作者：美國(guó)脊柱放射學(xué)會(huì)，美國(guó)神經(jīng)放射學(xué)會(huì)，紐約長(zhǎng)老會(huì)醫(yī)院Dr Ananya Mandal, MD
癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與個(gè)人基因及暴露于多種環(huán)境毒素相關(guān)。有些特定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素是不可改變的（例如基因遺傳因素），然而一些生活方式的因素如果我們改正是可以幫助預(yù)防癌癥發(fā)生。
另一個(gè)預(yù)防癌癥的重要措施是及時(shí)了解自己的身體，提高通過體檢方式盡可能早的發(fā)現(xiàn)可疑的癌癥的意識(shí)。
一個(gè)健康的生活方式能夠降低某些癌癥的發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。包括以下一些措施：
吃健康的食物和平衡膳食
目前，有許多研究都涉及到哪些食物能夠增加或降低癌癥風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然而沒有一種單一的食物或者營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑能夠阻止癌癥的發(fā)生?？傮w而言，研究揭示了食用特定類型的食物和減少癌癥發(fā)生率的關(guān)系。
健康的飲食包括大量的水果和蔬菜（每天至少5份），大量的谷物，大米，土豆，面食以及其他富含碳水化合物的食物，特別是那些含有粗纖維的食物。
食用足夠的纖維素可以減少腸癌的發(fā)生率。纖維素豐富的食物包括全麥的面食，面包，早餐麥片，大米。豆子，水果，蔬菜也是好的纖維素的來源。
我們也應(yīng)該吃一些魚類，雞蛋，豆類和其他非奶制品的蛋白質(zhì)，也應(yīng)包括一定量的牛奶和乳制品食物。雖然肉類是很好的蛋白質(zhì)，維他命和礦物質(zhì)的來源，例如：鐵，鋅，但有證據(jù)顯示過多使用加工過得紅肉會(huì)增加罹患腸癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。紅肉包括牛肉，豬肉，羊肉和加工好的肉類，包括培根，臘腸，意大利香腸和火腿。飲食應(yīng)該只包括小量的含有高脂肪和糖類的食物和飲料。
飲食中應(yīng)該多食用抗氧化的食品。然而，一些抗氧化食物如果大量食用也可能增加癌癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。例如：β-葫蘿卜素，常見的抗氧化營(yíng)養(yǎng)補(bǔ)充劑，已經(jīng)被被發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于吸煙者和嚴(yán)重暴露于石棉的工作者，具有增加肺癌風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的作用。
保持健康和正常的體重
過高的體重，肥胖和超重會(huì)增加一些腫瘤的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，包括腸癌，胰腺癌，食道癌，腎癌和乳腺癌。
完全戒煙
90%肺癌與吸煙有關(guān)。吸煙在預(yù)防肺癌發(fā)生方面是單一最重要的可預(yù)防的因素。因此越早戒煙對(duì)于癌癥的預(yù)防越有利、
減少飲酒量
過度飲酒和口腔癌，喉癌，咽癌（口腔和后鼻孔與喉和食管之間的肌膜性通道），腸癌（尤其是男性），肝癌和乳腺癌（特別是女性）。女性每天規(guī)律地飲酒不應(yīng)超過2-3個(gè)單位，男性每天規(guī)律地飲酒不應(yīng)超過3-4個(gè)單位。
防止長(zhǎng)期將裸露的暴露于陽光下
皮膚癌是白種人中常見的癌癥，特別是那些長(zhǎng)期暴露與太陽紫外線下的人。一些措施包括在上午11點(diǎn)到下午3點(diǎn)間置身于陰涼處，涂抹具有阻擋紫外線功能的防曬霜，通過衣服，帽子和太陽鏡遮蓋身體暴露于陽光的部分。
密切關(guān)注自己身上的任何痣（痦子），雀斑。這些痣（痦子），雀斑的任何改變都需要到醫(yī)院進(jìn)行就診。這些跡象表征包括痣（痦子）越長(zhǎng)越大或者開始出血等等。
通過使用安全的防護(hù)措施，預(yù)防性傳播疾病
這個(gè)措施能夠阻斷丙型肝炎和人類乳頭狀瘤(HPV)的傳播。前者是肝癌的誘因，而活著是子宮頸癌的誘因。
防止暴露于環(huán)境致癌因素之中
那些工作在輻射和石棉環(huán)境中的工人，工作場(chǎng)所的安全性至關(guān)重要。暴露于輻射和化學(xué)物質(zhì)如：苯，可以導(dǎo)致白血病，而暴露于石棉纖維環(huán)境中可以導(dǎo)致肺癌如：間皮瘤。
預(yù)防癌癥的藥物
有些臨床試驗(yàn)已經(jīng)在這一方面取得成功。每天使用他莫昔芬（三苯氧胺），一種選擇性雌激素受體調(diào)節(jié)劑(SERM)，通常是5年時(shí)間，已經(jīng)被證明能減少高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)婦女乳腺癌發(fā)病大約50%。雷洛昔芬是一種雌激素拮抗藥，像他莫昔芬一樣，它已經(jīng)顯現(xiàn)出和他莫昔芬一樣的減少高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)婦女乳腺癌發(fā)病的功能。
對(duì)于癌癥預(yù)防的疫苗
預(yù)防人類乳頭癌病毒和乙肝的疫苗已經(jīng)研制成功。這些能夠治療宮頸癌（對(duì)抗人類乳頭癌病毒的藥物—加德西[子宮癌疫苗]和Cervarix疫苗）和肝癌。
篩查
癌癥掃描是一項(xiàng)在無癥狀的人群中發(fā)現(xiàn)未被察覺的癌癥的嘗試。這些檢查通常在一定年齡后被應(yīng)用到健康個(gè)體上。對(duì)于癌癥的篩查使得對(duì)特定癌癥早期診斷成為可能，早期診斷可以延長(zhǎng)生命。
最好的因?yàn)楹Y查而受益的例子包括通過乳房X線照片篩查乳腺癌，對(duì)于結(jié)腸癌通過便潛血測(cè)試和結(jié)腸鏡檢查術(shù)，對(duì)于宮頸癌通過常規(guī)篩查子宮頸癌涂片試驗(yàn)對(duì)子宮頸細(xì)胞進(jìn)行篩查。
基因檢測(cè)
對(duì)于特定癌癥相關(guān)基因突變?yōu)楦唢L(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群的提供基因檢測(cè)已經(jīng)成為可能。一些種類的癌癥具有特定的基因突變特征。這包括例如像BRCA1和BRCA2基因?qū)τ谌橄伲殉埠鸵认侔?，MLH1,MSH2,MSH6,PMS1.PMS2對(duì)于子宮，結(jié)腸，小腸，胃癌和泌尿道癌癥。
Reviewed byApril Cashin-Garbutt, BA Hons (Cantab)
本文來源于美國(guó)news-medical網(wǎng)站，作者紐約長(zhǎng)老會(huì)醫(yī)院Dr Ananya Mandal, MD，由全球腫瘤醫(yī)生—環(huán)宇達(dá)康醫(yī)療編譯，轉(zhuǎn)載必須注明出處！未注明出處轉(zhuǎn)載，全球腫瘤醫(yī)生—環(huán)宇達(dá)康醫(yī)療保留追究法律責(zé)任的權(quán)利！
原始網(wǎng)址：http://www.news-medical.net/health/How-to-Prevent-Cancer.aspx
注釋：關(guān)于預(yù)防癌癥的文章，涉及基因檢測(cè)及眾多患者和家屬關(guān)心的問題。
英文原文：
1.How to Prevent Cancer
ByDr Ananya Mandal, MD
Cancer risk is related to genes and exposure to several environmental toxins. While certain risks are un-changeable (genes for example), some lifestyle factors if modified may help prevent the occurrence of cancer.
Another important measure for prevention of cancer is by knowing one’s own body and being aware of any changes to detect a possible cancer as early as possible.
A healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of certain cancers. This includes several measures like:
Eating a healthy and balanced diet
There is a lot of research on what raises cancer risk and what reduces it, however, no single food or supplement can prevent cancer from developing. Overall, research shows a link between eating certain groups of foods and a reduction in cancer risk.
Healthy diet includes plenty of fruit and vegetables (at least 5 portions a day), plenty of bread, rice, potatoes, pasta and other foods with carbohydrates and especially those with fiber.
Eating enough fiber reduces the risk of bowel cancer. Fibre-rich foods include wholegrain pasta, bread, breakfast cereals and rice. Pulses, fruit and vegetables are also good sources of fibre.
There should be some meat, fish, eggs, beans and other non-dairy sources of protein as well as some milk and dairy foods in diet. Although meat is good source of protein, vitamins and minerals, such as iron and zinc, there is evidence that too much of red processed meat can be bad as it may raise risk of bowel cancer. Red meat includes beef, pork and lamb and processed meat includes bacon, sausages, salami and ham. Diet should contain only small amounts of foods and drinks high in fat or sugars.
Diet should be high in foods with antioxidants. However, some of these in high amounts may raise the risk of cancers. For example, Beta-carotene, often found in antioxidant supplements, has been found toincrease the risk of lung cancerdeveloping in smokers and people who have been heavily exposed to asbestos at work.
Maintaining a healthy and normal body weight
High body weight, obesity and being overweight raises the risk of several cancers including bowel cancer, pancreas cancer, esophagus cancer, kidney cancer and breast cancer.
Stopping smoking completely
90% of lung cancer cases are related to smoking. It is the single most important preventable factor in prevention of lung cancer. The earlier smoking is stopped the better it is.
Consuming less alcohol
Excessive alcohol consumption is linked to oral cancer, cancer of the voice box (larynx) or pharynx (back of the mouth), bowel cancer (especially in men), liver cancer and breast cancer (in women). Women shouldn't regularly drink more than 2-3 units of alcohol a day, and men shouldn't regularly drink more than 3-4 units a day.
Preventing prolonged exposure of bare skin to the sun
Related Stories
·Metastatic lung cancer outcomes independent of KRAS mutation subtypes
·Olympus receives FDA clearance for Narrow Band Imaging
·Genomic Health reports positive results from Oncotype DX clinical study in women with DCIS
Skin cancers are common among Caucasians who are exposed to the sun’s ultraviolet rays for long durations of time. Some measures include spending time in shade between 11am and 3pm, using sun screen lotions with sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15, covering up exposed parts of the body with cloths, hats and sunglasses.
All are advised to keep a watch on any moles or freckles that they have. Any changes in these need to be investigated. This could be signs such as the mole getting bigger or begin bleeding etc.
Prevention of sexually transmitted disease by using safe sex measures
This can prevent transmission of Hepatitis C and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). The former is responsible for liver cancers while the latter for cervical cancers.
Prevention of exposure to environmental factors
Work place safety among those who work with radiation and with asbestos is important. Exposure to radiation and chemicals like benzene may cause leukemias while exposure to asbestos fibers may lead to lung cancers like mesothelioma.
Drugs for prevention of cancer
Some trials have shown success in this respect. Daily use of tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), typically for 5 years, has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in high-risk women by about 50%. Raloxifene is a SERM like tamoxifen; it has been shown (in the STAR trial) to reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women equally as well as tamoxifen.
Vaccines for cancer prevention
Vaccines against HPV and Hepatits B are available. These can protect against cervical cancer (against HPV – Gardasil and Cervarix) and liver cancers.
Screening
Cancer screening is an attempt to detect unsuspected cancers in an asymptomatic population. These are applied to healthy individuals usually after a certain age. Screening for cancer can lead to earlier diagnosis in specific cases. Early diagnosis may lead to extended life.
Best examples of benefits due to screening include screening for breast cancer by mammograms, for colon cancers through fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy and for cervical cancers through regular Pap smears for cervical cytology.
Genetic testing
Genetic testing for high-risk individuals is already available for certain cancer-related genetic mutations. Some cancers are typified by certain genetic features. This includes examples like BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes for breast ovarian and pancreatic cancers MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2 for colon, uterus, small bowel, stomach and urinary tract cancers.
Reviewed byApril Cashin-Garbutt, BA Hons (Cantab)
聯(lián)系客服
