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綜合征”)。其中，血三酰甘油增高、向心性肥胖和糖耐量低減構(gòu)成三大危險(xiǎn)因素。　　代謝綜合征早在1988年即被描述，并已明確是糖尿病和心臟病的先兆。目前，代謝綜合征的發(fā)病率呈現(xiàn)全球性增高趨勢(shì)。在發(fā)展中國(guó)家，代謝綜合征的發(fā)病呈現(xiàn)逐年增高的趨勢(shì)。據(jù)某地對(duì)2776名20歲以上成年人調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，在成年人中，超重29.5%、肥胖4.3%、高血壓58.4% 、高膽固醇血癥21%、高三酰甘油29.3%、有代謝綜合征者10.2%。在血糖正常的人群中，10%成年女性和15%成年男性有代謝綜合征表現(xiàn)?！　∑鋵?shí)，這些疾病，并不是因?yàn)楹?jiǎn)單的“營(yíng)養(yǎng)過度”導(dǎo)致的，其深層的原因是不合理的生活方式，即包括飲食不均衡、很少運(yùn)動(dòng)、工作精神壓力大、心理失衡、酗酒、吸煙等因素的綜合作用?！　◇w重過重是癌癥的重要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素　　民間流傳著“發(fā)物”的說法，對(duì)于癌癥患者，更是被絕對(duì)禁食這些食物。其實(shí)，對(duì)非終末期癌癥患者來說，給予其適宜的營(yíng)養(yǎng)支持(食物，腸內(nèi)、腸外途徑等)，將為其治療(手術(shù)、放化療等)創(chuàng)造條件。我從來不認(rèn)為存在什么“發(fā)物”的問題。相反，被稱為“發(fā)物”的一些食物，如魚蝦、雞鴨、部分蕈類和蔬菜等，恰是癌癥患者所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的重要來源，如果沒有食物過敏問題，當(dāng)然可以也應(yīng)該食用！　　如果一定要提出一些防癌控癌的建議。那么一定要做到：避免肥胖，少飲酒或不飲酒，堅(jiān)決不吸煙，每日運(yùn)動(dòng)1小時(shí)，食物多樣化，心情放松，保證睡眠，定期查體……　　即使在體重的合理范圍內(nèi)，從癌癥預(yù)防角度而言，體重“輕一些”好過“重一些”。英國(guó)癌癥研究協(xié)會(huì)報(bào)告指出：1. 超過四成的癌癥可通過改變生活方式預(yù)防。2. 吸煙是最重要的致癌因素，與至少14種疾病有關(guān)，酗酒又吸煙會(huì)大幅提高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。3. 除了吸煙之外，體重過重則是癌癥的最大因素，與過重有關(guān)的癌癥包括乳腺癌、結(jié)直腸癌、腎癌、子宮癌與胰腺癌等?！　∧敲?，食物與惡性腫瘤之間到底是什么樣的關(guān)系呢？　　1. 營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺乏是惡性腫瘤的一個(gè)可能的發(fā)病因素　　長(zhǎng)期缺鐵性貧血的高發(fā)地區(qū)食管上段癌的發(fā)病率很高；由于食品中缺碘，地方性甲狀腺腫的地區(qū)，甲狀腺癌發(fā)生的危險(xiǎn)性明顯增高；另外大量的吸煙和嗜酒者，其上消化道癌明顯增多，雖然沒有證據(jù)說明酒精是直接的致癌物，但已觀察到酒精是增加吸煙者發(fā)生口腔癌、咽癌、喉癌和食管癌的危險(xiǎn)因素。　　2. 過度營(yíng)養(yǎng)是惡性腫瘤的重要發(fā)病因素　　營(yíng)養(yǎng)過度是指攝入某些營(yíng)養(yǎng)素過多，或攝入的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的比例失調(diào)?！　?. 高鹽、低纖維膳食是癌癥的重要發(fā)病因素　　1973年，日本學(xué)者首先提出食鹽與胃癌的關(guān)系問題，認(rèn)為日本人胃癌高發(fā)的原因之一可能是食鹽的攝入量過高，46個(gè)地區(qū)的胃癌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化死亡率的高低與鹽腌食品中鹽的濃度呈正相關(guān)。結(jié)腸癌在非洲農(nóng)村的發(fā)病率僅為3.5/10萬，而西方國(guó)家卻比非洲農(nóng)村高十幾倍，有顯著性統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義，其中一個(gè)重要的因素是后者攝入膳食纖維的量?jī)H為前者的1/6。\n?\n　　4. 膳食組成不合理與腫瘤發(fā)生有關(guān)　　現(xiàn)在研究得較為清楚的有：飲酒及含酒精類的飲料可能與食管癌、胃癌、結(jié)腸癌、直腸癌、肝癌等有關(guān)，傳統(tǒng)的西方膳食(高脂肪、高蛋白精制食品)能夠使生殖系統(tǒng)的癌癥(子宮、卵巢、前列腺、輸精管部位)發(fā)病率增加?！　?. 能量與腫瘤的關(guān)系　　動(dòng)物實(shí)驗(yàn)資料表明限制進(jìn)食的動(dòng)物，比自由進(jìn)食的動(dòng)物自發(fā)性腫瘤的發(fā)病率低，腫瘤發(fā)生的潛伏期延長(zhǎng)。不限制能量但強(qiáng)迫運(yùn)動(dòng)以促進(jìn)總能量的消耗，也可以抑制化學(xué)致癌物對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物的致癌作用。\n?\n? \n癌癥患者能不能吃“發(fā)物”？\nhttp://dz.xdkb.net/html/2014-05/07/content_337963.htm\n癌癥患者能不能吃“發(fā)物”？(圖)_網(wǎng)易新聞中心\n\nhttp://news.163.com/14/0507/03/9RK61IVS00014Q4P.html \n?\n?\n?\n?\n\n?\n\n?\n?\n?\n?\n腫瘤患者不是完全不能吃\"發(fā)物\"\n?\n?\n?　　常有腫瘤患者和家屬在手術(shù)后會(huì)問醫(yī)生是否要忌口?是否吃發(fā)物會(huì)導(dǎo)致腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)并影響傷口愈合這類問題。今天抗癌健康網(wǎng)就針對(duì)這類問題為你答疑。\n?\n?\n\n?\n??　　發(fā)物屬于傳統(tǒng)醫(yī)學(xué)的概念，現(xiàn)代營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)中并沒有與之準(zhǔn)確相應(yīng)的術(shù)語。換言之，發(fā)物就是會(huì)誘“發(fā)”疾病的食物。通常人們知道的包括鵝肉、老母雞、羊肉、牛奶、雞蛋、螃蟹、蝦、豆制品、草魚、海帶、韭菜、香椿、香菜、香菇等等。?　　發(fā)物一詞應(yīng)追溯到古人，由于那時(shí)候沒有現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)，只能籠統(tǒng)地把在某些人出現(xiàn)不良反應(yīng)之前吃過的食物通通歸結(jié)為發(fā)物以警示后人。\n?\n\n?　　古人難以分析出事件與食物是否成因果關(guān)系、是否個(gè)人體質(zhì)問題、是否因?yàn)槭澄锊粷崱⑹欠褚驗(yàn)榧庸なМ?dāng)?shù)?，而如果從現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)的角度來解釋的話，“發(fā)”的癥狀類似于機(jī)體出現(xiàn)變態(tài)反應(yīng)。首先，對(duì)于某種食物過敏的人，無論患腫瘤與否都不該吃它，也很少有人會(huì)在手術(shù)后突然變得對(duì)羊肉、蝦等過敏。其次，魚蝦在腐敗變質(zhì)的情況下容易產(chǎn)生組胺等胺類物質(zhì)，吃了這些不衛(wèi)生的食物容易使人出現(xiàn)蕁麻疹等癥狀。?　　腫瘤手術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的原因是患者的低免疫力狀態(tài)、腫瘤的微轉(zhuǎn)移和手術(shù)中的腫瘤殘留，而影響傷口愈合的因素有局部感染和缺血、年齡、營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況、血糖、免疫力情況以及激素等藥物的使用。目前尚無證據(jù)證明忌口能夠防止腫瘤復(fù)發(fā)并有助于傷口愈合，反而會(huì)因?yàn)閲?yán)格的忌口導(dǎo)致營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良降低免疫力，影響傷口愈合并增加腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移的機(jī)會(huì)。?　　抗癌健康網(wǎng)認(rèn)為，發(fā)物的定義較為模糊，不應(yīng)作為一種食物的固有屬性。腫瘤患者只要了解自己的身體情況，不吃患病前已知的會(huì)產(chǎn)生過敏的食物，并注意選擇新鮮食品和烹調(diào)方法，就沒必要為了沒有證據(jù)的傳統(tǒng)說法而因噎廢食。\n?\n腫瘤患者不是完全不能吃\"發(fā)物\"_癌癥食療_抗癌健康網(wǎng)\nhttp://www.ca39.com/2012/0810/64435.html\n?\n?\n\n\n?\n?\n\n粉碎癌癥患者飲食謠言\n\n\n　?。▉碓础け本┩韴?bào)）國(guó)際上已經(jīng)給出了明確的答案：腫瘤患者獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng)后，其正向作用是可以肯定的。所以我們鼓勵(lì)患者盡可能保證營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況，做到能吃、善吃、多吃。而想達(dá)到“喂養(yǎng)患者，而不是喂養(yǎng)腫瘤”的目的。\n　\n??\n　　謠言一：腫瘤患者應(yīng)少吃，以免“喂大”腫瘤\n?\n　　于康：對(duì)于要不要給予腫瘤患者足夠的營(yíng)養(yǎng)，國(guó)際上已經(jīng)給出了明確的答案：腫瘤患者獲取營(yíng)養(yǎng)后，其正向作用是可以肯定的。當(dāng)患者有了足夠的營(yíng)養(yǎng)做支撐，再配以藥物治療、化療、放療和手術(shù)，可以使患者抵抗腫瘤的能力變得更強(qiáng)大、更堅(jiān)實(shí)。所以我們鼓勵(lì)患者盡可能保證營(yíng)養(yǎng)狀況，做到能吃、善吃、多吃。而想達(dá)到“喂養(yǎng)患者，而不是喂養(yǎng)腫瘤”的目的，脂肪供給能量較糖供給能量有優(yōu)勢(shì)：研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，腫瘤組織比人體更容易搶奪到由主食、甜食提供的糖分物質(zhì)，作為能量需求；而由于腫瘤組織缺少利用脂肪的酶，由魚等肉類提供的脂肪更多的是被人體利用了。所以對(duì)于癌癥患者的供能，需要糖分比重下降、脂肪供給增加。而當(dāng)患者無法進(jìn)食時(shí)，需給予腸內(nèi)營(yíng)養(yǎng)。\n?\n　　\n　\n　謠言二：煲湯高營(yíng)養(yǎng)，多喝總沒錯(cuò)\n?\n　　于康：認(rèn)為喝肉湯可以“補(bǔ)營(yíng)養(yǎng)”是人們長(zhǎng)久以來的一個(gè)大誤區(qū)。此點(diǎn)無須爭(zhēng)論，大量研究證明，肉湯里面的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值不足肉本身的一成。湯的主要營(yíng)養(yǎng)全部來自于原料，原料中有水溶性的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素和非水溶性營(yíng)養(yǎng)素，水溶性維生素C、礦物質(zhì)會(huì)少部分進(jìn)入湯中，非水溶性的蛋白質(zhì)90%至93%仍留在肉里，湯里僅有一些“氨基酸碎片”，湯的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素含量不足總量的10%。所以，煲湯并非高營(yíng)養(yǎng)，喝湯來補(bǔ)充的營(yíng)養(yǎng)素極微。正確的方法是每餐保證能量、蛋白質(zhì)、維生素與膳食纖維這四種營(yíng)養(yǎng)素的攝入：1能量：每餐都要有主食，但避免粗纖維、油炸主食；2蛋白質(zhì)：來自魚、牛奶、雞蛋、瘦肉、豆制品；3、維生素與膳食纖維：新鮮的蔬菜水果、適當(dāng)?shù)拇旨Z和菌類。建議癌癥患者每周食用三次海魚，每次三兩；每天二兩紅肉、一兩豆制品，一斤青菜，一至二兩蘑菇。\n?\n　　\n?\n　　謠言三：羊肉、海鮮、魚是“發(fā)物”，癌癥患者不能吃 \n?\n　　于康：西醫(yī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)學(xué)中并不存在“發(fā)物”一說。當(dāng)然，有些人對(duì)海鮮、魚類等食物過敏另當(dāng)別論。在癌癥患者的飲食中，正需要牛羊肉、禽類、魚類來保證優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白的攝入。優(yōu)質(zhì)蛋白來自于牛奶、雞蛋、瘦肉、豆制品這四大類。在臨床上出現(xiàn)過癌癥患者由于不敢吃這類食物，導(dǎo)致蛋白質(zhì)大量損耗、血漿蛋白嚴(yán)重下降，而出現(xiàn)感染的案例。所以，如果患者并非對(duì)羊肉、魚類等物質(zhì)過敏，這些食物的給予是必要的。\n?\n　　\n?\n　　謠言四：蘑菇能抗癌，越貴的菌類效果越好\n?\n　　于康：含香菇多糖的菌類被證實(shí)有抗癌的功效，所以建議癌癥患者在飲食中適當(dāng)攝入一些香菇、平菇等菌類，但沒有證據(jù)說食用貴的菌類比尋常的有效。因?yàn)樗摹百F”主要體現(xiàn)在“物以稀為貴”，并非表現(xiàn)在營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值上。與之類似，有患者家屬會(huì)一味地給患者購(gòu)買進(jìn)口水果食用，其實(shí)各種水果的抗氧化能力都類似，進(jìn)口水果反而會(huì)因其運(yùn)輸周期長(zhǎng)等因素不如本地水果新鮮。只要保證新鮮果蔬的攝入，并注意種類的多樣化都對(duì)患者有益，并非越貴越好。\n\n?\n\n??"}