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NAME

more- file perusal filter for crt viewing ///[p??ru:z?l] v.翻閱、細(xì)讀

SYNOPSIS

more[-dlfpcsu][-num][+/ pattern][+ linenum][file ...]

DESCRIPTION

Moreis a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time. This versionis especially primitve. Users should realize thatless(1)providesmore(1)emulation and extensive enhancements.

OPTIONS

Command line options are described below.Options are also taken from the environment variableMORE(make sure to precede them with a dash (``-'')) but commandline options will override them.

-num: This option specifies an integer which is the screen size (in lines).
-d: morewill prompt the user with the message "[Press space to continue, 'q' toquit.]" and will display "[Press 'h' for instructions.]" instead of ringingthe bell when an illegal key is pressed.
-l: moreusually treats^L(form feed) as a special character, and will pause after any line thatcontains a form feed. The-loption will prevent this behavior.
-f: Causesmoreto count logical, rather than screen lines (i.e., long lines are notfolded).
-p: Do not scroll. Instead, clear the whole screen and then display the text.
-c: Do not scroll. Instead, paint each screen from the top, clearing theremainder of each line as it is displayed.
-s: Squeeze multiple blank lines into one.
-u: Suppress underlining.
+/: The+/option specifies a string that will be searched for beforeeach file is displayed.
+num: Start at line numbernum

COMMANDS

Interactive commands formoreare based onvi(1).Some commands may be preceded by a decimal number, called k in thedescriptions below.In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X.

h or ?: Help: display a summary of these commands.If you forget all the other commands, remember this one.
SPACE: Display next k lines of text. Defaults to current screen size. /// n SPACE跳n頁
z: Display next k lines of text. Defaults to current screen size. Argumentbecomes new default.
RETURN: Display next k lines of text. Defaults to 1. Argument becomes newdefault.
d or ^D: Scroll k lines. Default is current scroll size, initially 11. Argumentbecomes new default.
qorQorINTERRUPT: Exit.
s: Skip forward k lines of text. Defaults to 1.
f: Skip forward k screenfuls of text. Defaults to 1.
b or ^B: Skip backwards k screenfuls of text. Defaults to 1.Only works with files, not pipes.
: Go to place where previous search started.
=: Display current line number.
/ pattern: Search for kth occurrence of regular expression. Defaults to 1.
n: Search for kth occurrence of last r.e. Defaults to 1.
!<cmd> or :!<cmd>: Execute <cmd> in a subshell
v: Start up an editor at current line.The editor is taken from the environment variable VISUAL if defined,or EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined,or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor EDITOR is defined.
^L: Redraw screen
:n: Go to kth next file. Defaults to 1.
:p: Go to kth previous file. Defaults to 1.
:f: Display current file name and line number
.: Repeat previous command

ENVIRONMENT

Moreutilizes the following environment variables, if they exist:

MORE: This variable may be set with favored options tomore
SHELL: Current shell in use (normally set by the shell at login time).
TERM: Specifies terminal type, used by more to get the terminalcharacteristics necessary to manipulate the screen.

AUTHORS

Eric Shienbrood, UC Berkeley
Modified by Geoff Peck, UCB to add underlining, single spacing
Modified by John Foderaro, UCB to add -c and MORE environment variable

HISTORY

Themorecommand appeared inBSD 3.0This man page documentsmoreversion 5.19 (Berkeley 6/29/88), which is currently in use in the Linuxcommunity. Documentation was produced using several other versions of theman page, and extensive inspection of the source code.

NAME

less - opposite of more ///支持向上翻頁,pagedown/up,, ?字符串：向上搜，/字符串：向下

SYNOPSIS

less -?
less --help
less -V
less --version
less [-[+]aBcCdeEfFgGiIJLmMnNqQrRsSuUVwWX~]
[-b space] [-h lines] [-j line] [-k keyfile]
[-{oO} logfile] [-p pattern] [-P prompt] [-t tag]
[-T tagsfile] [-x tab,...] [-y lines] [-[z] lines]
[-# shift] [+[+]cmd] [--] [filename]...
(See the OPTIONS section for alternate option syntax with long option names.)

DESCRIPTION

Lessis a program similar tomore(1), but which allows backward movementin the file as well as forward movement.Also,lessdoes not have to read the entire input file before starting,so with large input files it starts up faster than text editors likevi(1).Lessuses termcap (or terminfo on some systems),so it can run on a variety of terminals.There is even limited support for hardcopy terminals.(On a hardcopy terminal, lines which should be printed at the topof the screen are prefixed with a caret.)

Commands are based on bothmoreandvi.Commands may be preceded by a decimal number,called N in the descriptions below.The number is used by some commands, as indicated.

COMMANDS

In the following descriptions, ^X means control-X.ESC stands for the ESCAPE key; for example ESC-v means thetwo character sequence "ESCAPE", then "v".

h or H

Help: display a summary of these commands.If you forget all the other commands, remember this one.

SPACE or ^V or f or ^F

Scroll forward N lines, default one window (see option -z below).If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character.

z

Like SPACE, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size.

ESC-SPACE

Like SPACE, but scrolls a full screenful, even if it reachesend-of-file in the process.

RETURN or ^N or e or ^E or j or ^J

Scroll forward N lines, default 1.The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.

d or ^D

Scroll forward N lines, default one half of the screen size.If N is specified, it becomes the new default forsubsequent d and u commands.

b or ^B or ESC-v

Scroll backward N lines, default one window (see option -z below).If N is more than the screen size, only the final screenful is displayed.

w

Like ESC-v, but if N is specified, it becomes the new window size.

y or ^Y or ^P or k or ^K

Scroll backward N lines, default 1.The entire N lines are displayed, even if N is more than the screen size.Warning: some systems use ^Y as a special job control character.

u or ^U

Scroll backward N lines, default one half of the screen size.If N is specified, it becomes the new default forsubsequent d and u commands.

ESC-) or RIGHTARROW

Scroll horizontally right N characters, default half the screen width(see the -# option).If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROWand LEFTARROW commands.While the text is scrolled, it acts as though the -S option(chop lines) were in effect.

ESC-( or LEFTARROW

Scroll horizontally left N characters, default half the screen width(see the -# option).If a number N is specified, it becomes the default for future RIGHTARROWand LEFTARROW commands.

r or ^R or ^L

Repaint the screen.

R

Repaint the screen, discarding any buffered input.Useful if the file is changing while it is being viewed.

F

Scroll forward, and keep trying to read when theend of file is reached.Normally this command would be used when already at the end of the file.It is a way to monitor the tail of a file which is growingwhile it is being viewed.(The behavior is similar to the "tail -f" command.)

g or < or ESC-<

Go to line N in the file, default 1 (beginning of file).(Warning: this may be slow if N is large.)

G or > or ESC->

Go to line N in the file, default the end of the file.(Warning: this may be slow if N is large,or if N is not specified andstandard input, rather than a file, is being read.)

p or %

Go to a position N percent into the file.N should be between 0 and 100.

{

If a left curly bracket appears in the top line displayedon the screen,the { command will go to the matching right curly bracket.The matching right curly bracket is positioned on the bottomline of the screen.If there is more than one left curly bracket on the top line,a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line.

}

If a right curly bracket appears in the bottom line displayedon the screen,the } command will go to the matching left curly bracket.The matching left curly bracket is positioned on the topline of the screen.If there is more than one right curly bracket on the top line,a number N may be used to specify the N-th bracket on the line.

(

Like {, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets.

)

Like }, but applies to parentheses rather than curly brackets.

[

Like {, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets.

]

Like }, but applies to square brackets rather than curly brackets.

ESC-^F

Followed by two characters,acts like {, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets,respectively.For example, "ESC ^F < >" could be used togo forward to the > which matches the < in the top displayed line.

ESC-^B

Followed by two characters,acts like }, but uses the two characters as open and close brackets,respectively.For example, "ESC ^B < >" could be used togo backward to the < which matches the > in the bottom displayed line.

m

Followed by any lowercase letter,marks the current position with that letter.

'

(Single quote.)Followed by any lowercase letter, returns to the position whichwas previously marked with that letter.Followed by another single quote, returns to the position atwhich the last "large" movement command was executed.Followed by a ^ or $, jumps to the beginning or end of thefile respectively.Marks are preserved when a new file is examined,so the ' command can be used to switch between input files.

^X^X

Same as single quote.

/pattern

Search forward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern.N defaults to 1.The pattern is a regular expression, as recognized byed.The search starts at the second line displayed(but see the -a and -j options, which change this).

Certain characters are specialif entered at the beginning of the pattern;they modify the type of search rather than become part of the pattern:

^N or !: Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern.
^E or *: Search multiple files.That is, if the search reaches the END of the current filewithout finding a match,the search continues in the next file in the command line list.
^F or @: Begin the search at the first line of the FIRST filein the command line list,regardless of what is currently displayed on the screenor the settings of the -a or -j options.
^K: Highlight any text which matches the pattern on the current screen,but don't move to the first match (KEEP current position).
^R: Don't interpret regular expression metacharacters;that is, do a simple textual comparison.

pattern

Search backward in the file for the N-th line containing the pattern.The search starts at the line immediately before the top line displayed.

Certain characters are special as in the / command:

^N or !: Search for lines which do NOT match the pattern.
^E or *: Search multiple files.That is, if the search reaches the beginning of the current filewithout finding a match,the search continues in the previous file in the command line list.
^F or @: Begin the search at the last line of the last filein the command line list,regardless of what is currently displayed on the screenor the settings of the -a or -j options.
^K: As in forward searches.
^R: As in forward searches.

ESC-/pattern

Same as "/*".

ESC-?pattern

Same as "?*".

n

Repeat previous search, for N-th line containing the last pattern.If the previous search was modified by ^N, the search is made for theN-th line NOT containing the pattern.If the previous search was modified by ^E, the search continuesin the next (or previous) file if not satisfied in the current file.If the previous search was modified by ^R, the search is donewithout using regular expressions.There is no effect if the previous search was modified by ^F or ^K.

N

Repeat previous search, but in the reverse direction.

ESC-n

Repeat previous search, but crossing file boundaries.The effect is as if the previous search were modified by *.

ESC-N

Repeat previous search, but in the reverse directionand crossing file boundaries.

ESC-u

Undo search highlighting.Turn off highlighting of strings matching the current search pattern.If highlighting is already off because of a previous ESC-u command,turn highlighting back on.Any search command will also turn highlighting back on.(Highlighting can also be disabled by toggling the -G option;in that case search commands do not turn highlighting back on.)

:e [filename]

Examine a new file.If the filename is missing, the "current" file (see the :n and :p commandsbelow) from the list of files in the command line is re-examined.A percent sign (%) in the filename is replaced by the name of thecurrent file.A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file.However, two consecutive percent signs are simplyreplaced with a single percent sign.This allows you to enter a filename that contains a percent signin the name.Similarly, two consecutive pound signs are replaced with a single pound sign.The filename is inserted into the command line list of filesso that it can be seen by subsequent :n and :p commands.If the filename consists of several files, they are all inserted intothe list of files and the first one is examined.If the filename contains one or more spaces,the entire filename should be enclosed in double quotes(also see the -" option).

^X^V or E

Same as :e.Warning: some systems use ^V as a special literalization character.On such systems, you may not be able to use ^V.

:n

Examine the next file (from the list of files given in the command line).If a number N is specified, the N-th next file is examined.

:p

Examine the previous file in the command line list.If a number N is specified, the N-th previous file is examined.

:x

Examine the first file in the command line list.If a number N is specified, the N-th file in the list is examined.

:d

Remove the current file from the list of files.

t

Go to the next tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag.See the -t option for more details about tags.

T

Go to the previous tag, if there were more than one matches for the current tag.

= or ^G or :f

Prints some information about the file being viewed,including its nameand the line number and byte offset of the bottom line being displayed.If possible, it also prints the length of the file,the number of lines in the fileand the percent of the file above the last displayed line.

-

Followed by one of the command line option letters (see OPTIONS below),this will change the setting of that optionand print a message describing the new setting.If a ^P (CONTROL-P) is entered immediately after the dash,the setting of the option is changed but no message is printed.If the option letter has a numeric value (such as -b or -h),or a string value (such as -P or -t),a new value may be entered after the option letter.If no new value is entered, a message describingthe current setting is printed and nothing is changed.

--

Like the - command, but takes a long option name (see OPTIONS below)rather than a single option letter.You must press RETURN after typing the option name.A ^P immediately after the second dash suppresses printing of amessage describing the new setting, as in the - command.

-+

Followed by one of the command line option lettersthis will reset the option to its default settingand print a message describing the new setting.(The "-+X" command does the same thingas "-+X" on the command line.)This does not work for string-valued options.

--+

Like the -+ command, but takes a long option namerather than a single option letter.

-!

Followed by one of the command line option letters,this will reset the option to the "opposite" of its default settingand print a message describing the new setting.This does not work for numeric or string-valued options.

--!

Like the -! command, but takes a long option namerather than a single option letter.

_

(Underscore.)Followed by one of the command line option letters,this will print a message describing the current setting of that option.The setting of the option is not changed.

__

(Double underscore.)Like the _ (underscore) command, but takes a long option namerather than a single option letter.You must press RETURN after typing the option name.

+cmd

Causes the specified cmd to be executed each time a new file is examined.For example, +G causeslessto initially display each file starting at the endrather than the beginning.

V

Prints the version number ofless being run.

q or Q or :q or :Q or ZZ

Exitsless.

The followingfourcommands may or may not be valid, depending on your particular installation.

v: Invokes an editor to edit the current file being viewed.The editor is taken from the environment variable VISUAL if defined,or EDITOR if VISUAL is not defined,or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL nor EDITOR is defined.See also the discussion of LESSEDIT under the section on PROMPTS below.
! shell-command: Invokes a shell to run the shell-command given.A percent sign (%) in the command is replaced by the name of thecurrent file.A pound sign (#) is replaced by the name of the previously examined file."!!" repeats the last shell command."!" with no shell command simply invokes a shell.On Unix systems, the shell is taken from the environment variable SHELL,or defaults to "sh".On MS-DOS and OS/2 systems, the shell is the normal command processor.
| <m> shell-command: <m> represents any mark letter.Pipes a section of the input file to the given shell command.The section of the file to be piped is between the first line onthe current screen and the position marked by the letter.<m> may also be ^ or $ to indicate beginning or end of file respectively.If <m> is . or newline, the current screen is piped.
s filename: Save the input to a file.This only works if the input is a pipe, not an ordinary file.

OPTIONS

Command line options are described below.Most options may be changed whileless is running, via the "-" command.

Most options may be given in one of two forms:either a dash followed by a single letter,or two dashes followed by a long option name.A long option name may be abbreviated as long asthe abbreviation is unambiguous.For example, --quit-at-eof may be abbreviated --quit, but not--qui, since both --quit-at-eof and --quiet begin with --qui.Some long option names are in uppercase, such as --QUIT-AT-EOF, asdistinct from --quit-at-eof.Such option names need only have their first letter capitalized;the remainder of the name may be in either case.For example, --Quit-at-eof is equivalent to --QUIT-AT-EOF.

Options are also taken from the environment variable "LESS".For example,to avoid typing "less -options ..." each timeless is invoked, you might tellcsh:

setenv LESS "-options"

or if you usesh:

LESS="-options"; export LESS

On MS-DOS, you don't need the quotes, but you should replace anypercent signs in the options string by double percent signs.

The environment variable is parsed before the command line,so command line options override the LESS environment variable.If an option appears in the LESS variable, it can be resetto its default value on the command line by beginning the commandline option with "-+".

For options like -P or -D which take a following string,a dollar sign ($) must be used to signal the end of the string.For example, to set two -D options on MS-DOS, you must havea dollar sign between them, like this:

LESS="-Dn9.1$-Ds4.1"

-? or --help

This option displays a summary of the commands accepted byless(the same as the h command).(Depending on how your shell interprets the question mark,it may be necessary to quote the question mark, thus: "-\?".)

-a or --search-skip-screen

Causes searches to start after the last linedisplayed on the screen,thus skipping all lines displayed on the screen.By default, searches start at the second line on the screen(or after the last found line; see the -j option).

-bn or --buffers=n

Specifies the amount of buffer spacelesswill use for each file, in units of kilobytes (1024 bytes).By default 64K of buffer space is used for each file(unless the file is a pipe; see the -B option).The -b option specifies instead that n kilobytes ofbuffer space should be used for each file.If n is -1, buffer space is unlimited; that is,the entire file is read into memory.

-B or --auto-buffers

By default, when data is read from a pipe,buffers are allocated automatically as needed.If a large amount of data is read from the pipe, this can causea large amount of memory to be allocated.The -B option disables this automatic allocation of buffers for pipes,so that only 64K(or the amount of space specified by the -b option)is used for the pipe.Warning: use of -B can result in erroneous display, since only themost recently viewed part of the file is kept in memory;any earlier data is lost.

-c or --clear-screen

Causes full screen repaints to be painted from the top line down.By default,full screen repaints are done by scrolling from the bottom of the screen.

-C or --CLEAR-SCREEN

The -C option is like -c, but the screen is cleared before it is repainted.

-d or --dumb

The -d option suppresses the error messagenormally displayed if the terminal is dumb;that is, lacks some important capability,such as the ability to clear the screen or scroll backward.The -d option does not otherwise change the behavior oflesson a dumb terminal.

-Dxcolor or --color=xcolor

[MS-DOS only]Sets the color of the text displayed.x is a single character which selects the type of text whose color isbeing set: n=normal, s=standout, d=bold, u=underlined, k=blink.color is a pair of numbers separated by a period.The first number selects the foreground color and the second selectsthe background color of the text.A single number N is the same as N.0.

-e or --quit-at-eof

Causesless to automatically exitthe second time it reaches end-of-file.By default, the only way to exitlessis via the "q" command.

-E or --QUIT-AT-EOF

Causeslessto automatically exit the first time it reaches end-of-file.

-f or --force

Forces non-regular files to be opened.(A non-regular file is a directory or a device special file.)Also suppresses the warning message when a binary file is opened.By default,lesswill refuse to open non-regular files.

-F or --quit-if-one-screen

Causeslessto automatically exitif the entire file can be displayed on the first screen.

-g or --hilite-search

Normally,less will highlight ALL strings which match the last search command.The -g option changes this behavior to highlight only the particular stringwhich was found by the last search command.This can causeless to run somewhat faster than the default.

-G or --HILITE-SEARCH

The -G option suppresses all highlighting of strings found by search commands.

-hn or ---max-back-scroll=n

Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll backward.If it is necessary to scroll backward more than n lines,the screen is repainted in a forward direction instead.(If the terminal does not have the ability to scrollbackward, -h0 is implied.)

-i or --ignore-case

Causes searches to ignore case; that is,uppercase and lowercase are considered identical.This option is ignored if any uppercase lettersappear in the search pattern;in other words,if a pattern contains uppercase letters, then that search does not ignore case.

-I or --IGNORE-CASE

Like -i, but searches ignore case even ifthe pattern contains uppercase letters.

-jn or --jump-target=n

Specifies a line on the screen where the "target" lineis to be positioned.A target line is the object of a text search,tag search, jump to a line number,jump to a file percentage, or jump to a marked position.The screen line is specified by a number: the top line on the screenis 1, the next is 2, and so on.The number may be negative to specify a line relative to the bottomof the screen: the bottom line on the screen is -1, the secondto the bottom is -2, and so on.If the -j option is used, searches begin at the line immediatelyafter the target line.For example, if "-j4" is used, the target line is thefourth line on the screen, so searches begin at the fifth lineon the screen.

-J or --status-column

Displays a status column at the left edge of the screen.The status column shows the lines that matched the current search.The status column is also used if the -w or -W option is in effect.

-kfilename or --lesskey-file=filename

Causeslessto open and interpret the named file as alesskey(1) file.Multiple -k options may be specified.If the LESSKEY or LESSKEY_SYSTEM environment variable is set, orif a lesskey file is found in a standard place (see KEY BINDINGS),it is also used as alesskeyfile.

-L or --no-lessopen

Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable(see the INPUT PREPROCESSOR section below).This option can be set from within less,but it will apply only to files opened subsequently, not to thefile which is currently open.

-m or --long-prompt

Causeslessto prompt verbosely (like more),with the percent into the file.By default,lessprompts with a colon.

-M or --LONG-PROMPT

Causeslessto prompt even more verbosely thanmore.

-n or --line-numbers

Suppresses line numbers.The default (to use line numbers) may causelessto run more slowly in some cases, especially with a very large input file.Suppressing line numbers with the -n option will avoid this problem.Using line numbers means: the line number will be displayed in the verboseprompt and in the = command,and the v command will pass the current line number to the editor(see also the discussion of LESSEDIT in PROMPTS below).

-N or --LINE-NUMBERS

Causes a line number to be displayed at the beginning ofeach line in the display.

-ofilename or --log-file=filename

Causeslessto copy its input to the named file as it is being viewed.This applies only when the input file is a pipe,not an ordinary file.If the file already exists,lesswill ask for confirmation before overwriting it.

-Ofilename or --LOG-FILE=filename

The -O option is like -o, but it will overwrite an existingfile without asking for confirmation.

If no log file has been specified,the -o and -O options can be used from withinlessto specify a log file.Without a file name, they will simply report the name of the log file.The "s" command is equivalent to specifying -o from withinless.

-ppattern or --pattern=pattern

The -p option on the command line is equivalent tospecifying +/pattern;that is, it tellslessto start at the first occurrence of pattern in the file.

-Pprompt or --prompt=prompt

Provides a way to tailor the three promptstyles to your own preference.This option would normally be put in the LESS environmentvariable, rather than being typed in with eachlesscommand.Such an option must either be the last option in the LESS variable,or be terminated by a dollar sign.-Ps followed by a string changes the default (short) promptto that string.-Pm changes the medium (-m) prompt.-PM changes the long (-M) prompt.-Ph changes the prompt for the help screen.-P= changes the message printed by the = command.-Pw changes the message printed while waiting for data (in the F command).All prompt strings consist of a sequence ofletters and special escape sequences.See the section on PROMPTS for more details.

-q or --quiet or --silent

Causes moderately "quiet" operation:the terminal bell is not rungif an attempt is made to scroll past the end of the fileor before the beginning of the file.If the terminal has a "visual bell", it is used instead.The bell will be rung on certain other errors,such as typing an invalid character.The default is to ring the terminal bell in all such cases.

-Q or --QUIET or --SILENT

Causes totally "quiet" operation:the terminal bell is never rung.

-r or --raw-control-chars

Causes "raw" control characters to be displayed.The default is to display control characters using the caret notation;for example, a control-A (octal 001) is displayed as "^A".Warning: when the -r option is used,lesscannot keep track of the actual appearance of the screen(since this depends on how the screen responds toeach type of control character).Thus, various display problems may result,such as long lines being split in the wrong place.

-R or --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS

Like -r, but tries to keep track of the screen appearance where possible.This works only if the input consists of normal text and possibly someANSI "color" escape sequences, which are sequences of the form:

ESC [ ... m

where the "..." is zero or more characters other than "m".For the purpose of keeping track of screen appearance,all control characters and all ANSI color escape sequences areassumed to not move the cursor.You can makelessthink that characters other than "m" can end ANSI color escape sequencesby setting the environment variable LESSANSIENDCHARS to the list ofcharacters which can end a color escape sequence.

-s or --squeeze-blank-lines

Causes consecutive blank lines to be squeezed into a single blank line.This is useful when viewingnroffoutput.

-S or --chop-long-lines

Causes lines longer than the screen width to bechopped rather than folded.That is, the portion of a long line that does not fit inthe screen width is not shown.The default is to fold long lines; that is, display the remainderon the next line.

-ttag or --tag=tag

The -t option, followed immediately by a TAG,will edit the file containing that tag.For this to work, tag information must be available;for example, there may be a file in the current directory called "tags",which was previously built byctags(1) or an equivalent command.If the environment variable LESSGLOBALTAGS is set, it is taken to bethe name of a command compatible withglobal(1), and that command is executed to find the tag.(See http://www.gnu.org/software/global/global.html).The -t option may also be specified from withinless (using the - command) as a way of examining a new file.The command ":t" is equivalent to specifying -t from withinless.

-Ttagsfile or --tag-file=tagsfile

Specifies a tags file to be used instead of "tags".

-u or --underline-special

Causes backspaces and carriage returns to be treated as printable characters;that is, they are sent to the terminal when they appear in the input.

-U or --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL

Causes backspaces, tabs and carriage returns to betreated as control characters;that is, they are handled as specified by the -r option.

By default, if neither -u nor -U is given,backspaces which appear adjacent to an underscore characterare treated specially:the underlined text is displayedusing the terminal's hardware underlining capability.Also, backspaces which appear between two identical charactersare treated specially:the overstruck text is printedusing the terminal's hardware boldface capability.Other backspaces are deleted, along with the preceding character.Carriage returns immediately followed by a newline are deleted.other carriage returns are handled as specified by the -r option.Text which is overstruck or underlined can be searched forif neither -u nor -U is in effect.

-V or --version

Displays the version number ofless.

-w or --hilite-unread

Temporarily highlights the first "new" line after a forward movementof a full page.The first "new" line is the line immediately following the line previouslyat the bottom of the screen.Also highlights the target line after a g or p command.The highlight is removed at the next command which causes movement.The entire line is highlighted, unless the -J option is in effect,in which case only the status column is highlighted.

-W or --HILITE-UNREAD

Like -w, but temporarily highlights the first new line after anyforward movement command larger than one line.

-xn,... or --tabs=n,...

Sets tab stops.If only one n is specified, tab stops are set at multiples of n.If multiple values separated by commas are specified, tab stopsare set at those positions, and then continue with the same spacing as thelast two.For example, -x9,17 will set tabs at positions 9, 17, 25, 33, etc.The default for n is 8.

-X or --no-init

Disables sending the termcap initialization and deinitialization stringsto the terminal.This is sometimes desirable if the deinitialization string doessomething unnecessary, like clearing the screen.

--no-keypad

Disables sending the keypad initialization and deinitialization stringsto the terminal.This is sometimes useful if the keypad strings make the numerickeypad behave in an undesirable manner.

-yn or --max-forw-scroll=n

Specifies a maximum number of lines to scroll forward.If it is necessary to scroll forward more than n lines,the screen is repainted instead.The -c or -C option may be used to repaint from the top ofthe screen if desired.By default, any forward movement causes scrolling.

-[z]n or --window=n

Changes the default scrolling window size to n lines.The default is one screenful.The z and w commands can also be used to change the window size.The "z" may be omitted for compatibility withmore.If the numbernis negative, it indicatesnlines less than the current screen size.For example, if the screen is 24 lines, -z-4 sets thescrolling window to 20 lines. If the screen is resized to 40 lines,the scrolling window automatically changes to 36 lines.

-dqcc or --quotes=cc

Changes the filename quoting character.This may be necessary if you are trying to name a filewhich contains both spaces and quote characters.Followed by a single character, this changes the quote character to thatcharacter.Filenames containing a space should then be surrounded by that characterrather than by double quotes.Followed by two characters, changes the open quote to the first character,and the close quote to the second character.Filenames containing a space should then be preceded by the open quotecharacter and followed by the close quote character.Note that even after the quote characters are changed, this optionremains -" (a dash followed by a double quote).

-~ or --tilde

Normally lines after end of file are displayed as a single tilde (~).This option causes lines after end of file to be displayed as blank lines.

-# or --shift

Specifies the default number of positions to scroll horizontallyin the RIGHTARROW and LEFTARROW commands.If the number specified is zero, it sets the default number ofpositions to one half of the screen width.

--

A command line argument of "--" marks the end of option arguments.Any arguments following this are interpreted as filenames.This can be useful when viewing a file whose name begins with a "-" or "+".

+

If a command line option begins with +,the remainder of that option is taken to be an initial command toless.For example, +G tellslessto start at the end of the file rather than the beginning,and +/xyz tells it to start at the first occurrence of "xyz" in the file.As a special case, +<number> acts like +<number>g;that is, it starts the display at the specified line number(however, see the caveat under the "g" command above).If the option starts with ++, the initial command applies toevery file being viewed, not just the first one.The + command described previouslymay also be used to set (or change) an initial command for every file.

LINE EDITING

When entering command line at the bottom of the screen(for example, a filename for the :e command,or the pattern for a search command),certain keys can be used to manipulate the command line.Most commands have an alternate form in [ brackets ] which can be used ifa key does not exist on a particular keyboard.(The bracketed forms do not work in the MS-DOS version.)Any of these special keys may be entered literally by precedingit with the "literal" character, either ^V or ^A.A backslash itself may also be entered literally by entering two backslashes.

LEFTARROW [ ESC-h ]: Move the cursor one space to the left.
RIGHTARROW [ ESC-l ]: Move the cursor one space to the right.
^LEFTARROW [ ESC-b or ESC-LEFTARROW ]: (That is, CONTROL and LEFTARROW simultaneously.)Move the cursor one word to the left.
^RIGHTARROW [ ESC-w or ESC-RIGHTARROW ]: (That is, CONTROL and RIGHTARROW simultaneously.)Move the cursor one word to the right.
HOME [ ESC-0 ]: Move the cursor to the beginning of the line.
END [ ESC-$ ]: Move the cursor to the end of the line.
BACKSPACE: Delete the character to the left of the cursor,or cancel the command if the command line is empty.
DELETE or [ ESC-x ]: Delete the character under the cursor.
^BACKSPACE [ ESC-BACKSPACE ]: (That is, CONTROL and BACKSPACE simultaneously.)Delete the word to the left of the cursor.
^DELETE [ ESC-X or ESC-DELETE ]: (That is, CONTROL and DELETE simultaneously.)Delete the word under the cursor.
UPARROW [ ESC-k ]: Retrieve the previous command line.
DOWNARROW [ ESC-j ]: Retrieve the next command line.
TAB: Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor.If it matches more than one filename, the first matchis entered into the command line.Repeated TABs will cycle thru the other matching filenames.If the completed filename is a directory, a "/" is appended to the filename.(On MS-DOS systems, a "\" is appended.)The environment variable LESSSEPARATOR can be used to specify adifferent character to append to a directory name.
BACKTAB [ ESC-TAB ]: Like, TAB, but cycles in the reverse direction thru the matching filenames.
^L: Complete the partial filename to the left of the cursor.If it matches more than one filename, all matches are entered intothe command line (if they fit).
^U (Unix and OS/2) or ESC (MS-DOS): Delete the entire command line,or cancel the command if the command line is empty.If you have changed your line-kill character in Unix to somethingother than ^U, that character is used instead of ^U.

KEY BINDINGS

You may define your ownlesscommands by using the programlesskey(1)to create a lesskey file.This file specifies a set of command keys and an actionassociated with each key.You may also uselesskeyto change the line-editing keys (see LINE EDITING),and to set environment variables.If the environment variable LESSKEY is set,lessuses that as the name of the lesskey file.Otherwise,lesslooks in a standard place for the lesskey file:On Unix systems,lesslooks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/.less".On MS-DOS and Windows systems,lesslooks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/_less", and if it is not found there,then looks for a lesskey file called "_less" in any directory specifiedin the PATH environment variable.On OS/2 systems,lesslooks for a lesskey file called "$HOME/less.ini", and if it is not found,then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specifiedin the INIT environment variable, and if it not found there,then looks for a lesskey file called "less.ini" in any directory specifiedin the PATH environment variable.See thelesskeymanual page for more details.A system-wide lesskey file may also be set up to provide key bindings.If a key is defined in both a local lesskey file and in thesystem-wide file, key bindings in the local file take precedence overthose in the system-wide file.If the environment variable LESSKEY_SYSTEM is set,lessuses that as the name of the system-wide lesskey file.Otherwise,less looks in a standard place for the system-wide lesskey file:On Unix systems, the system-wide lesskey file is /usr/local/etc/sysless.(However, ifless was built with a different sysconf directory than /usr/local/etc,that directory is where the sysless file is found.)On MS-DOS and Windows systems, the system-wide lesskey file is c:\_sysless.On OS/2 systems, the system-wide lesskey file is c:\sysless.ini.

INPUT PREPROCESSOR

You may define an "input preprocessor" forless.Beforelessopens a file, it first gives your input preprocessor a chance to modify theway the contents of the file are displayed.An input preprocessor is simply an executable program (or shell script),which writes the contents of the file to a different file,called the replacement file.The contents of the replacement file are then displayedin place of the contents of the original file.However, it will appear to the user as if the original file is opened;that is,lesswill display the original filename as the name of the current file.

An input preprocessor receives one command line argument, the original filename,as entered by the user.It should create the replacement file, and when finished,print the name of the replacement file to its standard output.If the input preprocessor does not output a replacement filename,lessuses the original file, as normal.The input preprocessor is not called when viewing standard input.To set up an input preprocessor, set the LESSOPEN environment variableto a command line which will invoke your input preprocessor.This command line should include one occurrence of the string "%s",which will be replaced by the filenamewhen the input preprocessor command is invoked.

Whenlesscloses a file opened in such a way, it will call another program,called the input postprocessor,which may perform any desired clean-up action (such as deleting thereplacement file created by LESSOPEN).This program receives two command line arguments, the original filenameas entered by the user, and the name of the replacement file.To set up an input postprocessor, set the LESSCLOSE environment variableto a command line which will invoke your input postprocessor.It may include two occurrences of the string "%s";the first is replaced with the original name of the file andthe second with the name of the replacement file,which was output by LESSOPEN.

For example, on many Unix systems, these two scripts will allow youto keep files in compressed format, but still letlessview them directly:

lessopen.sh:
       #! /bin/sh

       case "$1" in

       *.Z)    uncompress -c $1 >/tmp/less.$$ 2>/dev/null

               if [ -s /tmp/less.$$ ]; then

                       echo /tmp/less.$$

               else

                       rm -f /tmp/less.$$

               fi

               ;;

       esac

lessclose.sh:
#! /bin/sh

rm $2

To use these scripts, put them both where they can be executed andset LESSOPEN="lessopen.sh %s", andLESSCLOSE="lessclose.sh %s %s".More complex LESSOPEN and LESSCLOSE scripts may be writtento accept other types of compressed files, and so on.

It is also possible to set up an input preprocessor topipe the file data directly toless,rather than putting the data into a replacement file.This avoids the need to decompress the entire file beforestarting to view it.An input preprocessor that works this way is called an input pipe.An input pipe, instead of writing the name of a replacement file onits standard output,writes the entire contents of the replacement file on its standard output.If the input pipe does not write any characters on its standard output,then there is no replacement file andlessuses the original file, as normal.To use an input pipe,make the first character in the LESSOPEN environment variable avertical bar (|) to signify that the input preprocessor is an input pipe.

For example, on many Unix systems, this script will work like theprevious example scripts:

lesspipe.sh:
       #! /bin/sh

       case "$1" in

       *.Z)    uncompress -c $1 2>/dev/null

               ;;

       esac

To use this script, put it where it can be executed and setLESSOPEN="|lesspipe.sh %s".When an input pipe is used, a LESSCLOSE postprocessor can be used,but it is usually not necessary since there is no replacement fileto clean up.In this case, the replacement file name passed to the LESSCLOSEpostprocessor is "-".

NATIONAL CHARACTER SETS

There are three types of characters in the input file:

normal characters: can be displayed directly to the screen.
control characters: should not be displayed directly, but are expected to be foundin ordinary text files (such as backspace and tab).
binary characters: should not be displayed directly and are not expected to be foundin text files.

A "character set" is simply a description of which characters are tobe considered normal, control, and binary.The LESSCHARSET environment variable may be used to select a character set.Possible values for LESSCHARSET are:

ascii: BS, TAB, NL, CR, and formfeed are control characters,all chars with values between 32 and 126 are normal,and all others are binary.
iso8859: Selects an ISO 8859 character set.This is the same as ASCII, except characters between 160 and 255 aretreated as normal characters.
latin1: Same as iso8859.
latin9: Same as iso8859.
dos: Selects a character set appropriate for MS-DOS.
ebcdic: Selects an EBCDIC character set.
IBM-1047: Selects an EBCDIC character set used by OS/390 Unix Services.This is the EBCDIC analogue of latin1. You get similar resultsby setting either LESSCHARSET=IBM-1047 or LC_CTYPE=en_USin your environment.
koi8-r: Selects a Russian character set.
next: Selects a character set appropriate for NeXT computers.
utf-8: Selects the UTF-8 encoding of the ISO 10646 character set.

In special cases, it may be desired to tailorlessto use a character set other than the ones definable by LESSCHARSET.In this case, the environment variable LESSCHARDEF can be usedto define a character set.It should be set to a string where each character in the string representsone character in the character set.The character "." is used for a normal character, "c" for control,and "b" for binary.A decimal number may be used for repetition.For example, "bccc4b." would mean character 0 is binary,1, 2 and 3 are control, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are binary, and 8 is normal.All characters after the last are taken to be the same as the last,so characters 9 through 255 would be normal.(This is an example, and does not necessarilyrepresent any real character set.)

This table shows the value of LESSCHARDEF which is equivalentto each of the possible values for LESSCHARSET:

       ascii   8bcccbcc18b95.b

       dos     8bcccbcc12bc5b95.b.

       ebcdic  5bc6bcc7bcc41b.9b7.9b5.b..8b6.10b6.b9.7b

               9.8b8.17b3.3b9.7b9.8b8.6b10.b.b.b.

       IBM-1047        4cbcbc3b9cbccbccbb4c6bcc5b3cbbc4bc4bccbc

               191.b

       iso8859 8bcccbcc18b95.33b.

       koi8-r  8bcccbcc18b95.b128.

       latin1  8bcccbcc18b95.33b.

       next    8bcccbcc18b95.bb125.bb

If neither LESSCHARSET nor LESSCHARDEF is set,but the string "UTF-8" is found in the LC_ALL, LC_TYPE or LANGenvironment variables, then the default character set is utf-8.

If that string is not found, but your system supports thesetlocaleinterface,lesswill use setlocale to determine the character set.setlocale is controlled by setting the LANG or LC_CTYPE environmentvariables.

Finally, if thesetlocaleinterface is also not available, the default character set is latin1.

Control and binary characters are displayed in standout (reverse video).Each such character is displayed in caret notation if possible(e.g. ^A for control-A). Caret notation is used only ifinverting the 0100 bit results in a normal printable character.Otherwise, the character is displayed as a hex number in angle brackets.This format can be changed bysetting the LESSBINFMT environment variable.LESSBINFMT may begin with a "*" and one character to selectthe display attribute:"*k" is blinking, "*d" is bold, "*u" is underlined, "*s" is standout,and "*n" is normal.If LESSBINFMT does not begin with a "*", normal attribute is assumed.The remainder of LESSBINFMT is a string which may include oneprintf-style escape sequence (a % followed by x, X, o, d, etc.).For example, if LESSBINFMT is "*u[%x]", binary charactersare displayed in underlined hexadecimal surrounded by brackets.The default if no LESSBINFMT is specified is "*s<%X>".

PROMPTS

The -P option allows you to tailor the prompt to your preference.The string given to the -P option replaces the specified prompt string.Certain characters in the string are interpreted specially.The prompt mechanism is rather complicated to provide flexibility,but the ordinary user need not understand the details of constructingpersonalized prompt strings.

A percent sign followed by a single character is expandedaccording to what the following character is:

%bX: Replaced by the byte offset into the current input file.The b is followed by a single character (shown as X above)which specifies the line whose byte offset is to be used.If the character is a "t", the byte offset of the top line in thedisplay is used,an "m" means use the middle line,a "b" means use the bottom line,a "B" means use the line just after the bottom line,and a "j" means use the "target" line, as specified by the -j option.
%B: Replaced by the size of the current input file.
%c: Replaced by the column number of the text appearing in the firstcolumn of the screen.
%dX: Replaced by the page number of a line in the input file.The line to be used is determined by the X, as with the %b option.
%D: Replaced by the number of pages in the input file,or equivalently, the page number of the last line in the input file.
%E: Replaced by the name of the editor (from the VISUAL environment variable,or the EDITOR environment variable if VISUAL is not defined).See the discussion of the LESSEDIT feature below.
%f: Replaced by the name of the current input file.
%i: Replaced by the index of the current file in the list ofinput files.
%lX: Replaced by the line number of a line in the input file.The line to be used is determined by the X, as with the %b option.
%L: Replaced by the line number of the last line in the input file.
%m: Replaced by the total number of input files.
%pX: Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based on byte offsets.The line used is determined by the X as with the %b option.
%PX: Replaced by the percent into the current input file, based on line numbers.The line used is determined by the X as with the %b option.
%s: Same as %B.
%t: Causes any trailing spaces to be removed.Usually used at the end of the string, but may appear anywhere.
%x: Replaced by the name of the next input file in the list.

If any item is unknown (for example, the file size if inputis a pipe), a question mark is printed instead.

The format of the prompt string can be changeddepending on certain conditions.A question mark followed by a single character acts like an "IF":depending on the following character, a condition is evaluated.If the condition is true, any characters following the question markand condition character, up to a period, are included in the prompt.If the condition is false, such characters are not included.A colon appearing between the question mark and theperiod can be used to establish an "ELSE": any characters betweenthe colon and the period are included in the string if and only ifthe IF condition is false.Condition characters (which follow a question mark) may be:

a: True if any characters have been included in the prompt so far.
bX: True if the byte offset of the specified line is known.
B: True if the size of current input file is known.
c: True if the text is horizontally shifted (%c is not zero).
dX: True if the page number of the specified line is known.
e: True if at end-of-file.
f: True if there is an input filename(that is, if input is not a pipe).
lX: True if the line number of the specified line is known.
L: True if the line number of the last line in the file is known.
m: True if there is more than one input file.
n: True if this is the first prompt in a new input file.
pX: True if the percent into the current input file, based on byte offsets,of the specified line is known.
PX: True if the percent into the current input file, based on line numbers,of the specified line is known.
s: Same as "?B".
x: True if there is a next input file(that is, if the current input file is not the last one).

Any characters other than the special ones(question mark, colon, period, percent, and backslash)become literally part of the prompt.Any of the special characters may be included in the prompt literallyby preceding it with a backslash.

Some examples:

f%f:Standard input.

This prompt prints the filename, if known;otherwise the string "Standard input".

f%f .?ltLine %lt:?pt%pt\%:?btByte %bt:-...

This prompt would print the filename, if known.The filename is followed by the line number, if known,otherwise the percent if known, otherwise the byte offset if known.Otherwise, a dash is printed.Notice how each question mark has a matching period,and how the % after the %ptis included literally by escaping it with a backslash.

n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x..%t

This prints the filename if this is the first prompt in a file,followed by the "file N of N" message if there is morethan one input file.Then, if we are at end-of-file, the string "(END)" is printedfollowed by the name of the next file, if there is one.Finally, any trailing spaces are truncated.This is the default prompt.For reference, here are the defaults forthe other two prompts (-m and -M respectively).Each is broken into two lines here for readability only.

n?f%f .?m(file %i of %m) ..?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:
        pB%pB\%:byte %bB?s/%s...%t

f%f .?n?m(file %i of %m) ..?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. :
        byte %bB?s/%s. .?e(END) ?x- Next\: %x.:?pB%pB\%..%t

And here is the default message produced by the = command:

f%f .?m(file %i of %m) .?ltlines %lt-%lb?L/%L. .
        byte %bB?s/%s. ?e(END) :?pB%pB\%..%t

The prompt expansion features are also used for another purpose:if an environment variable LESSEDIT is defined, it is usedas the command to be executed when the v command is invoked.The LESSEDIT string is expanded in the same way as the prompt strings.The default value for LESSEDIT is:

        %E ?lm+%lm. %f

Note that this expands to the editor name, followed by a + and theline number, followed by the file name.If your editor does not accept the "+linenumber" syntax, or has otherdifferences in invocation syntax, the LESSEDIT variable can bechanged to modify this default.

SECURITY

When the environment variable LESSSECURE is set to 1,lessruns in a "secure" mode.This means these features are disabled:

!: the shell command
|: the pipe command
:e: the examine command.
v: the editing command
s -o: log files
-k: use of lesskey files
-t: use of tags files
: metacharacters in filenames, such as *
: filename completion (TAB, ^L)

Less can also be compiled to be permanently in "secure" mode.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

Environment variables may be specified either in the system environmentas usual, or in alesskey(1) file.If environment variables are defined in more than one place,variables defined in a local lesskey file take precedence overvariables defined in the system environment, which take precedenceover variables defined in the system-wide lesskey file.

COLUMNS: Sets the number of columns on the screen.Takes precedence over the number of columns specified by the TERM variable.(But if you have a windowing system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD,the window system's idea of the screen size takes precedence over theLINES and COLUMNS environment variables.)
EDITOR: The name of the editor (used for the v command).
HOME: Name of the user's home directory(used to find a lesskey file on Unix and OS/2 systems).
HOMEDRIVE, HOMEPATH: Concatenation of the HOMEDRIVE and HOMEPATH environment variables isthe name of the user's home directory if the HOME variable is not set(only in the Windows version).
INIT: Name of the user's init directory (used to find a lesskey file on OS/2 systems).
LANG: Language for determining the character set.
LC_CTYPE: Language for determining the character set.
LESS: Options which are passed tolessautomatically.
LESSANSIENDCHARS: Characters which are assumed to end an ANSI color escape sequence(default "m").
LESSBINFMT: Format for displaying non-printable, non-control characters.
LESSCHARDEF: Defines a character set.
LESSCHARSET: Selects a predefined character set.
LESSCLOSE: Command line to invoke the (optional) input-postprocessor.
LESSECHO: Name of the lessecho program (default "lessecho").The lessecho program is needed to expand metacharacters, such as * and ?,in filenames on Unix systems.
LESSEDIT: Editor prototype string (used for the v command).See discussion under PROMPTS.
LESSGLOBALTAGS: Name of the command used by the -t option to find global tags.Normally should be set to "global" if your system has theglobal(1) command. If not set, global tags are not used.
LESSKEY: Name of the default lesskey(1) file.
LESSKEY_SYSTEM: Name of the default system-wide lesskey(1) file.
LESSMETACHARS: List of characters which are considered "metacharacters" by the shell.
LESSMETAESCAPE: Prefix which less will add before each metacharacter in acommand sent to the shell.If LESSMETAESCAPE is an empty string, commands containingmetacharacters will not be passed to the shell.
LESSOPEN: Command line to invoke the (optional) input-preprocessor.
LESSSECURE: Runs less in "secure" mode.See discussion under SECURITY.
LESSSEPARATOR: String to be appended to a directory name in filename completion.
LINES: Sets the number of lines on the screen.Takes precedence over the number of lines specified by the TERM variable.(But if you have a windowing system which supports TIOCGWINSZ or WIOCGETD,the window system's idea of the screen size takes precedence over theLINES and COLUMNS environment variables.)
PATH: User's search path (used to find a lesskey fileon MS-DOS and OS/2 systems).
SHELL: The shell used to execute the ! command, as well as to expand filenames.
TERM: The type of terminal on whichlessis being run.
VISUAL: The name of the editor (used for the v command).

WARNINGS

The = command and prompts (unless changed by -P)report the line numbers of the lines at the top and bottom of the screen,but the byte and percent of the line after the one at the bottom of the screen.

If the :e command is used to name more than one file,and one of the named files has been viewed previously,the new files may be entered into the list in an unexpected order.

On certain older terminals (the so-called "magic cookie" terminals),search highlighting will cause an erroneous display.On such terminals, search highlighting is disabled by defaultto avoid possible problems.

In certain cases, when search highlighting is enabled anda search pattern begins with a ^,more text than the matching string may be highlighted.(This problem does not occur when less is compiled to use the POSIXregular expression package.)

When viewing text containing ANSI color escape sequences using the -R option,searching will not find text containing an embedded escape sequence.Also, search highlighting may change the color of some of the textwhich follows the highlighted text.

On some systems,setlocaleclaims that ASCII characters 0 thru 31 are control charactersrather than binary characters.This causesless to treat some binary files as ordinary, non-binary files.To workaround this problem, set the environment variableLESSCHARSET to "ascii" (or whatever character set is appropriate).

See http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less for the latest list of known bugs in thisversion of less.

COPYRIGHT

less is part of the GNU project and is free software.You can redistribute it and/or modify itunder the terms of either(1) the GNU General Public License as published bythe Free Software Foundation; or (2) the Less License.See the file README in the less distribution for more detailsregarding redistribution.You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public Licensealong with the source for less; see the file COPYING.If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, 59 Temple Place,Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.You should also have received a copy of the Less License;see the file LICENSE.

less is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, butWITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITYor FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.See the GNU General Public License for more details.

AUTHOR

Mark Nudelman <markn@greenwoodsoftware.com>
Send bug reports or comments to the above address or to bug-less@gnu.org.
For more information, see the less homepage at http://www.greenwoodsoftware.com/less.

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NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

COMMANDS

ENVIRONMENT

SEE ALSO

AUTHORS

HISTORY

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

COMMANDS

OPTIONS

LINE EDITING

KEY BINDINGS

INPUT PREPROCESSOR

NATIONAL CHARACTER SETS

PROMPTS

SECURITY

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

SEE ALSO

WARNINGS

COPYRIGHT

AUTHOR