Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are dull, throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women experience menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods. For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, it can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month.月經(jīng)痙攣（痛經(jīng)）其實(shí)就是小腹處隱隱作痛并伴有痙攣的感覺。很多女性在經(jīng)期前或經(jīng)期期間會(huì)有痛經(jīng)的經(jīng)歷。對有些女性而言，這種不舒服感僅僅是讓人有點(diǎn)煩。但是有的人痛經(jīng)的程度會(huì)影響到她一整天的行為。
Menstrual cramps may be caused by identifiable problems, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids. Treating the underlying cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren't caused by some underlying condition tend to lessen with age and often disappear once a woman has given birth.
痛經(jīng)的原因是可尋的，比如說子宮內(nèi)膜異位或子宮平滑肌瘤。治療內(nèi)在病因?qū)徑馓弁春苤匾?。非?nèi)在原因而引起的痛經(jīng)會(huì)隨著年齡的增大而減輕或者在妊娠之后消失。
Symptoms
癥狀
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
Symptoms of menstrual cramps include:
痛經(jīng)的癥狀包括：
Dull, throbbing or cramping pain in your lower abdomen
小腹處隱隱作痛并伴有痙攣的感覺。
Pain that radiates to your lower back and thighs
痛楚會(huì)延伸到下背和大腿處。
Some women also experience:
有的女性會(huì)有如下經(jīng)歷：
Nausea and vomiting惡心嘔吐
Loose stools
腹瀉
Sweating
發(fā)汗
Dizziness
頭暈
When to see a doctor
什么時(shí)候應(yīng)該去看醫(yī)生
If you've started menstruating within the past few years and are experiencing cramps, chances are your menstrual pain is not a cause for concern. However, if menstrual cramps disrupt your life for several days a month or if you're older and just started experiencing severe menstrual cramps, see your doctor.
如果你是近幾年才開始經(jīng)痛的話， 也許可以放寬心不必太在意. 但是如果在每個(gè)月的那幾天經(jīng)痛會(huì)影響到你的生活或是你年紀(jì)大了才開始有痛經(jīng)問題，請去看醫(yī)生。
Causes痛經(jīng)的原因
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
During menstrual periods, your uterus contracts to help expel its lining. Hormone-like substances (prostaglandins) involved in pain and inflammation trigger the uterine muscle contractions. Higher levels of prostaglandins are associated with more severe menstrual cramps.
月經(jīng)期間，子宮會(huì)收縮幫助子宮內(nèi)膜脫落。類似荷爾蒙的物質(zhì)（前列腺素）與疼痛和發(fā)炎有關(guān)，這會(huì)引起子宮收縮。較高的前列腺素常引起較嚴(yán)重的痛經(jīng)。
Many experts believe that severe contractions constrict the blood vessels feeding the uterus. The resulting pain can be compared to the angina that occurs when blocked coronary arteries starve portions of the heart of food and oxygen.專家認(rèn)為嚴(yán)重的子宮收縮會(huì)使血管收縮從而影響到子宮的輸血。由此引起的疼痛可與由于動(dòng)脈堵塞導(dǎo)致血液不暢和缺氧所引起的心絞痛相比。
Menstrual cramps also may be caused by:
痛經(jīng)還有可能由以下原因引起：
Endometriosis. In this painful condition, the tissue that lines your uterus becomes implanted outside your uterus, most commonly on your fallopian tubes, ovaries or the tissue lining your pelvis.子宮內(nèi)膜異位。子宮內(nèi)膜在身體其他部位生長，通常位于輸卵管，卵巢或者骨盆上組織。
Uterine fibroids. These noncancerous growths in the wall of the uterus rarely may be the cause of pain.
子宮平滑肌瘤。這種長在子宮壁上的良性腫瘤可能會(huì)造成疼痛。
Adenomyosis. In this condition, the tissue that lines your uterus begins to grow into the muscular walls of the uterus.
內(nèi)在性子宮內(nèi)膜異位（子宮腺肌?。Ｗ訉m內(nèi)膜向子宮肌層生長。
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). This infection of the female reproductive organs is usually caused by sexually transmitted bacteria.
盆腔炎（PID）。這種女性生殖器官炎癥通常是通過性交感染的。
Cervical stenosis. In some women, the opening of the cervix may be so small that it impedes menstrual flow, causing a painful increase of pressure within the uterus.
宮頸狹窄。有些女性宮頸口太小以致于經(jīng)血無法順利流出，從而使子宮內(nèi)壓增大而導(dǎo)致疼痛。
Risk factors
風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
Risk factors associated with dysmenorrhea include:
痛經(jīng)有關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素包括：
Age younger than 20
年齡小于20歲
Early onset of puberty (age 11 or younger)
青春期發(fā)育過早（11歲或更早）
Heavy bleeding during periods (menorrhagia)
經(jīng)血量大（月經(jīng)過多）
Irregular menstrual bleeding (metrorrhagia)月經(jīng)不規(guī)律
Never having delivered a baby還未妊娠
Family history of dysmenorrhea家族有痛經(jīng)史
Smoking吸煙
Complications
并發(fā)癥
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
Menstrual cramps have no medical complications in themselves, but they often interfere with school, work and social activities.
痛經(jīng)本身不會(huì)有并發(fā)癥，但是常常會(huì)影響到學(xué)習(xí)，工作及社交活動(dòng)。
The diseases and conditions sometimes associated with menstrual cramps may have complications, though. For example, endometriosis can cause fertility problems, while pelvic inflammatory disease can scar your fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of a fertilized egg implanting in the tube (ectopic pregnancy) instead of in your uterus.
與痛經(jīng)有關(guān)的疾病可能會(huì)引起并發(fā)癥。比如，子宮內(nèi)膜異位會(huì)導(dǎo)致不孕，而盆腔炎可能會(huì)阻塞輸卵管，增加宮外孕的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Preparing for your appointment
為咨詢醫(yī)生做準(zhǔn)備
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
While you may initially see your family physician, he or she may refer you to a gynecologist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your doctor.
當(dāng)你咨詢你家庭醫(yī)生時(shí)，他可能會(huì)建議你去找婦科醫(yī)生。以下信息可以幫助你為會(huì)診做準(zhǔn)備。
What you can do
你可以做的事？
You may want to write a list that includes:
列個(gè)清單：
Detailed descriptions of your symptoms具體的癥狀
The dates when your last two menstrual periods began
前2次月經(jīng)來的時(shí)間
Information about medical problems you've had你的病歷
Information about the medical problems of your parents or siblings
你父母或姐妹的病史
All the medications and dietary supplements you take
你用過的藥物和食物
Questions you want to ask the doctor
你想要問醫(yī)生的問題
Your time with your doctor is limited, so preparing a list of questions ahead of time will help you make the most of your time together. List your questions from most important to least important, in case time runs out. For menstrual cramps, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:你咨詢醫(yī)生的時(shí)間有限，所以做好咨詢準(zhǔn)備可以幫助你更好利用時(shí)間。以重要度排序列好清單以防時(shí)間不夠。下面是一些有關(guān)痛經(jīng)的基本問題：
What is likely causing my symptoms?最有可能引起痛經(jīng)的原因是什么？
Are there other possible causes for my symptoms?
還有其他可能的原因嗎？
How do my symptoms compare with other menstruating girls or women?
自己的痛經(jīng)癥狀與其他女性相比有什么不一樣嗎？
Are my symptoms likely to change over time?我的癥狀之后有可能改變嗎？
Do I need any tests?
我需要做檢查嗎？
What treatments or home remedies might help?
治療或者家庭健康療法對痛經(jīng)會(huì)有幫助嗎？
Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take with me? What websites do you recommend?
是否有手冊或其他資料我可以帶走的？或者有什么相關(guān)網(wǎng)站可以推薦的？
In addition to the questions that you've prepared to ask your doctor, don't hesitate to ask questions during your appointment.
除了事先準(zhǔn)備的問題外，門診時(shí)有疑問可以隨時(shí)提出。
What to expect from your doctor
期望可以醫(yī)生那里得到什么樣的信息。
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions. Being ready to answer them may allow more time to go over additional questions you may have. Your doctor may ask:醫(yī)生可能會(huì)問你很多問題，做好回答問題的準(zhǔn)備可以節(jié)省時(shí)間讓你有更多時(shí)間問其他問題。醫(yī)生可能問的問題如下：
At what age did you begin menstruating?
初潮在什么年齡?
How far apart are your menstrual periods, and how long do they typically last?月經(jīng)周期是多久？每個(gè)月經(jīng)期正常會(huì)持續(xù)幾天？
How heavy is your menstrual bleeding?
經(jīng)血量多嗎？
Do you ever bleed between periods?
非月經(jīng)期間會(huì)出血嗎？
How would you describe your symptoms?描述下你的癥狀？
Where are your cramps located?痙攣會(huì)出現(xiàn)在哪個(gè)部位？
Do you have any other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, back pain, dizziness or headache?
還有其他癥狀嗎，比如說 惡心，嘔吐，腹瀉，背痛，頭暈或頭痛的？
Do your symptoms typically occur along with your period?
月經(jīng)期間都會(huì)出現(xiàn)這些癥狀嗎？
Do you have any symptoms between periods?
非月經(jīng)期間會(huì)有不適嗎？
Do your symptoms cause you to limit your activities, such as staying home from work or school or avoiding exercise?你的癥狀會(huì)影響到你的日?；顒?dòng)嗎，比如說無法上班，上課，或者沒法進(jìn)行身體鍛煉？
If you're sexually active, do you experience pain with intercourse?
性交時(shí)會(huì)覺得痛嗎？
Do you have difficulty or pain with bowel movements?會(huì)便秘嗎？或者上廁所時(shí)會(huì)感覺到痛。
What treatments have you tried so far, if any? Has anything helped?
目前為止，有接受過治療嗎？有幫助嗎？
What medications, vitamins and supplements do you use?
有使用過什么藥物，維生素和其他東西？
Have you been diagnosed with any other medical conditions?
有使用醫(yī)學(xué)設(shè)備診斷過嗎？
Do any of the women in your family have a history of similar symptoms?
家族中的其他女性有類似的癥狀嗎？
What you can do in the meantime
痛經(jīng)期間你能做什么？
In the time leading up to your appointment, you may find relief by taking a warm bath or applying a heating pad or hot water bottle to your abdomen. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen, also may help.在門診之前，你可能會(huì)通過泡熱水澡或者熱敷小腹來緩解疼痛。到醫(yī)院拿藥如布洛芬可能會(huì)有效果。
Tests and diagnosis檢查和診斷
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
Your doctor will review your medical history and perform a physical examination, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your doctor will check for any abnormalities in your reproductive organs and look for signs of infection.
醫(yī)生會(huì)確認(rèn)你的病史然后給你做個(gè)身體檢查，包括骨盆檢查。此項(xiàng)檢查，醫(yī)生會(huì)檢查你的生殖器官看看有沒有感染的跡象。
In some cases, if your doctor suspects that your menstrual cramps are being caused by an underlying disorder, he or she may order one or more of the following tests:
在這里輸入譯文
Ultrasound. This painless test uses sound waves to visualize internal organs. It is often used to check for abnormalities in the uterus, cervix and fallopian tubes.
超聲波。這是一種無痛檢查，利用聲波來窺視人體內(nèi)部器官。常被用來檢查子宮，宮頸 處的異常狀況。
Computerized tomography (CT). A CT scan combines X-ray images taken from many angles to produce cross-sectional images of bones, organs and other soft tissues inside your body. This painless procedure can provide more detail than can regular X-rays.
電子計(jì)算機(jī)X射線斷層掃描技術(shù)（CT）。CT是利用X射線可以在人體內(nèi)多角度掃描來檢查骨頭，器官還有其他軟組織的病變狀況。通過這種無痛治療獲得的信息比常規(guī)的X射線檢查要多。
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRIs use radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of internal structures. This painless procedure may be used to check for tumors or signs of endometriosis.
核磁共振（MRI）。MRI是利用無線電波和強(qiáng)大的磁場進(jìn)入人體來獲得人體內(nèi)部組織的詳細(xì)影像。這種無痛治療可以用來診斷腫瘤或者子宮內(nèi)膜異位。
Hysteroscopy. In this procedure, your doctor inserts a thin, lighted tube through your vagina and cervix into your uterus. The hysteroscope works like a tiny telescope, allowing your doctor to look through it to check for such things as fibroids or polyps.
子宮鏡檢查。子宮鏡檢查是指醫(yī)生通過陰道和子宮頸插入一根輕薄的管子進(jìn)入到你的子宮。子宮鏡就像是一部微型的望眼鏡使醫(yī)生可以檢查到你子宮內(nèi)的纖維瘤或者息肉等。
Laparoscopy. In this outpatient surgical procedure, your doctor views your abdominal cavity by making tiny incisions in your abdomen and inserting a fiber-optic tube with a small camera lens. Laparoscopy can check for certain conditions, such as endometriosis, adhesions, fibroids, ovarian cysts and ectopic pregnancy.
腹腔鏡檢查。腹腔鏡檢查屬于外科門診，醫(yī)生會(huì)在你的腹部處切一小口，然后插入一根帶有攝像頭的纖維光學(xué)管，以此來檢查你的腹腔。這種檢查可以確認(rèn)到子宮內(nèi)膜異位，粘膜，纖維瘤，卵巢囊腫和宮外孕等癥狀。
Treatments and drugs
治療與藥物
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff1
Menstrual cramps are a treatable condition. Your doctor may recommend:
痛經(jīng)是可治療的，你的醫(yī)生可能有如下建議：
NSAIDs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be helpful in relieving the pain of menstrual cramps. Your doctor may initially suggest taking over-the-counter NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others) or naproxen (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin. Prescription NSAIDs, such as mefenamic acid (Ponstel), are also available.
非甾體類抗炎藥（NSAIDs）。NSAIDs 可以緩解經(jīng)痛癥狀。首先醫(yī)生可能會(huì)建議你在經(jīng)期前一天服用些非處方藥 NSAIDs，如 布洛芬（解熱鎮(zhèn)痛藥，布洛芬制劑，其他）或者萘普生。處方藥 NSAIDs如甲滅酸（甲滅酸制劑的商品名）也可以服用。
Hormonal birth control. Oral birth control pills contain hormones that prevent ovulation and reduce the severity of menstrual cramps. These hormones can also be delivered in several other forms: an injection, a patch you wear on your skin, an implant placed under the skin of your arm or a flexible ring that you insert into your vagina.
荷爾蒙控制生育?？诜に氐乃幤瑫?huì)阻止排卵和降低痛經(jīng)的嚴(yán)重度。這種荷爾蒙可以以幾種方式進(jìn)入人體，如注射即在皮膚表面割一小口然后從手臂處植入，或者在陰道處插入一個(gè)柔軟的環(huán)狀物體。
Surgery. If your menstrual cramps are caused by an underlying disorder, such as endometriosis or fibroids, the surgical removal of the abnormal tissue may help reduce your symptoms.
手術(shù)。如果痛經(jīng)是由于身體內(nèi)部紊亂引起的，比如說纖維瘤或者子宮內(nèi)膜異位，進(jìn)行手術(shù)切除不良組織可能有助與緩解疼痛癥狀。
Lifestyle and home remedies
生活方式與家庭健康療法
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
Soaking in a hot bath or using a heating pad on your lower abdomen appears to be just as effective as over-the-counter pain medication for relieving menstrual cramps.
泡熱水澡或者熱敷小腹可以緩解經(jīng)痛，這效果與到醫(yī)院看醫(yī)生的效果是相當(dāng)?shù)摹?nbsp;
Alternative medicine
非藥物治療方法
By Mayo Clinic staff
By Mayo Clinic staff
Alternative therapeutic approaches to menstrual cramps include:
痛經(jīng)的治療方法包括：
Exercise. Studies have found that physical activity may ease the pain of menstrual cramps.
運(yùn)動(dòng)。 研究表明做運(yùn)動(dòng)可能會(huì)減輕痛經(jīng)癥狀。
Acupuncture. Acupuncture has been used in China to relieve pain for more than 2,000 years. Some studies have found that acupuncture effectively relieves menstrual cramps.
針灸。2000多年前中國已經(jīng)使用針灸來緩解疼痛了。有研究表明針灸可以有效的緩解經(jīng)痛。 1
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). A TENS device raises the threshold for pain signals and stimulates the release of endorphins, your body's natural painkillers. In studies, TENS has been found more effective than placebo in relieving the pain associated with menstrual cramps.
經(jīng)皮電刺激神經(jīng)療法（TENS）。經(jīng)皮電刺激神經(jīng)療法可以使皮膚很快的感覺到痛和刺激內(nèi)啡肽的釋放，可以舒緩疼痛的訊息。研究表明TENS 安慰劑更能緩解經(jīng)痛引起的痛楚。
Dietary supplements. A number of studies have indicated that vitamin E, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B-6 and magnesium supplements may effectively reduce menstrual cramps.
飲食方面，大量研究表明維生素E，omega-3脂肪酸，維生素 B1，維生素B-6，鎂元素可能會(huì)有效的緩解經(jīng)痛。
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