1．that
that在定語從句中可以指人也可以指物，
在從句中作主語或賓語，但不能放在介詞后作介詞賓語。如：
The eggs that I bought yesterday were not fresh.我昨天買的雞蛋不新鮮。
I prefer dumplings that have just been cooked.
我更喜歡吃剛煮出來的餃子。
指物時(shí)that和which可以互換，但下面幾種情況通常用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，不能用which。
（l）當(dāng)先行詞有最高級修飾或本身就是最高級時(shí)。如：
This book is the most difficult one that I have ever read. 這本書是我所讀過的最難的一本書。
The best that I could do was to apologize
我能做的最好的事情就是道歉。
（2）當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾或本身就是序數(shù)詞時(shí)。如：
Here are two students，the third that you want is to come in a minute.這兒有兩個學(xué)生，你要的第三個學(xué)生一會兒就來。
The second school that I visited here was Yucai Middle School.我在這兒所參觀的第二所學(xué)校是育才中學(xué)。
（3）當(dāng)先行詞是all，something，anything,little,much，none等不定代詞時(shí)。如：
There is little that I can do to make up for the lost time.我沒有辦法彌補(bǔ)所丟失的時(shí)間。
All that is worth doing is worth doing well.
值得做的就值得做好。
（4）當(dāng)先行詞前有only，all，any，no等詞修飾時(shí)。如：
There are no people that things must not happen to.沒有人一生不出事。
The only thing that they could do was to sleep.
他們所能做的事就是睡覺。
（5）當(dāng)先行詞為表語時(shí)。如：
This is the school that I once studied at.
這就是我曾經(jīng)上學(xué)的學(xué)校。
My father is no longer the man that he was.
我爸爸已經(jīng)不是過去的樣子了。
（6）當(dāng)先行詞既含有人又含有物時(shí)。如：
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered in the school.
他們談?wù)撨€能記起的在學(xué)校里的人和事。
The man and manners that he describes in his book are familiar.
他書中所描述的人以及所用的手法都很熟悉。
（7）句中有兩個定語從句，其中第一個從句的關(guān)系代詞已用了who或which時(shí)，第二個定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用that。如：
Our English teacher is the man who is talking with the girl that is in red.我們的英語老師就是那位男子，他在和穿紅衣服的女孩談話。
We built a factory which produces fertilizer that is badly needed.
我們修建了一個工廠，生產(chǎn)急需的化肥。
（8）在以who開頭的疑問句中。如：
Who is the boy that is standing at the gate？
門口站的那個男孩是誰？
Who was she that he danced with?
和他跳舞的那個女士是誰？
2.which
which在定語從句中指物，作主語，動詞賓語或介詞賓語。如：
This is the reference book which you want.
這就是你要的那本參考書。
The building which stands near the river is our school.河邊的那所建筑物是我們學(xué)校。
下面幾種情況通常用which，不用that。
（l）關(guān)系代詞在介詞后面時(shí)。如：
This is the chair on which I sat just now.。
這就是我剛才坐的那把椅子。
That is the house in which we lived last year.
那就是去年我們住的房子。
如果要用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，則介詞不能放在前面，只能放在從句中相關(guān)動詞的后面。在含有介詞的固定短語動詞中，介詞不能提前。 |
（2）在非限定性定語從句中。如：
They are hollow, which makes them very light.．
它們是空的，這使得它們很輕。
The book,which was written in 1994, was published in 1996.
1994年寫的那本書，1996年才出版。
（3）先行詞為that時(shí)。如：
What's that which you are looking at?
你們正在看什么？
What's that which you are holding in your hands?你手里拿的什么？
3．who,whom,whose
who，whom指人，在從句中作主語、賓語。whose既可指人，也可指物，在從句中作定語。
如：
The professor who comes from Beijing University is famous.．
從北京大學(xué)來的那位教授是很著名的。
The writer whom we met in the street gave us a lecture last month.我們在街上碰到的那位作家上個月給我們作過一次報(bào)告。
The bike whose bell doesn't work is mine.
那輛鈴不響的車子是我的。
4.as
（l）as作代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，主要用于the same as ,the same…as或such…as 結(jié)構(gòu)中，這時(shí)as 相當(dāng)于who或which。如：
The house is just the same as it used to be.
這所房子和過去沒什么差別。
Such people as you are talking about will surely succeed.你說的這種人肯定會成功的。
（2）引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)，它指的是主句所表達(dá)的整個內(nèi)容。這種從句表示談話人對談話內(nèi)容的看法或態(tài)度，可以放在句首，句中或句末。如：
Mike,as you know, is a good man.
如你所知，邁克是個好人。
The elephant is like a snak，as anybody can see.任何人都能看到，大象像條蛇。
which和as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的區(qū)
別。
Which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句：
（l）只代替主句的部分內(nèi)容。
（2）可代替主句的全部內(nèi)容。
（3）代替主句中表物或事的一個名詞或詞組，且對其進(jìn)行說明。
（4）當(dāng)定語從句為復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，且關(guān)系詞為賓語時(shí)。
（5）定語從句為否定句時(shí)。
（6）定語從句為主動句，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作主語時(shí)。
as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。
（l）可放在主句前，也可放在主句后。
（2）表達(dá)“正如，就像”意義時(shí)。
（3）從句謂語為know,explain, say, expect, imagine, show, report, announce, point out時(shí)。
（4）在從句中作表語，且只代替主句的表語時(shí)。
另外，當(dāng)從句內(nèi)容對主句內(nèi)容有消極作用或含義不一致時(shí)，常用which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句；如果語意一致，則常用as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。
5．when, where, why
when，where，why分別表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)和原因，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語和原因狀語。如：
I will nevre forget the day when I joined the Party.我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我入黨的那一天。
One morning an elephant was led down the road where they stood.一天早晨，一頭大象從他們所站的那條路上被趕過去。
We don`t know the reason why they didn't complete their production plan according to the schedule.我們不知道他們?yōu)槭裁礇]有按計(jì)劃完成生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。
Do you still remember the days______ we worked together?
Do you still remember the days______ we spent together?
Do you still remember the place______ my mother once worked?
Do you still remember the place______ we visited that year?
Do you still remember the place______ we spent our holidays?
能否用when和where引導(dǎo)定語從句，需要判斷從句謂語動詞是及物動詞還是不及物動詞。如果從句謂語動詞為不及物動詞，用when和where引導(dǎo)定語從句，它們分別在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語。如果謂語動詞為及物動詞，用which或that引導(dǎo)定語從句，在從句中作賓語。 |
6．關(guān)系代詞whom, which在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞一般放在whom,which之前。介詞由兩方面來確定。
（l）根據(jù)動詞和介詞的搭配來確定。如：
This is the house in which we lived last year．
這就是我們?nèi)ツ曜〉姆孔印?/p>
There comes the man about whom we just talked.我們剛才談?wù)摰哪莻€人過來了。
（2）根據(jù)從句的意思來確定。如：
He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.他建造了一個望遠(yuǎn)鏡，通過這個望遠(yuǎn)鏡他就能觀察天體。
Wei Hua，with whom I palyed pingpong yesterday, is not here now.和我昨天一起打乒乓球的魏華現(xiàn)在不在這兒。
7．定語從句的兩個特殊句型
（l）Is this school we visited that year?
Is the school we visited that year?
Is this the school we visited that year?這就是我們那年參觀過的那所學(xué)校嗎？
前兩個句子無先行詞，應(yīng)先加上先行詞the one。第三個句子用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，因?yàn)閠he school在主句中作表語，先行詞為表語時(shí)，用that引導(dǎo)定語從句。并且從句謂語為及物動詞，不能用where。
（2）He is one of the students who are from the south.他是從南方來的學(xué)生之一。
He is the only one of the students（the only
student） who is from the south．
他是唯一的一個從南方來的學(xué)生。
第一句中先行詞為 the students，定語從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。第二句中先行詞為theonly one，所以定語從句的謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
