長難句是雅思、托福和考研英語等高級學(xué)術(shù)性英語考試的一大特色，具有相當(dāng)?shù)碾y度。本人在前面貼文中提出用三個步驟解析長難句，即，簡化結(jié)構(gòu)、回補(bǔ)成分和還原句子，方法簡單、實用并有效，可以快速準(zhǔn)確抓住句子的主干，找到謂語，進(jìn)而快速正確理解句子的核心及整個句子的意義。下面是關(guān)于利用三個步驟進(jìn)行長難句的解析，共五句，供各位參考。
第一句
原句：If we are to achieve medical advances for currently incurable diseases, the path forward must include fetal tissue research, for which continued public support is most critical at this time.
解析：
1. 簡化句子：
If we are to …, the path forward must include fetal tissue research, for which ….
簡化后的句子結(jié)構(gòu)為主從復(fù)合句，主句呈現(xiàn)主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)，主語是path，形容詞forward作后置定語，謂賓語是include fetal tissue research，if是連接詞引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，for which是介詞前置關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語從句。
2. 其它成分：
2.1．if we are to achieve medical advances for currently incurable diseases是狀語從句，謂語是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是動詞不定式短語to achieve medical advances for currently incurable diseases，其中advances帶有介詞短語for currently incurable diseases作定語。
2.2. … for which continued public support is most critical at this time是非限定性定語從句修飾主句的名詞research，主語是continued public support，謂語是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，兩個介詞短語at this time和for which作狀語，其中介詞for前置，關(guān)系代詞which即代指被修飾詞research，又在賓語從句中作介詞for的賓語。
3. 小結(jié)：
本句不太長，但比較復(fù)雜，如果語感好，還是比較容易理解。句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較平衡，長度相當(dāng)，介詞前置的定語從句比較特殊，值得作為典型句式學(xué)習(xí)運用。
第二句
原句：
The scientific community must evolve to meet new realities if it is to continue its path of growth and progress and address the world's most pressing problems.
解析：
1. 簡化句子：
The scientific community must evolve to meet new realities if…. 簡化后的句子為主從復(fù)合句，主句是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)帶動詞不定式作目的狀語，if引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句。
2. 其它成分：if it is to continue its path of growth and progress and address the world's most pressing problems是狀語從句，主語是代詞it，謂語是系表結(jié)構(gòu)，表語是由兩個并列動詞不定式短語構(gòu)成，其中第一個動詞不定式短語含有一個介詞短語of growth and progress作定語。
3. 小結(jié)：
本句比較特別之處是狀語從句中的作表語的兩個并列動詞不定式，第二個動詞address由于of growth and progress的分隔而造成一定的理解障礙。
第三句
原句：
The world scientific community must join forces with global institutions to pressure both governments to end the violence and human rights abuses, and to urge them to reconsider that their economic and social recovery and political stability can be paved in part by bolstering education and science.
解析：
1. 簡化句子：
The world scientific community must join forces …to pressure both governments…, and to urge them ….
簡化后的句子為簡單句，謂語是must join forces，含有兩個并列動詞不定式作目的狀語。
2. 其余成分：
2.1 The world scientific community must join forces with global institutions to pressure both governments to end the violence and human rights abuses, and to urge them to reconsider ….
回補(bǔ)后的句子中，介詞短語with global institutions作狀語修飾謂語join，狀語中的動詞pressure接賓語both governments和動詞不定式短語to end the violence and human rights abuses作補(bǔ)足語， 并列狀語中動詞urge同樣含有賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)them to reconsider…，其中省略部分是賓語從句。
2.2 … and to urge them to reconsider that their economic and social recovery and political stability can be paved in part by bolstering education and science動詞reconsider的賓語是that引導(dǎo)的從句，其中，主語是三個并列名詞，謂語是情態(tài)動詞和被動態(tài)動詞can be paved，介詞短語in part作狀語，由by引導(dǎo)的介詞接動名詞短語作方式狀語。
3. 小結(jié)：本句偏長且較復(fù)雜，句子結(jié)構(gòu)為主從復(fù)合句，主句的并列狀語動詞不定式短語都比較長，修飾成分多，形成信息點多，傳遞比較曲折，給語意理解造成較大障礙。本句是比較典型的長難句，可以反復(fù)進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練，以便快速確定主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，抓住句子主干，把握句子核心，培養(yǎng)語感。
第四句
原句：
As scientists who are members of academies that belong to the InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences, we are deeply troubled by these situations and call on the global scientific community to show solidarity with the academic communities in Nicaragua and Venezuela.
解析：
1. 簡化句子：
…, we are deeply troubled … and call on ….簡化后的句子為簡單句，含有兩個并列謂語，前一個是被動態(tài)，后一個是動詞詞組。
2. 其它成分：
2.1…, we are deeply troubled by these situations and call on the global scientific community to show solidarity with the academic communities in Nicaragua and Venezuela.回補(bǔ)后的成分中，介詞短語by these situations和被動態(tài)連用作方式狀語，動詞詞組call on接賓語the global scientific community和動詞不定式to show solidarity with the academic communities in Nicaragua and Venezuela作補(bǔ)足語，其中，前一個介詞短語with the academic communities作solidarity的定語，后一個介詞短語in Nicaragua and Venezuela作動詞show的狀語。
2.2 As scientists who are members of academies that belong to the InterAmerican Network of Academies of Sciences, we are ….回補(bǔ)后的句子中，介詞短語as scientists作狀語，而介詞賓語scientists帶有由關(guān)系代詞who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，其中，介詞短語of academies作定語修飾而后members，由關(guān)系代詞that引導(dǎo)的定語修飾academies。
3. 小結(jié)：本句比較長，關(guān)系也比較復(fù)雜，特別之處是scientists的定語很長，且定語套著定語，對于信息傳遞和理解造成較大的影響。
第五句
原句：
Just days after tying the knot, Cage sought an annulment on March 27, citing reasons that included being too drunk to understand his actions when he married Koike.
解析：
1. 簡化句子：
…, Cage sought an annulment …, ….簡化后的句子呈現(xiàn)極簡結(jié)構(gòu)：簡單句——主謂賓，即一個復(fù)雜句子的主干與核心，抓住了主干與核心，其它的就容易理解把握了。
2. 其它成分：
2.1 Just days after tying the knot, Cage sought an annulment on March 27, …把主句的簡單成分回補(bǔ)還原后，可以看到，just days after tying the knot是時間狀語，其中tying the knot是動名詞短語作介詞after的賓語；on March 27也是時間狀語。把兩個時間狀語分開是為了句子平衡，也是為了連接下一個狀語citing…。
2.2 Just days after tying the knot, Cage sought an annulment on March 27, citing reasons that included being too drunk to understand his actions …. 繼續(xù)回補(bǔ)成分還原句子，可以看到，citing…是現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，其賓語帶有由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，而定語從句中的賓語是動名詞being too … to do …結(jié)構(gòu)。
2.3 Just days after tying the knot, Cage sought an annulment on March 27, citing reasons that included being too drunk to understand his actions when he married Koike. 句子完全回補(bǔ)還原后，可以看到，由連接詞when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句從屬于前面的定語從句，但根據(jù)上下文，是修飾動名詞being，而非修飾謂語動詞include。
3. 小結(jié)：
本句雖然不算長，但狀語偏長，從句稍復(fù)雜，尤其是when引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的修飾對象需要根據(jù)上下文加以確定，有一定的難度。
