關(guān)于幸福——《心理學(xué)和健康》
Written by Anna Selner安娜.謝爾2
Our psyche is a clever strategist. To avoid too much pain, it uses special tools: defense mechanisms. Some are good and responsive, while others are more troublesome. What are these? How you detect them? Is it possible to change them?我們的心理是一個(gè)聰明的戰(zhàn)略家。為了避免太多的痛苦,它使用特殊的工具:防御機(jī)制。有些是好的,響應(yīng),而其他的則是比較麻煩。這些是什么?你是怎樣判斷出他們嗎?它是可能的改變?
1
Each of us has something called a reality model to avoid some painful emotions overwhelming our consciousness. We use defense mechanisms. Most often, and fortunately, they are used appropriately; that is to say, with moderation and flexibility. However, if they are too engrained and rigid, some problems may arise.
我們每個(gè)人都有一種叫做現(xiàn)實(shí)模型避免了一些痛苦的情感壓倒性的我們的意識。我們使用防御機(jī)制。通常,幸運(yùn)的是,他們被適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂?也就是說,緩和和靈活性。然而,如果他們過于執(zhí)著,有些問題之中發(fā)生的。3
Depending on the school of thought, the exact number of defense mechanisms varies. But we can say safely that there are about two dozen of them. Health & Happiness magazine aims to offer you an introspective journey to allow you to pursue the issue. Today, we focus on rationalization.
根據(jù)學(xué)校的思想、精確數(shù)量的防御機(jī)制是不同的。但我們能說,大約有兩個(gè)安全打他們。健康和幸福的目的是給你一個(gè)雜志一段內(nèi)省之旅讓你追求的問題。今天,我們專注于理性化。
Rationalization
合理性
Faced with internal conflict and stress, rationalization is to streamline and develop explanations that are reassuring and beneficial to oneself, as compared to what one or other people experience in reality.
面臨著內(nèi)部矛盾和壓力、合理化解釋是為了簡化和發(fā)展是可靠的、有利于自己,而一個(gè)人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)或其他現(xiàn)實(shí)。
Analysis of Rachel’s Case
拉謝爾的案例分析
Rachel was adopted at birth. Now an adult, this is her interpretation of it all: "Because I don’t remember it, it may not have had any impact on my life. True, I was an adopted baby. But I have never actively thought of it as such and I love my adoptive parents. I owe them everything!"
拉謝爾是采用在出生。現(xiàn)在一個(gè)大人了,這是她的解釋:“因?yàn)槲也挥浀昧?這很可能沒有任何影響我一生的事。真的,我是一位被收養(yǎng)的孩子。但我從來沒有像這樣的積極思想,我愛我的養(yǎng)父母。我欠他們一切! "
However, Rachel does have an exaggerated fear of leaving her ten-year-old child alone. She invokes a very good excuse to justify not letting him participate in his class trip: "He's allergic to dust.” This allergy is real, yes, but is that really a sufficient reason for not allowing her son to travel?
然而,瑞秋的確有一個(gè)夸張的害怕離開她10歲的孩子獨(dú)自一人。她的一個(gè)很好的借口調(diào)用證明不讓他參加他的班級旅行:“他討厭塵土。“這過敏是真實(shí)的,是的,但是那是真正的一個(gè)充足的理由不讓她的兒子去旅行?
It is easy to imagine the discomfort experienced by the child when his friends ask him probing questions, when he begins to feel isolation in the classroom while others are out traveling, and so on. In addition to this, the mother-child relationship may become more complex, because the child may develop feelings of anger vis-à-vis his mother. In short, things may well soon become very confusing and difficult.
很容易去理解那些孩童時(shí)他朋友問的不舒服試探性問題，當(dāng)他開始感到在課堂上孤立時(shí),而另一些同學(xué)則是出去旅游了,等等。此外,母子關(guān)系,會(huì)變得更為復(fù)雜,因?yàn)槊鎸δ赣H時(shí)回產(chǎn)生憤怒。簡而言之,事情很可能很快就會(huì)變得非常迷惑,而困難的。
Why Rachel Used This Defense Mechanism
瑞秋以前為什么這種防御機(jī)制
One function of rationalization in this case was to avoid Rachel having to cope with emotions, apparently painful, related to her adoption. Trite as it may sound, being adopted means to have been abandoned before. This raises many questions like, "Why me?” “Was I so undesirable?” “What did I lack as a mere baby that my parents refused to keep me?” “How could my mother have abandoned me?” – all questions that lead to the extension: “I would never do that to my own child."
合理化的一個(gè)作用在這個(gè)案例中是為了避免拉不得不應(yīng)付情緒,顯然是痛苦的,她的親屬領(lǐng)養(yǎng)。這樣聽起來索然無味,是采用被棄之前。這引發(fā)了很多類似這樣的問題:“為什么是我?”“我會(huì)如此不良的嗎?”“我怎么缺乏僅僅是一個(gè)嬰兒,我父母拒絕讓我嗎?”“怎么會(huì)有我媽媽有拋棄了我嗎?”-所有的問題導(dǎo)致其擴(kuò)展:“我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)這樣做,那我自己的孩子。”
A priori, the psyche does not want to live with this distress. However, and despite the well-crafted argument that Rachel has built, her past catches up with her through her son. Thus the need for her to be aware of how her denial of her own issues risks difficulties with her relationship with her son.
先知的,心靈不愿意接受這樣的痛苦。然而,盡管建造精巧的論點(diǎn),瑞秋,她的過去趕上她通過她的兒子。因此需要她了解她的拒絕了她的困難的問題和她的關(guān)系風(fēng)險(xiǎn)她的兒子。
What Rachel Can Do to Live Better
雷切爾能做什么生活的更好
If Rachel wants to work on herself, a professional can help her realize that what she believes to be a minor detail in her life - her abandonment and adoption - is perhaps not so minor after all, and that she uses a defense mechanism known as rationalization to cope. The therapist will help her connect to hidden emotions, and links can be made with her current difficulties.
如果拉想要工作自己,一名職業(yè)球員會(huì)幫助她實(shí)現(xiàn)她相信是一個(gè)小細(xì)節(jié)在她的生活- - - - - - - - - - - - - -她放棄和采用也許不是那么小畢竟,她用一種防御機(jī)制被稱為合理化應(yīng)付自如。治療師將幫助她隱藏的情緒,連接環(huán)節(jié)可以與她目前的困難。
Be positive!
再積極些！
Until now, Rachel did not feel much when it comes to the issue of her abandonment. But today, because she wants to love her child properly, she feels ready to seek professional help.
直到現(xiàn)在,瑞秋不感到多少時(shí)她放棄的問題。但今天,因?yàn)樗霅鬯暮⒆?她覺得適當(dāng)準(zhǔn)備尋求專業(yè)幫助。
Thanks to the class trip she finally let her son go on, she can grow. It’s safe to say that if Rachel had not resolved to change herself, she would perhaps have never outlived her past. During interviews, there always is a time when clients smile. Their "guilt" of having used a defense mechanism becomes relative.
多虧了班級旅行,她終于讓她的兒子,她可以繼續(xù)生長。它的安全,說如果結(jié)卻沒有解決改變自己的想法,但她可能沒有比她的過去。在采訪中,總有時(shí)間當(dāng)客戶的微笑。他們的“內(nèi)疚”曾經(jīng)用一種防御機(jī)制變得相對的。
Now Rachel can move on to another stage. Life is a great teacher!
34拉結(jié)可以轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)階段。生活是一個(gè)很棒的老師!
Tip
小結(jié)
To try to find what defense mechanism (s) you use, ask yourself: "Basically, what do I do with the real difficulties of my life?" Because deep inside ourselves, we know! Then you will more easily find out what you do to hide it to yourself and your family.
試圖找出防御機(jī)制(s)你使用的時(shí)候,問一問自己:“基本上,我怎么處理這些真正遇到困難的生活?”因?yàn)閮?nèi)心深處我們自己,我們知道!然后你將更容易找到你做什么藏到你自己和你的家庭。
Examples of Other Commonly-Used Defense Mechanisms
其他常用的防御機(jī)制的例子
Hypochondria (somatic complaints through which the person asks for help), idealization (of attributing exaggerated positive qualities to oneself or others), omnipotence (assuming one’s capacity or powers to be aligned with an exaggerated, all-powerful and superior self-image to others) and repression (inability to remember certain experiences or feelings). Remember that these are all not very positive defense mechanisms.
(通過體細(xì)胞投訴憂郁癥的人請求幫助)、理想化(夸張的正面特質(zhì)把對自己或其他人)、全能(假設(shè)一個(gè)人的能力或力量對準(zhǔn)一個(gè)夸大的全能和較高的自我形象到他人)和鎮(zhèn)壓(無法記住某些經(jīng)驗(yàn)或感覺)。記住,這些都不是很積極的防御機(jī)制。
Good to know
幸好知道
There are defense mechanisms that are thought of as “mature” and even “sophisticated”, such as humor, foresight, assertiveness, self-observation, altruism and affiliation!
有防衛(wèi)機(jī)制,被認(rèn)為是“成熟”,甚至“世故”的,如幽默,遠(yuǎn)見、主張里,內(nèi)觀、利他和聯(lián)系!
