揭秘之一:細(xì)節(jié)理解題解題技能

高考閱讀理解中，對細(xì)節(jié)理解類題型的考查同往年一樣，依然占了較大的比例，全國及各省、市均有對此題型的考察，無一例外。

   細(xì)節(jié)理解題要求考生對閱讀材料中的某一具體事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)進(jìn)行理解。它們大都是根據(jù)文章中的具體信息如事實(shí)、例證、原因、過程、論述等進(jìn)行提問的。有些問題可以在文章中直接找到答案，有些則需要我們在理解的基礎(chǔ)上將有關(guān)內(nèi)容系統(tǒng)化才能找到，比如計(jì)算、排序、是非判斷、圖形比較等。

常見的命題方式通常有：

1.特殊疑問句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, howmuch/many等疑問詞開頭引出的問題；

2.以是非題的形式。true /false, nottrue / false或EXCEPT；

3.以Accordingto…開頭提問方式；

4.以填空題的形式，如：

（1）To avoid attracting mountain lions, people areadvised               .

（2）By the first sentence of the passage author meansthat            .

（3）It seems that now a country’s economy depends muchon         .

（4）If you are interested in knowing about whatpeople’s life will be, you may visit            .

（5）The policemen were told “to look the other way”(the underlined part in Paragraph 2) so that                   .

（6）The policeman who said “Goodevening”to Rolls wanted to      .等等

5.就文中數(shù)字、排序、識(shí)圖等提問。

做細(xì)節(jié)理解題時(shí)，大多數(shù)學(xué)生易出現(xiàn)的問題是閱讀速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速閱讀技巧，考生要培養(yǎng)自己快速獲取信息的能力。解答此類試題時(shí)，不必通篇細(xì)看原文，而常?？刹扇?/span>“帶著問題找答案”的方法．先從問題中抓住關(guān)鍵性詞語。然后以此為線索。要快速地辨認(rèn)和記憶事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)，就要恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用略讀及查讀的技巧快速在文章中尋找與此問題相關(guān)的段落、語句．仔細(xì)品味，對照比較．確定答案。除了運(yùn)用掃讀法(scanning)外，還可以兼用排除法．將“無此細(xì)節(jié)”和“與此細(xì)節(jié)相反”的選項(xiàng)排除。

     了解細(xì)節(jié)題干擾選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)也有助于考生提高答題的正確率。一般情況下，干擾項(xiàng)有如下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

（1）是原文信息，但不是題目要求的內(nèi)容；（2）符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容；（3）與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在程度上有些變動(dòng)；（4）在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反；（5）部分正確，部分錯(cuò)誤。

   有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題只要直接辨認(rèn)不要求讀者對客觀的事實(shí)作出解釋或判斷，只要求從閱讀材料中直接獲取信息。同時(shí)還要求讀者記住重要細(xì)節(jié)，在必要的時(shí)候（做判斷、推斷或結(jié)論的時(shí)候）能夠準(zhǔn)確而迅速地將他們回憶起來。解此類題要求考生快速抓住原文中的關(guān)鍵信息，直接得出答案，但要注意往往答案與原文中的語句并非一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)相同的意思。有的細(xì)節(jié)理解題就需要通過有關(guān)詞語和句子的轉(zhuǎn)換。利用主要事實(shí)、圖表、圖形來獲取信息，然后利用因果、類比、時(shí)間、空間等關(guān)系將零碎的細(xì)節(jié)經(jīng)過一系列加工、整理，方能做出正確的判斷．此類試題在高考中占大多數(shù)。

     值得一提的是，有時(shí)原文中的信息可能只是一個(gè)短語，甚至一個(gè)單詞，因此需要我們在閱讀中特別仔細(xì)才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。

細(xì)節(jié)理解題大致有如下幾種?？碱}型：

1．描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題

描寫類細(xì)節(jié)題，常?？疾炜忌鷮ξ闹杏嘘P(guān)人物動(dòng)作、思想感情、心理活動(dòng)、觀點(diǎn)，或事件的起因、發(fā)展、過程、結(jié)果等方面的理解。這類描寫信息往往較直接，一般不太需要考生對它們進(jìn)行較深入的理解，對于該類題，考生一般都可以較直接地從原文中找到與題目對應(yīng)的有關(guān)信息。例如:

You either have it,or you don’t—a sense of direction, that is. But why is it that somepeople could find their way across the Sahara without a map, whileothers can lose themselves in the next street?

Scientists saywe’re all born with a sense of direction, but it is not properlyunderstood how it works. One theory is that people with a goodsense of direction have simply worked harder at developing it.Research being carried out at Liverpool University supports thisidea and suggests that if we don’t use is, we lose it.

   “Children as young as seven have the ability to find their wayaround,” says Jim Martland, Research Director of the project.“However, if they are not allowed out alone or are taken everywhereby car, they never develop the skills.”

Jim Martland alsoemphasizes that young people should be taught certain skills toimprove their sense of direction. He makes the followingsuggestions:

●If youare using a map, turn it so it relates to the way you arefacing.

●If youleave your bike in a strange place, put it near something like abig stone or a tree. Note landmarks on the route as you go awayfrom your bike. When you return, go back along the sameroute.

●Simplify the way offinding your direction by using lines such as streets in a town,streams, or walls in the countryside to guide you. Count your stepsso that you know how far you have gone and note any landmarks suchas tower blocks or hills which can help to find out where youare.

Now youneed never get lost again!

65.Scientists believe that_______.

A. somebabies are born with a sense of direction.

B. peoplelearn a sense of direction as they grow older

C. peoplenever lose their sense of direction

D.everybody possesses a sense of direction from birth

66. Whatis true of seven-year-old children according to thepassage?

A. Theynever have a sense of direction without maps

B. Theyshould never be allowed out alone if they lack a sense ofdirection

C. Theyhave a sense of direction and can find their way around

D. Theycan develop a good sense of direction if they are driven around ina car.

68.According to the passage, the best way to find your way around isto ________.

A. askpolicemen for directions.

B. usewalls, streams, and streets to guide yourself

C.remember your route by looking out for steps and stairs

D. countthe number of landmarks that you see

答案與解析：65.選D。根據(jù)第二段首句可知：科學(xué)家認(rèn)為我們生來就有方向感。

66.選C。根據(jù)第三段首句可知，七歲大的小孩就具備了辨別方向的能力。

68.選B。根據(jù)Jim Martland所給的第三條建議中的“…by using lines such as streetsin a town, streams, or walls in the countryside to guideyou.”即可得出答案。

2．?dāng)?shù)據(jù)計(jì)算題

此類試題一般要求考生能根據(jù)閱讀材料中給出的有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，找出計(jì)算關(guān)系，通過計(jì)算，得出正確的結(jié)論。這類計(jì)算一般來說比較簡單，關(guān)鍵是要弄清各數(shù)據(jù)間的邏輯關(guān)系，選準(zhǔn)比較的數(shù)據(jù)，弄清單位換算關(guān)系，確定計(jì)算方法，問題便迎刃而解了。對于數(shù)據(jù)較多、項(xiàng)目復(fù)雜用時(shí)間或空間跨度較大的短文，通?？刹捎谩傲斜矸ā?，即按一定的規(guī)律將數(shù)據(jù)分門別類地列出，化模糊為清晰，為計(jì)算打下基礎(chǔ)。對于相對不太復(fù)雜的數(shù)據(jù)，可采用“推算法”，即以有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)為基準(zhǔn)，進(jìn)行簡單的運(yùn)算就可得出。

例題：

Tuition Fees(學(xué)費(fèi))

Tuition fees aredifferent from department to department, generally from $5,000 to$6,000 a year. For further information: tui @waikato．ac．nz.

Accommodation(住宿)

You can have a roomin a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with otherregular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. Forfurther information: acc@ waikato．ac．nz

…

69. Youhave to pay at least ______ a year if you study at the Universityof Waikato.

A.$5,250   B.$8,000   C.$9,000   D.$11,000

答案與解析：選B。本篇是介紹新西蘭Waikato大學(xué)的廣告。從Tuition Fees (學(xué)費(fèi))：Tuition fees are different from department todepartment．generally from$5，000 to$6，000 a year. For further information：tui @waikato.ac.nz . Accommodation(住宿)：You can have a room in a

4- bedroomfiat, which will cost about$100 a month with other regular livingcosts of about$150 a month for one person. For furtherinformation：acc @ waikato．ac．nz．可知答案為B。$5000(學(xué)費(fèi))+$100(住宿費(fèi))x12(months)+$150(生活費(fèi))x12=$8000．

3．排序題

這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事情發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，找出事件的正確順序。做此類試題時(shí)可采用“首尾法定位法”，即找出事件發(fā)展的首與尾，迅速縮小范圍，從而快速選出正確選項(xiàng)?；蛑苯又鹨挥门懦ò错樞蚺懦贸稣_選項(xiàng)。

例題：

People can use ahome computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store, ashopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system(系統(tǒng)) that will organize the trip around the store. Ifyou're looking for toothpicks, you type in the word or pick it froma list, and a map will appear on the screen showing where you areand where you can find them.

…

54. Whichof the following is the correct order of shopping with thecomputerized shopping carts?

a. Startthe system.                 b. Make a shopping list.

c. Findthe things you want.          D. Go to a self-checkout stand.

A.abdc             B. bacd   C. acbd      D. bcad

   答案與解析：選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由本段的描述可以確定第一件事是Make a shopping list（列購物清單，明確買什么）。最后一件事是Go to a self-checkout stand（去付款臺(tái)（自動(dòng)）付錢），排除A、C，然后再看ab的先后順序，排除選項(xiàng)D。本題也可結(jié)合自己的購物常識(shí)進(jìn)行快速判斷。

4．信息尋找題、廣告閱讀題

信息尋找題一般在應(yīng)用文體中較常見，體現(xiàn)于查字典、閱讀廣告、公告、演出海報(bào)、車船航班時(shí)間表等之中。這類閱讀材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面，能滿足各種人對信息的需求，但在高考試題中，常常是就某一方面提問，考生完全沒有必要從頭到尾仔細(xì)閱讀，因?yàn)椴牧现杏泻芏嗳哂酂o效信息。做此類題時(shí)，宜采用“題干定全法”。即：先閱讀題干，然后根據(jù)問題要求，有針對性地閱讀相關(guān)部分快速尋找有效信息。 

   廣告是閱讀理解題?？嫉囊环N題材。廣告屬應(yīng)用文體。嚴(yán)格來說廣告屬快速尋找信息題。但是廣告有著其他快速尋找信息題不同的特點(diǎn)。廣告文體簡潔明快，省略了大量的詞語，達(dá)到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同時(shí)具有語言精練，形象性、鼓動(dòng)性強(qiáng)的良好效果。廣告閱讀題多為細(xì)節(jié)理解題，關(guān)鍵在于正確理解廣告內(nèi)容?？忌仨毦邆漭^強(qiáng)的語言運(yùn)用能力，熟悉文化背景，利用各種手段（如：補(bǔ)全、聯(lián)想、推測等）正確解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。通常運(yùn)用“補(bǔ)全成分法”和“聯(lián)想推測法”兩種方法來解讀廣告的內(nèi)容。做題方法同樣采用“題干定向法”。

（1）補(bǔ)全成分法

省略名在廣告體閱讀材料中大量出現(xiàn)，可以說廣告閱讀理解材料中大多數(shù)句子都是省略句。我們應(yīng)結(jié)合全文語境及邏輯關(guān)系將省略句補(bǔ)全，從而更加準(zhǔn)確地理解。如：Driver wanted. 根據(jù)文義，可將該句補(bǔ)充為：A driverwill be wanted. (招聘一名司機(jī))。

（2）聯(lián)想推測法

在些廣告時(shí)間、日期、地點(diǎn)、電話、票價(jià)等用了縮略詞，甚至一概沒有提及，這就需要考生前后連貫，充分想象，整體理解。搜尋已知信息，推斷語篇意義。

為節(jié)省篇幅，特別是在商業(yè)廣告中，常使用縮寫詞，盡管有些縮寫不太規(guī)范，但卻常用，常見的縮寫詞有：

Tel.=telephone number       

Ph.=phone          Add (r). =address

co.=company        Ltd=Limited

Max=maximum      Min=minimum

hr=hour             t=time

fig=figure           ft=foot     

ml=mile            doz=dozen

Mt=Mountain        P=page

prof.=professor       Dr. =doctor

s=south              n=north

w=west             Sta=Station        

pop=popular          vs=versus

Xmas=Christmas       info=information

VIP=veryimportant persons  hrs=hours

aft=after              ad=advertisement 

p/t=parttime          exp=experienced

PC=personal computer  MA=Master of Arts

BSdegree=bachelor's degree (學(xué)士學(xué)位)

例題：                                   

Welcome toAdventureland!

Everyone lovesAdventureland! The Parks and Exhibitions were built for you toexplore (探索) , enjoy, and admire their wonders. Every visitwill be an unforgettable experience. You will go away enriched,longing to come back. What are you going to do thistime?

The TravelPavilion

Explore places youhave never been to before, and experience different ways oflife.

Visit the Amazonjungle village, the Turkish market, the Tai floating market, theBerber mountain house and others. Talk to the people there who willtell you about their lives, and things they make. You can trymaking a carpet, making nets, fishing …

The FutureTower

This exhibitionshows how progress will touch our lives. It allows us to look intothe future and explore the cities of the next century and the waywe’ll be living then. Spend some time in our spacestation climb into our simulator (模擬裝置) for the Journey to Mars!

The NaturePark

This is not reallyone park but several.

In the Safari Parkyou can drive among African animals in one of our Range Cruisers;see lions, giraffes, elephants in the wild. Move on to the OceanPark to watch the dolphins and whales. And then there is still theAviary to see…

ThePyramid

This is the centerof Adventureland. Run out of film, need some postcards and stamps?For all these things and many more, visit our underground shoppingcentre. Come here for information and ideas too.

63. TheTravel Pavilion is built to help visitors ________.

A. realizethe importance of traveling

B. becomefamiliar with mountain countries

C. learnhow to make things such as fishing nets

D. learnsomething about different places in the world

64. If youare interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you mayvisit _____________.

A. theTravel Pavilion       B. the Future Tower

C. theSafari Park           D. the Pyramid

65. If youwant to get a toy lion to take home, where will you most likelygo?

A. ThePyramid            B. The Nature Park.

C. TheFuture Tower        D. The Travel Pavilion

答案與解析：63.選D。運(yùn)用“題干定向法”捕捉相關(guān)信息。根據(jù)The Travel Pavilion部分第一句“Explore places you have never been to before, andexperience different ways of life.”，便可知該活動(dòng)有助于游客了解世界各地風(fēng)情。

64.選B。根據(jù)The Future Tower這一標(biāo)題和內(nèi)容梗概，其中特別有一句“It allows us to look into the future and explorethe cities of the next century and the way we’ll be living then.”，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)只有該項(xiàng)能夠讓人們了解未來社會(huì)的發(fā)展。

65.選A。本題考察了考生信息尋找能力和細(xì)節(jié)處理能力。根據(jù)最后一段第二句告訴我們The Pyramid提供一些游客必須品。第三句則暗示The Pyramid是購買旅游紀(jì)念品的理想場所。

5.圖文轉(zhuǎn)換題

此類試題要求根據(jù)短文中的描寫找出相應(yīng)的圖形，或根據(jù)圖形選出相應(yīng)的文字?？刹捎谩拔淖宙i定法”，即找出描述圖形的句段，按“文”鎖“圖”，迅速鎖定相關(guān)圖形，或用“圖形標(biāo)示法”，在圖形中標(biāo)出相應(yīng)的內(nèi)容，以便做題。