題 名 作 者 喻劍利 作者單位 吉林大學(xué),行政學(xué)院,長(zhǎng)春市 130012 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 行政管理 指導(dǎo)教師 張創(chuàng)新, 學(xué)位級(jí)別 303 館藏索取號(hào) 3020045 中文文摘 我國(guó)正在建設(shè)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì),提高管理水平極為重要。要充實(shí)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的管理理論與經(jīng)驗(yàn),學(xué)習(xí)了解德魯克的目標(biāo)管理理論是一個(gè)較好的選擇。一、德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論產(chǎn)生的背景彼得·德魯克(Peter .F. Drucker又譯為彼得·杜拉克),是當(dāng)代美國(guó)著名的管理學(xué)家。德魯克被公認(rèn)為目標(biāo)管理理論的創(chuàng)始人。1954年德魯克在《管理實(shí)踐》一書(shū)中首次提出目標(biāo)管理的概念,并對(duì)之不斷加以完善。德魯克傳奇式的經(jīng)歷對(duì)他理論的形成有很大影響。德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論是現(xiàn)代管理理論不斷發(fā)展,并適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化大生產(chǎn)的結(jié)果。同時(shí)它也是美國(guó)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力和生產(chǎn)關(guān)系不斷發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物。二、德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論淵源(一)泰勒的科學(xué)管理理論泰勒主張明確劃分計(jì)劃職能與執(zhí)行職能,改變傳統(tǒng)的工作方法。計(jì)劃職能與執(zhí)行職能的分開(kāi),為確立目標(biāo),實(shí)行目標(biāo)管理奠定了基礎(chǔ)。泰勒還提出,必須建立良好的管理目標(biāo),根據(jù)目標(biāo)分工協(xié)作,這與目標(biāo)管理的內(nèi)容有好多相似之處。泰勒在組織機(jī)構(gòu)的管理控制上實(shí)行例外原則。在目標(biāo)管理過(guò)程中,同樣根據(jù)例外原則,組織成員自我管理與自我控制,上級(jí)只過(guò)問(wèn)重大問(wèn)題。(二)專(zhuān)門(mén)化理論專(zhuān)門(mén)化理論為制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和目標(biāo)提供了條件。目標(biāo)管理理論是在專(zhuān)門(mén)化理論的基礎(chǔ)上產(chǎn)生,這就要求組織的總目標(biāo)必須分解為各部門(mén)的分目標(biāo),構(gòu)成一個(gè)目標(biāo)體系才能實(shí)現(xiàn)管理的高效率。(三)y理論麥格雷戈認(rèn)為y理論是關(guān)于人性和人類(lèi)動(dòng)機(jī)的更恰當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè)。人是“社會(huì)人”,人并非天生厭惡工作,愿意有所成就。影響人的積極性的因素,除了物質(zhì)因素,還有社會(huì)因素和心理因素。德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論要求以y理論看待組織成員,實(shí)行自我管理與自我控制。(四)授權(quán)理論所謂授權(quán)是上級(jí)把一定的決策權(quán)力授予部屬以利任務(wù)的完成。目標(biāo)制定后,就必須授予下屬適當(dāng)?shù)臋?quán)力,否則難以完成任務(wù)。因此授權(quán)是提高目標(biāo)管理效果的關(guān)鍵。從某種意義上說(shuō),目標(biāo)管理就是授權(quán)的一種形式。 (五)激勵(lì)理論實(shí)行目標(biāo)管理的根本目的,在于發(fā)揮目標(biāo)的激勵(lì)作用,調(diào)動(dòng)人的積極性,以實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的目標(biāo)。因此,激勵(lì)理論是目標(biāo)管理的重要理論基礎(chǔ)之一。目標(biāo)管理理論根據(jù)人的需要制定目標(biāo),并把組織目標(biāo)和個(gè)人目標(biāo)結(jié)合起來(lái),引導(dǎo)人們?nèi)?shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)。三、德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論的基本內(nèi)容(一)目標(biāo)管理的基本概念1、目標(biāo)。德魯克認(rèn)為目標(biāo)是企業(yè)的基本戰(zhàn)略。我們可以把組織的目標(biāo)概括為“想要達(dá)到的境地或標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。2、目標(biāo)管理。德魯克指出“所謂目標(biāo)管理就是管理‘目標(biāo)’,也是依據(jù)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行的‘管理’。”德魯克強(qiáng)調(diào)的是企業(yè)中的目標(biāo)管理,但是他指出包括政府在內(nèi)的公共機(jī)關(guān)同樣需要目標(biāo)管理。政府要取得績(jī)效,必須根據(jù)目標(biāo)進(jìn)行管理。總的來(lái)看,所謂目標(biāo)管理就是一個(gè)組織的上級(jí)和下級(jí)管理人員共同制定一系列目標(biāo),該目標(biāo)應(yīng)同每個(gè)人的工作成果相聯(lián)系,通過(guò)確立目標(biāo),規(guī)定他的主要職責(zé)范圍,并用這些目標(biāo)作為經(jīng)營(yíng)一個(gè)組織和評(píng)價(jià)每一個(gè)成員的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。目標(biāo)管理的概念可以從以下幾方面來(lái)理解:(1)目標(biāo)管理是參與管理的一種形式。(2)強(qiáng)調(diào)自我管理與自我控制。(3)促使下放權(quán)力。(4)注重成果的管理。(二)目標(biāo)管理實(shí)施的先決條件1、高層管理人員的積極參與。2、下級(jí)人員的參加。3、有充分的信息交流。4、對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的手段有控制權(quán)。5、對(duì)為實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而勇于承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的組織成員予以保護(hù)和激勵(lì)。6、對(duì)組織成員有信心。(三)目標(biāo)管理的實(shí)施概括地說(shuō),德魯克認(rèn)為目標(biāo)管理包括制定目標(biāo)、實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)和對(duì)成果進(jìn)行檢查和評(píng)價(jià)三個(gè)階段。這又 可分為七個(gè)步驟:(1)、對(duì)參加者的準(zhǔn)備工作。(2)、由高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)制定戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。(3)、由各級(jí)管理人員制定試探性的策略目標(biāo)(4)、上級(jí)和下級(jí)之間相互影響;對(duì)各種建議的反映。(5)、對(duì)各項(xiàng)目標(biāo)和評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)達(dá)成協(xié)議。(6)、在一般監(jiān)督下為實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)而進(jìn)行過(guò)程管理。(7)、對(duì)達(dá)到的成果進(jìn)行檢查和評(píng)價(jià)。四、德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論的應(yīng)用。德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論在世界上已廣為應(yīng)用。先是在美國(guó)企業(yè)和政府中廣泛使用,后來(lái)日本和西歐也相繼引入。我國(guó)自改革開(kāi)放以來(lái),工廠企業(yè)、政府等組織都有不少成功使用目標(biāo)管理理論的范例。(一)在企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用德魯克認(rèn)為目標(biāo)管理能促進(jìn)企業(yè)的繁榮和發(fā)展,我國(guó)很多企業(yè)采用目標(biāo)管理取得了良好的效果。本文以某機(jī)床廠的目標(biāo)管理為例,來(lái)說(shuō)明目標(biāo)管理在企業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。(二)在公共行政管理領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用目標(biāo)管理的理論和方法最初在企業(yè)中推廣,而后又在政府機(jī)構(gòu)中廣泛地應(yīng)用。我國(guó)不少政府部門(mén)采用了目標(biāo)管理理論,這對(duì)于改進(jìn)政府工作作風(fēng)、提高工作效率,起到了很好的作用。本文以河南省政府部門(mén)的目標(biāo)管理工作為例,來(lái)說(shuō)明目標(biāo)管理理論在公共行政管理領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用。五、德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論的簡(jiǎn)單評(píng)價(jià)(一)德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論的特點(diǎn)1、面向未來(lái)的管理。2、系統(tǒng)整體的管理。3、重視成果的管理。4、重視人的管理。(二)德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論的優(yōu)點(diǎn)1、提高管理水平。2、弄清組織結(jié)構(gòu)。3、促使人們?nèi)コ袚?dān)完成任務(wù)的責(zé)任。4、有助于開(kāi)展有效的控制活動(dòng)。(三)目標(biāo)管理理論的弱點(diǎn)1、很難認(rèn)清它的基本原理。2、不能及時(shí)把指導(dǎo)方針告訴目標(biāo)制定者。3、過(guò)于強(qiáng)調(diào)短期目標(biāo)。4、其他一些缺點(diǎn)。綜上所述,德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論是一種比較具體細(xì)致的管理理論和管理方法。它具有能提高管理水平等許多優(yōu)點(diǎn),也存在不夠靈活等缺點(diǎn)。德魯克目標(biāo)管理理論在企業(yè)、政府得以廣泛應(yīng)用,取得了不錯(cuò)的效果。我們應(yīng)對(duì)之加以深入的研究,并根據(jù)我國(guó)國(guó)情特點(diǎn)創(chuàng)造性地加以應(yīng)用,使之為我國(guó)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化服務(wù)。 英文文摘 Socialist market economy is being built in our country. It is very important to heighten the standard of management. In order to enrich the theory and experience of management in market economy, it is a better choice to learn and understand Drucker's theory of management by objective (MBO).Drucker is a famous American managerialist in present age. He is regarded as the founder of the theory of management by objective. Drucker posed the conception of management by objective in “The Practice Of Management”, and perfected it constantly. The creation of Drucker's theory of management by objective is a result of modern management theory's development and modern production. It is also the result of the development of productive forces and production relations' development in American. Drucker's theory of management by objective formed on the basis of the former theory. It mainly absorbed the content of scientific management theory and behavior science theory. (1) Taylor's scientific management theory. Taylor advocated the division of the plan and the performance. It makes a base for the settlement of plan and performance of management by objective. Taylor put forward that good objective of management should be set up and farm-out by objective. There are the same contents as management by objective. Taylor carried out exception principle in management of organ. In course of management by objective organ's numbers execute self-management and self-control too. Superiors only control important problems according to exception principle. (2) Specialization theory. It provides the conditions for the drafting of standard and objective. Theory of MBO is based on the specialization theory. It demands that the total objective of the organ should be divided into the individual objective. And it forms a system of objectives to realize the high efficiency of management. (3) Y-theory. McGregor deemed that it was a suitable hypothesis on human's motives. Y-theory regards human as “social human”. It considers that the influence of positive factor of human is social factor and mental factor besides material conditions. Drucker's theory of management by objective request to treat member according to Y-theory and carry out self-management and self-control so as to give full play to members' potential force. (4) Delegation theory. It is the theory that superiors give subordinates some decision-making power in order to perform the task. After the objective having been made out, it is necessary to give subordinates appropriate power otherwise could not accomplish the aim of self-management and self-control. So the delegation is the key to heighten the result of management by objective. In certain sense, Drucker's theory of management by objective is the form of the delegation. (5) Stimulation theory. It sets up some appropriate objectives to meet the requirement of human in order to urge a person's motive of realizing objectives. Under the guide of the motive, people perform the behavior of objectives to fulfill the objective and to meet the demand. Drucker's theory of management by objective is based on this theory. It sets up objective according to people's demand and combines the objective of the organ with personal objective in order to guide people's behavior to accomplish integrate objective.Drucker's theory of management by objective mainly embraces follow basic contents: (1)The basic conception of MBO. Drucker thinks that the objective is strategy of the enterprise. To sum up, the objective is the standard or condition to accomplish in certain time and space. Drucker considers that management by objective is not only management of objective but also management by objective. Specially to say, Drucker's theory of management by objective is that superiors and subordinates draw up a series of objectives which are linked with the result. It prescribes their main duty by objectives and thinks of these objectives as the standards that run an organ and evaluate every member. We can understand the conception of management by objective from follow aspects: Management by objective is the form of participation management; stress self-management and self-control; urge to transfer power to low level; play stress on management of result. (2) The precondition of carrying out of MBO: positive participation of superiors; participation of subordinates; ample interchange of information; the control on the means of accomplishing the objective; protect and encourage the member who dare to undertake risk; trust in member of organ. (3)The execution of MBO.
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