第五天：
英語寫作一般包括一個開頭段、一至兩個擴展段和一個結(jié)尾段。開頭段和結(jié)尾段一般比擴展段短。各種段落的作用、特點和寫作方法如下所示。
A still tongue makes a wise head.——沉默者有智慧。
一、開頭段
【芝麻開門】
開頭段一定要語言精練，并且直接切入主題。開頭段一般不對主題進(jìn)行深入的探討，具體的論證或敘述應(yīng)該在擴展段進(jìn)行。一般在開頭段寫四、五句即可。
開頭段的作用：概括陳述主題，提出觀點或論點，表明寫作意圖。
【寫作要點】
寫開頭段時考生應(yīng)該避免的若干問題:
1) 開頭偏離主題太遠(yuǎn)；
2) 使用抱歉或埋怨之詞句；
3) 內(nèi)容不具體，言之無物；
4) 使用不言自明的陳述。
【方法例釋】
寫作文時，好多考生也是覺得開頭難，其實，寫開頭段有多種表達(dá)方法，如主題句法、提問法、引語法、數(shù)據(jù)法、背景法、定義法，等等，下面分別講解開頭的幾種展開方法:
1.主題句法：開篇點明主題，用主題句，然后圍繞主題內(nèi)容進(jìn)行發(fā)展。例如：
Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. T
2.提問法：提出有爭議或探討性的具體問題，然后加以簡要回答或展開引導(dǎo)性簡短討論。例如：
What do you want from your wor
3.引語法：使用引語(use a quotation)：使用一段名人名言，或人們常用的諺語、習(xí)語，以確定文章的寫作范圍和方向。例如：
“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them.” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.
4.數(shù)據(jù)法：使用具體詳實的數(shù)字或數(shù)據(jù)，然后作出概括性分析，指明問題的癥結(jié)所在。例如：
In the past 5 years, there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.
5.背景法：給出背景，描述具體事件的時間、地點和發(fā)生背景等，例如：
Once in
6.定義法：針對討論的主題或問題加以定義，然后進(jìn)行深入探討。例如：
It is but a step from the sublime to the ridiculous.
從崇高到荒謬只有一步之遙。Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.
【他山之石】：開頭段常用核心句型
開頭段的常用核心句型，選一選適合你自己的“武器”：
1) The arguer may be right about..., but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that ....
2) Contrary to generally accepted views, I argue that....
3) There is an element of truth in this argument, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that....
4) It is true that ..., but this is not to say that....
5) The main / obvious problem with this argument is that it is blind to the basic fact that....
6) It would be natural / reasonable to think that..., but it would be absurd to claim that....
7) In all the discussion and debate over..., one important fact is generally overlooked / neglected.
8) There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that....
9) To assume that...is far from being proved.
10) A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless) it is.
11) On the surface (At first thought), it may seem an attractive idea, but on second thought, we find that....
12) Too much emphasis placed on...may obscure other facts....
13) The problem / fact is that....
14) However logical this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem.
15) As far as I am concerned, I believe that....
16) Although I appreciate that..., I cannot agree with ....
17) Those who object to ... argue that.... But people who favor..., on the other hand, argue that....
18) Currently, there is a general concern over....
19) Now it is widely acknowledged that.... But I wonder whether....
20) These days we often hear about ..., but is this really the case?
Ordinary people think merely of how they will spend time, a man of intellect tries to use it.
常人只想如何消磨時間，智者則努力利用時間。
二、中間段
【芝麻開門】
中間段是文章的正文，其作用是從不同的層面對文章主題進(jìn)行具體和詳實的解釋和論證。中間段的篇幅一般比開頭段和結(jié)尾段長，每段有相應(yīng)的主題句，說明主題思想的擴展句可以采用實例、數(shù)據(jù)或個人經(jīng)歷等寫作手段。不同種類的段落采用不同的擴展手段。
【寫作要點】
中間段的具體寫作要點如下：
1) 所涉及內(nèi)容應(yīng)該準(zhǔn)確、清楚，頗具說服力；
2) 段落中一定具備主題句；
3) 段落內(nèi)容應(yīng)該保持完整、統(tǒng)一，沒有說明不足之處或多余冗長的細(xì)節(jié)；
4) 內(nèi)容順序安排合理，邏輯性較強；
5) 段落之
6) 段落中討論的內(nèi)容主次分明，材料比例適當(dāng)；
7) 詞與句型運用合理并且有變化。
【方法例釋】
正如我們在第七天和第八天中所介紹的，段落展開的基本方法很多，這里簡要介紹三種中間段中常用的展開方法：列舉法、因果法、例證法。
1.列舉法：用來列舉一系列的原因、方法等等，使文章層次分明，眉清目秀，閱卷老師在疲憊不堪的狀態(tài)下，看到這樣的文章，往往會有種在清澈的小溪邊小憩片刻的感覺，手一抬，分就高。下面這篇例文寫的是“健身的幾種方法”，脈絡(luò)一目了然。例文如下：
There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how busy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so that we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instructions, we will certainly be in good health.
2.因果法：說明原因，論述事理。下面這篇作文講的是“漢堡受歡迎的原因”，第一段提出問題“為什么受歡迎呢？”接下來在說原因時，用到了上面的列舉法，只不過不是“first, second, finally”而是“first, then, besides that”，讓人感覺不落俗套。例文如下：
Anger begins with folly, ends in repentance.
憤怒以愚蠢開始，以后悔告終。 The hamburger is the most popular food item in the United States. Every year Americans consume billions of them. They are sold in expensive restaurants and in humble diners. They are cooked at home on the kitchen stove or over a barbecue grill in the backyard. Why are they so popular?
First, a hamburger is extremely easy to prepare. It is nothing more than a piece of ground beef, cooked for a few minutes. Then it is placed in a sliced bun. Nothing could be simpler. Even an unskilled cook can turn out hundreds of them in an hour. Besides that, the simple hamburger can be varied in many ways. You can melt some cheese on top of the beef to create a cheeseburger.
3.例證法：舉具體的事例來證明觀點，這是議論文最常用的方法，盡量找最能體現(xiàn)觀點的例子，具體點，微觀點，給人說服力。請看下面作者論證“不勞無獲”的觀點，用的是拳擊運動的例子。例文如下：
The saying “No pains, no gains” is universally accepted because of the plain yet ph
【他山之石】
中間段常用核心句型
中間段的常用核心句型，同樣是20句，任你選！
1) The change in...mainly results from ....
2) The increase in...is due to the fact that....
3) Many people would claim that....
4) One of the reasons given for...is that.... What is also worth noticing is that....
5) There are a variety of reasons for this dramatic growth in.... First, ... Second, ... Finally, ...
6) There is no evidence to suggest that....
7) Why are (is / do / did)...? For one thing, .... For another, ....
8) There are numerous reasons why..., and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones.
9) It will exert remarkable effect on....
10) A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to) the change in....
11) With the development of..., vast changes awaits this country’s society.
12) History is filled with the examples of....
13) The story is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples.
14) As is shown in the table released by the government, it can be learned that....
15) There is (no) good evidence to....
16) We must admit the undeniable fact that....
17) No one can deny (brush aside) the
18) Experience (Evidence) suggests that....
19) The same is true of....
20) As the saying goes, “....”
三、結(jié)尾段
【方法例釋】
結(jié)尾段要干脆利落，深化主題。結(jié)尾段的寫作方法很多，常用的有如下四種：
1.總結(jié)歸納：簡要總結(jié)歸納文章要點，以便深化主題印象。例如：
In conclu
2.重申主題：再次強調(diào)和確定文章開頭闡述的中心思想。例如：
Admittedly, science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution. But it has transformed the lives of millions of people. It has multiplied man’s energy, hopes, ambitions and understanding. It has elevated an
3.預(yù)測展望：立足當(dāng)前，放眼未來。例如：
It is time that the government should speak out against corruption and take strong action to punish whoever takes bribes or embezzles fund. For present official corruption, if permitted to continue, will not only tarnish the government’s popularity, but lead to its ultimate downfall.
4.提出建議：提出解決問題的途徑、方法或呼吁人們采取相應(yīng)的行動。例如：
College athletics plays such a vital role that it deserves close attention and persistent effort. It is suggested that physical training should be regarded as a required course wedged into college curricula, however crowded it may be, and that a fair share of college budget should be devoted to athletic pr
【他山之石】
結(jié)尾段的常用核心句型
He who commences many things finishes but a few.
樣樣都搞，完成者少。 開了個好頭，結(jié)尾也要漂漂亮亮。下面是結(jié)尾段的常用核心句型，總共歸納精選了20句。
1) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that ....
2) Judging from all evidence offered，we may safely come to the conclusion that
3) It is high time that we place great emphasis on the improvement of ....
4) It is high time t
5) There is no easy solution to the problem of ..., but ... might be useful.
6) Given the factors I have just outlined, I can only say that ....
7) Unless there is a common realization of ..., it is very likely that ....
8) There is no denying that serious attention must be called to the problem of ....
9) It is essential that effective measures should be taken to prevent the situation.
10) It is fundamental that effective actions should be taken to control the tendency.
11) It is suggested that great efforts should be made to control the growth of ....
12) It is hoped that great efforts should be focused on finding (developing / improving) ....
13) It remains to be seen whether ..., but the prospect is not quite encouraging.
14) It remains unknown whether ..., but the outlook is quite rosy.
15) Anyhow, wider education should be given to the possible consequences of ....
16) Anyway, more publicity should be given to the potential effects of ....
17) To reverse the trend is not a light task, and it requires a different state of mind towards ....
18) To control the tendency is not an easy job, and it involves a different state of attitude towards ....
19) For the reasons presented above, I strongly commit to the notion that ....
20) To put all into
Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.——勇氣和堅定是美德的精神與靈魂。
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