The “why” of self-directed learning is survival—your own survival as an individual, and also the survival of the human race. Clearly, we are not talking here about something that would be nice or desirable….We are talking about a basic human competence—the ability to learn on one’s own—that has suddenly become a prerequisite for living in this new world. – Malcom Knowles, 1975
自主學(xué)習(xí)得以存在的原因，正如你作為一個(gè)個(gè)體的存在以及人類的存在一樣。很顯然，我們這邊所要討論的不是一件很美好或者很誘惑的事兒，而是一項(xiàng)人類一項(xiàng)基本能力——自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，這項(xiàng)能力已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今世界生存所必須的一項(xiàng)先決條件?！R爾科姆.諾爾斯，1975
While lifelong learning and self-directed learning are not equivalent, they overlap substantially. I think the following points apply equally to both:
雖然終身學(xué)習(xí)并不等于自主學(xué)習(xí)，它們之間仍然有很多地方相重合。我覺得以下幾方面對(duì)于兩者均適用。
1. Takes initiative
1. 積極主動(dòng)
This first one is core to the entire concept of “self-directed.” The successful self-directed learner does not wait for someone else to say “you must learn this.”
這一點(diǎn)是自主這整個(gè)概念的核心。 凡是成功的自主學(xué)者，都不會(huì)等到別人來督促你必須學(xué)。
2. Is comfortable with independence
2. 自在自主
Self-directed learners do not always act autonomously or independently. Indeed, increasingly they must cultivate their networks to learn effectively. Nonetheless, successful self-directed learners know how to be self-reliant.
自主學(xué)者并不總是獨(dú)立自主地學(xué)習(xí)。事實(shí)上，他們必須通過更多地建立自己的關(guān)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行高效的學(xué)習(xí)。然而，成功的自主學(xué)者了解如何自立。
3. Is persistent
3. 堅(jiān)持
Learning takes time, it takes repetition, it takes practice. Successful self-directed learners stick to it.
學(xué)習(xí)需要時(shí)間，需要不斷地重復(fù)以及聯(lián)系。成功的自主學(xué)者懂得堅(jiān)持。
4. Accepts responsibility
4. 承擔(dān)責(zé)任
The successful self-directed learner embraces responsibility for doing the work of learning and doing it well.
成功的自主學(xué)者樂于承擔(dān)學(xué)習(xí)的責(zé)任并盡可能地學(xué)好。
5. Views problems as challenges, not obstacles
5. 視問題為挑戰(zhàn)而非阻礙
The successful self-directed learner embraces a growth mindset and is not easily thwarted when the going gets tough.
成功的自主學(xué)者擁有一個(gè)不斷向前的思維傾向，在問題遭遇瓶頸的時(shí)候，他們不易被阻撓。
6. Is capable of self-discipline
6. 嚴(yán)于自律
Even when learning is enjoyable (which, for the successful self-directed learner, it usually is), it often requires discipline. The self-directed learner knows (or learns!) how to develop and maintain discipline.
即使學(xué)習(xí)充滿樂趣（對(duì)于成功的自主學(xué)者來說，通常如此），紀(jì)律必不可少。成功的自主學(xué)者明白（或?qū)W習(xí)）如何制定并遵守紀(jì)律。
7. Has a high degree of curiosity
7. 具有高度的求知欲
Successful self-directed learners have a high propensity for asking why– and lots of other questions.
成功的自主學(xué)者總喜歡問為什么，還有其他一些問題。
8. Has a strong desire to learn or change
8. 具有強(qiáng)烈的學(xué)習(xí)或改變的欲望
The successful self-directed learner is intrinsically motivated. She has a will to learn and sees learning as a positive path forward.
成功的自主學(xué)者本身就很積極。她會(huì)主動(dòng)地去學(xué)并且會(huì)將學(xué)習(xí)視為一種積極的成功的途徑。
9. Is self-confident
9. 自信
Successful self-directed learners have a solid sense of “self-efficacy” – the belief that one is capable of performing in a certain manner to attain certain goals.
成功的自主學(xué)者具有一種穩(wěn)定的自我效能感，他們相信一個(gè)人有能力通過特定的方法達(dá)到特定的目的。
10. Is able to use basic study skills
10. 能夠運(yùn)用基本的學(xué)習(xí)技巧
As I have said here before, skills like taking notes effectively are useful for a lifetime. The self-directed learner knows this.
如我之前所言，像有效地記筆記之類的技巧一直會(huì)有用。自主學(xué)者對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)非常清晰。
11. Organizes his or her time
11. 合理安排時(shí)間
While self-directed learning does not require the obsession with productivity that seems to be everywhere on the Interweb, the successful self-directed learner nonetheless knows how to find and manage time effectively to allow for learning.
自主學(xué)習(xí)不受生產(chǎn)率的影響，但是成功的自主學(xué)者知道如何獲得并有效地利用時(shí)間來學(xué)習(xí)。
12. Sets an appropriate pace for learning
12. 制定合理的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度
The successful self-directed learner recognizes that learning is as much (if not more) about the process than the outcome and doesn’t try to do too much too fast.
成功的自主學(xué)者意識(shí)到學(xué)習(xí)的過程與結(jié)果同樣重要，因此不會(huì)嘗試做多做快。
13. Develops a plan for completing work
13. 為完成工作制定計(jì)劃
Setting a plan is part of setting the pace and ultimately reaching the destination. The successful self-directed learner recognizes this.
制定計(jì)劃是制定進(jìn)度的一部分，最終可以達(dá)到目的。成功的自主學(xué)者也充分了解了這一點(diǎn)。
14. Has a tendency to be goal-oriented
14. 具有面向目標(biāo)的趨勢(shì)
While not all self-directed learners consciously set goals, they nonetheless tend to have an end in mind when they start down the learning path.
不是所有自主學(xué)者都有意識(shí)地制定目標(biāo)，但是，在開始學(xué)習(xí)前，他們的思想里都傾向于獲得一個(gè)結(jié)果。
15. Enjoys learning
15. 喜歡學(xué)習(xí)
The proverbial bottom line:the successful self-directed learner simply likes to learn.
諺語概要：成功的自主學(xué)者僅僅是很愛學(xué)習(xí)。
How well do these points describe you as a learner?
這些方面能夠把你作為一個(gè)學(xué)者描述得多好呢？
How effectively are you cultivating these ways in those you teach (your children, you members, you employees, your students – you name it.)
你能多有效地將這些方面?zhèn)魇诮o（你的孩子，朋友，雇員，學(xué)生等等）？
Please comment and share
敬請(qǐng)?jiān)u論分享
Jeff
杰夫
P.S. – These “ways” have been extracted from a description in a 1977 survey that ultimately led to development of the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale, which was subsequently renamed the Learning Preferences Assessment. In the post above, I have expanded upon the characteristics highlighted in the description with my own comments.
附注：這些方面是從1977年的一份調(diào)查中提取，這份調(diào)查產(chǎn)生了《自主學(xué)習(xí)樂意程度》，最終更名為《學(xué)習(xí)喜好評(píng)估》。以上文字是以我自己的觀點(diǎn)對(duì)其所描述的幾個(gè)突出的特質(zhì)進(jìn)行的擴(kuò)展。
A highly self-directed learner, based on the survey results, is one who exhibits initiative, independence, and persistence in learning; one who accepts responsibility for his or her own learning and views problems as challenges, not obstacles; one who is capable of self-discipline and has a high degree of curiosity; one who has a strong desire to learn or change and is self-confident; one who is able to use basic study skills, organize his or her time and set an appropriate pace for learning, and to develop a plan for completing work; one who enjoys learning and has a tendency to be goal-oriented. (Guglielmino, 1977/78, p.73)
一個(gè)高度自主的學(xué)者，基于以上調(diào)查結(jié)果，應(yīng)該是一個(gè)積極主動(dòng)，獨(dú)立自主并且堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)的人；應(yīng)該是一個(gè)為自己的學(xué)習(xí)承擔(dān)責(zé)任，視問題為挑戰(zhàn)而非阻礙的人；應(yīng)該是一個(gè)嚴(yán)于自律，具有高度求知欲的人；應(yīng)該是一個(gè)具有強(qiáng)烈欲望來學(xué)習(xí)或改變并且自信的人；應(yīng)該是一個(gè)能利用基本學(xué)習(xí)技能，合理安排時(shí)間和學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度，并且為完成工作制定計(jì)劃的人；應(yīng)該是一個(gè)喜歡學(xué)習(xí)并且有面向目標(biāo)的傾向的人。（加格利爾米諾，1977/78，p.73）
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