Whenever Mary reads an interesting story,she can't keep it to and wants to share it with her friends.
A. she B. her C. hers D. herself
題考査反身代詞的用法、句意為"每當(dāng)瑪麗讀到有趣的故事時，她都無法不告訴別人，想和她的朋友一起分享”， keep...to oneself是固定搭配，意為"不告訴別人"
kind and helpful to the people around us, and we will make the world a nicer place to live in.
A. Be B. Being C. To be D. Been
祈使句+ and + 簡單句 ，這里的祈使句相當(dāng)于一個條件從句，后面的簡單句相當(dāng)于主句
讓步狀語從句，是指狀語從句中的一種，其本身也是狀語從句。一般翻譯為"盡管……"或"即使……"，就是我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪杏玫?quot;退一步說…"的感覺
引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞主要有以下這些:
though，although，while，as; even if，even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑問詞，疑問詞-ever，regardless of+名詞/名詞短語/名詞從句，despite，in spite of。
切記although，though 不可與but連用，但可以與still和yet連用。
Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still) kept on working.
雖然他已經(jīng)精疲力竭了，但他仍然繼續(xù)工作。
Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong.
他雖然年紀大了，身體還很健壯。
consider作動詞時主要有以下四種用法:
一、作"思考"、"考慮"(=think about)解,后面可接動名詞、由"how,what等+動詞不定式"或者從句作賓語.但要特別注意,consider后面不能直接跟動詞不定式作賓語.例如:
①We are considering going to Hainan for the Spring Festival.我們在考慮赴海南過春節(jié).
②He has never considered how to solve the problem.他從未考慮過如何解決那個問題.
③Do you consider that we can finish the project ahead of time?你認為我們能提前完成這個項目嗎?
二、consider v.還可作"顧慮到"、"顧及"、"體諒"(=take into account)解.這時其后用名詞或動名詞作賓語.例如:
①All of you should consider the feelings of other people.你們必須顧及到他人的感情.
②Although he has made such a stupid mistake,you should consider his youth.盡管他犯了那樣愚蠢的錯誤,你應(yīng)該體諒他還年輕.
三、作"認為"、"以為"、"覺得"(=be of the opinion,regard as)解時,后面多接賓語從句,這時一般不接動名詞作賓語.例如:
①I consider that he is fit for the position of the manager.我認為他勝任經(jīng)理的位置.
②We consider that you are not to blame.我們認為這不是你的錯.
③He has never considered the fact that his family is not very rich.他從未考慮過他家并不富裕這一事實.
consider作"認為"解時,后面還可以接一個賓語和一個動詞不定式作賓語補足語,構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語結(jié)構(gòu),但這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞不定式主要是"to be+名詞/形容詞";有時也可以是其它不定式,不過這種不定式多用完成時.例如:
①We always consider him to be a weak leader.我們一直認為他是個能力不強的領(lǐng)導(dǎo).
②They consider Jim (to be) the cleverest boy in their class.他們認為吉姆是他們班最聰明的學(xué)生.
③I consider her to have done wonderfully in the final exam.我認為她在期末考試中表現(xiàn)得非常出色.
注:consider作"認為"解時,后面偶爾也出現(xiàn)接不定式作賓語的情況,不過這時大都用形式賓語it,而將真正的賓語后移.例如:
Do you consider it wise to interfere?你覺得干預(yù)是明智的嗎?
四、固定結(jié)構(gòu)"consider...as/ to be+名詞/形容詞"多側(cè)重于表示經(jīng)過思考"認為……是……".例如:
①We consider his suggestion as having possibilities.我們認為他的建議具有可行性.
②They considered the plan as reasonable.他們認為這個計劃是合理的
----------------------------------------------------打印
He was told _carefully,tell sb to do sth 被動be told to do sth.
it is worth doing sth 的意思是“值得做某事”，不是被動語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),也不含被動語義。
it is worth doing sth 是系表結(jié)構(gòu)+主語補足語（= doing sth is worth），是句型 it worth + 名詞 的變體。
The engineerhas has tried（try） every possible way，but still cannot get the computer started．
意為：那位工程師已經(jīng)嘗試了各種可能的方法，但仍然無法讓電腦啟動．嘗試各種方法應(yīng)該是在過去做的，對現(xiàn)在造成的影響和結(jié)果是：仍然無法讓電腦啟動．應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)．現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的構(gòu)成：have/has+過去分詞．try，嘗試，動詞，過去分詞tried．主語是The engineer，第三人稱單數(shù)形式，故填：has tried
get sth done是 使某事完成。強調(diào)不是本人做的，而是找人做的。
比如：I need to get my bike fixed. I will get my hair cut.
The girl was often heard _______ happily in her room.
A. sings B. sing C. singing D. to sing
be made to do.. 被迫做某事
During this month, people are made to think about the importance of brushing their teeth, ___eating___ (吃)less sweet foods and going to see the __doctor___ (醫(yī)生)from time to time.
動詞＋sb＋do/doing/to do
英文語法：V+sb+to do sth , V+sb+ do sth, V+sb+doing
一、哪些動詞用V+sb+do sth或者
V+sb+doing sth？口訣如下：
“一感二聽三使四看半幫助".
口訣解釋：
一感指 feel
二聽指 listen to 和 hear
三使指 have,let 和 make
四看見指 see,look at,watch,notice ,observe （其實是五看）
半幫助: help (指其后的不定式可帶可不帶to)
上面12個詞有個共同特征，就是主動結(jié)構(gòu)V+sb+do+sth,不要加to，被動結(jié)構(gòu)需要加to。具體說來又分成三類：
1.知覺動詞（一感二聽五看共8個） + 復(fù)合賓語——（或者
V+sb+ doing sth
，前者強調(diào)過程，后者強調(diào)動作正在進行，被動結(jié)構(gòu)）
--主動結(jié)構(gòu)V+sb+ do sth
表示“
感知某人做過某事”,即感知的是不定式所表示動作從頭到尾發(fā)生的全過程。例句：
I felt the docter touch the sore spot with a probe.我覺得大夫用探針輕觸過痛點.
We heard the girl sing some songs in the next door.我們聽到那個女孩在隔壁唱過幾支歌.
He felt something move beside him...
I heard the girl sing an English song .
He often makes his sister cry .
Have you seen a young man pass by
Mother watched her son play in the park .
---
主動結(jié)構(gòu)
V+sb+ doing sth
“感知某人正在做某事”,
Every night I hear her talking in her sleep.
I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（強調(diào)"我見他正干活"這個動作）
昨天我見他正在花園里干活。
I saw him work in the garden yesterday.
昨天我看見他在花園里干活了。(強調(diào)"我看見了"這個事實)
--對于上述兩種的被動結(jié)構(gòu)要注意了，結(jié)構(gòu)分別是be+Ved+todo和be+Ved+doing
He was heard to sing.
He was heard singing.
2.使役動詞（make let have 3個） + 復(fù)合賓語——（，但是如果是被動語態(tài)，make 和Have的結(jié)構(gòu)是be made to V/have sth done ）
---
主動結(jié)構(gòu)
V+sb+ do sth,
使役動詞構(gòu)成的短語表示“使得某人去做某事”,如：
The man had my assistant run the errand.那個人讓我的助手跑腿.
They made him leave.他們迫使他離開.
Can you help me (to) carry the box ?
Let me have a try .
Please listen to the man tell the story .
---被動結(jié)構(gòu)sb is made/let + to+do, have的被動結(jié)構(gòu)是have sth done,例句：
I have my bike fixed（fixed 在這里表被動,讓我的自行車被修）
His sister is often made to cry .
She is often heard to sing this song
3.help 后的復(fù)合賓語分兩種情況：
1）動詞不定式不帶 to 表示主語只起協(xié)助作用,不直接參與不定式的動作,如：
I helped her find the book.我?guī)退业搅四潜緯?（我起到的是協(xié)助作用,書是由他自己看到的.）
2）動詞不定式帶 to ,如：
I helped her to find the book.我?guī)椭餐业搅四潜緯?（我倆一起找并看到書.）
二、哪些動詞跟doing？哪些動詞跟
to do?
只能是doing sth
1、 enjoy doing sth[]享受做某事
2、 finish doings sth[]結(jié)束做某事
3、 practice doing sth[]練習(xí)做某事
4、 mind doing sth []介意某事
5、 be busy doing sth []忙于做某事
6、 have fun doing sth []很開心做某事
7、 have problems doing sth[]有問題做某事
8、 have difficulties doingsth []有困難做某事
9、 have trouble doing sth[]有麻煩做某事
10、 spend some time doingsth []花時間做某事
11、 prefer doing sth todoing sth []更喜歡做某事
12、 be used to doing sth []習(xí)慣于做某事
13、 look forward to doingsth []盼望做某事
14、 be interested in doingsth []有興趣做某事
只能是to do sth
15、 want to do sth []想要
16、 would like to do []愿意
17、 agree to do []同意
18、 refuse to do []拒絕
19、 decide to do []決定
20、 plan to do[]計劃
21、 expect to do[]期望
22、 hope to do[]希望
23、 wish to do[]但愿
to do doing 均可，但意思不一樣
24、 like to do sth[]喜歡馬上去做某事
25、 like doing sth []平常喜歡做某事
26、 prefer to do sth []更喜歡馬上去做某事
27、 prefer doing sth []平常更喜歡做某事
28、 hate to do []不喜歡馬上去做某事
29、 hate doing sth[]平常不喜歡做某事
30、 try to do sth []盡力去做某事
31、 try doing sth []試著去做某事
32、 remember to do sth []記得去做某事
33、 remember doing sth []記得做過某事
34、 forget to do sth []忘記去做某事
35、 forget doing sth []忘記做過某事
36、 stop to do sth []停下來去做某事
37、 stop doing sth []停下正做的事
V+sb+to do sth結(jié)構(gòu)
38、 would like sb to dosth[]愿意某人去做某事
39、 like sb to do sth[]喜歡某人去做某事
40、 want sb to do sth []想要某人去做某事
41、 wish sb to do sth []但愿某人去做某事
42、 expect sb to do sth []期盼某人去做某事
43、 prefer sb to do sth []更喜歡某人去做某事
44、 allow sb to do sth []同意某人去做某事
45、 encourage sb to do sth[]鼓勵某人去做某事
46、 advise sb to do sth []建議某人去做某事
47、 ask sb to do sth []要求某人去做某事
48、 tell sb to do sth []告訴某人去做某事
49、 get sb to do sth[]使得某人去做某事
50、 invite sb to do sth []邀請某人去做某事
特殊結(jié)構(gòu)
51、 make sb do sth[]讓某人去做某事
52、 let sb do sth[]讓某人去做某事
53、 have sb do sth[]讓某人去做某事
54、 help sb to do sth[]幫助某人去做某事
55、 help sb do sth[]幫助某人去做某事
三、可用于“動詞+sb+intodoing sth”的
9個常見動詞
cheat sb.into doing sth. 欺騙某人做某事
trick sb.into doing sth. 欺騙某人做某事
food sb.into doing sth. 欺騙某人做某事
force sb.into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事
argue sb.into doing sth. 說服某人做某事
talk sb.into doing sth. 說服某人做某事
terrify sb.into doing sth. 威脅某人做某事
frighten sb.into doing sth. 嚇唬某人做某事
persuade sb.into doing sth. 說服某人做某事
四、可用于“動詞+sb+fromdoing sth”的幾個常見動詞
keep sb. fromdoing sth. 不讓某人做某事
stop sb. fromdoing sth. 不讓某人做某事
Discouragesb from doing sth
-------------------------------
I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.
想要做某事feel like doing sth.
I would rather ___do sth_________ him the truth
mind的用法
mind作可數(shù)名詞，意為"腦子;想法;記性"。
如:An idea has just come into my mind.
mind作動詞。
1. 意為"當(dāng)心;注意"，后跟名詞或從句，也可單獨使用。
如: Mind the step! 小心臺階!
Now mind! You must hurry home. 注意啦!你必須趕快回家。
2. 意為"介意;在乎"，主要用于疑問句和否定句。
①作不及物動詞。
如: Do you mind if I call you later?
我晚一點兒打電話給你好嗎?
注意:Do (Would) you mind if...句型用來表示請求對方的許可，即詢問對方\"是否介意(說話人)做某事\"
②作及物動詞，后面通常接名詞、代詞、V-ing形式、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等。
如: Would you mind my closing the window?
你介意我關(guān)上窗戶嗎?
注意:Do (Would) you mind doing sth.? 這一句型通常用來表示請他人做某事，常譯為\"可否請你做......\"或\"勞駕你做......\"，多用Would開頭，用Do的情況較少
mind的常用短語:
change one\'s mind 改變主意; keep...in mind記住......; never mind不要緊
call to mind 回憶起;記起 have a good mind to 非常想…;極有意…
in one's right mind 不瘋的;神志清醒的 make up one's mind 決心;決定
put sb. in mind of sb. or sth.使想起;提醒(某人)
speak one's mind 直言不諱 to one's mind 依(某人)之意 never you mind 沒你的事
would you mind 請
awfully adv.非常地；極端地；令人嫌惡地
—I don’t believe we _______ before.
—Well, I saw you once at a party, but we ______ introduced.
A．have met; weren’t B．met; weren’t
C．have met; haven’t been D．met; haven’t been
考查時態(tài)語態(tài)，第一空填現(xiàn)在完成時，因為有before，第二空從句意看是說在聚會上見過一次，但當(dāng)時沒有被介紹。選 A
And after all these years, the best player finally deserves to be honored as the most valuable.
在這么多年以后，最優(yōu)秀的球員終于被認可為最有價值球員。
lie lied lied lying 說謊
lie lay lain lying 平躺，位于
lay laid laid (現(xiàn)在分詞是什么)放置，下蛋
We have __much_____ fun _____playing__ tennis on the playground．
只有have fun doing 意思是做某事很有趣
追答：
其實這個句式里隱藏了一個in 完整的應(yīng)該是have fun (in)doing sth. in一般都省略。因為in是介詞 介詞后面都加ing。
—How long is it since he ________his hometown?
—He ________for nearly 10 years.
A.left; left B.has left; has left
C.left; has been away D.leave; has been away CCC.
因為第一句主句為一般現(xiàn)在時,從句用一般過去式；
后一句中,必須用現(xiàn)在完成時,因為將近10年表明的是一個期間,用現(xiàn)在完成時表明一種狀態(tài).
Time will whether I made the right choice or not.
A. see B. say C. know D. tell
本題考查動詞意義辨析。題意為“時間將會證明我做出的選擇是否正確”。Tell常與can/ be able to/ will連用，意為“知道；證明；辨別”，其三個選項均無此意
知識點1 She said that loud music made her tense. 她說喧鬧的音樂使她很緊張。
【講解】（1） make 后面常接復(fù)合賓語，表示“使，讓”的意思。如：
Too much food made him ill. 吃得太多使他病了。
They made her wait. 他們叫她等會兒。
They made him captain. 他們選他當(dāng)隊長。
（2）tense是一個形容詞，意思是“緊張的；引起緊張的”。它可以用來指人也可以用來描述氣氛，它還可以用來描述人的身體。如：
The players were tense at the start of the game. 隊員們在比賽開始時很緊張。
She looked pale and tense. 她看起來又蒼白又緊張。
Reporters described the atmosphere in the capital as“very tense”. 記者形容首都的氣氛“十分緊張”。
Massage is great if your neck and back are tense. 如果你的頸部和背部肌肉緊張的話，按摩一下是很管用的。
speech 演講 可數(shù)，說話的能力 不可數(shù) ,
valuable ,value,achieve ，achievement,success,succeed
Succeed success successful的區(qū)別和用法
succeed in + doing sth = 成功做成某事
succeed to ...: 繼承(王位等）
succeed sb: 繼承
succeed with sth:在某方面獲得成功
一、succeed的用法
正：His plan succeeded.
析：succeed 表示“成功”，是不及物動詞，因此不能用于被動語態(tài)
正：Who succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister?
析：succeed 表示“接替(某人)”，是及物動詞，其后無需用介詞 after。但它若表示“繼承(職位、頭銜、財產(chǎn)等)”，則是不及物的，后跟賓語時帶介詞 to(此時也不用 after)，如：She succeeded to the mayoralty.(她繼任市長職位)，比較：She succeeded him to the mayoralty.(她接替他擔(dān)任市長)。
二、success的用法
正：Failure is the mother of success.
析：success 表示抽象意義的“成功”，是不可數(shù)的；表示具體意 義的“成功的人或事”, 則是可數(shù)的。比較：Gig sucess does not usually occur early.(大器晚成)
正：Did you have any success in persuading her to change her mind?
析：have success in doing sth＝做某事有結(jié)果或效果。又如：What success did you have in finding a new job?(你想找份新工作結(jié)果如何?)
三、successful的用法
正：The performance was successful.
析：successful＝成功的；successive＝連續(xù)的，接連的，一連串的。如：We have won five successive games. (我們已連勝五場比賽)。
正：Were you successful in finding a new house?
析：表示成功地做某事，be successful 后不能接不定式，而是接 in doing sth，又如：They were successful in launching a communication satellite. (他們成功地發(fā)射了一顆通訊衛(wèi) 星)
----Can I park mycar here?
----Sure not, we don’t allow here.
A. toparking B. park C. topark D. parking
1、allow sb to do sth,allow后有人（賓語）時,用不定式,意思是允許某人做某事,如The teacher allowed us to discuss in class yesterday.
2、allow doing sth,allow后沒有人（賓語）時,用動詞ing形式,意思是允許做某事,如The teacher allowed discussing in class yesterday.沒說允許誰做,所以用動詞ing形式.
3、一般不用allow to do sth這種形式
1 didn't mean to trouble Curry yesterday．It was pouring with rain so I accepted his offer of a lift(讓某人搭便車)．
意：我昨天沒打算麻煩Curry的．因為下大雨，所以我接受了讓他送我一程．refused拒絕；received收到；allowed允許；accepted接受
We will go to senior high school in two___（month ）time．
答案：months'．結(jié)合句意是說兩個月內(nèi)，結(jié)合in two和后面的time可知這里用in two months'time表示兩個月內(nèi)，用month的所有格作定語修飾time．故答案是months‘．
in two months 和 in two months' time,兩個短語的意思是一樣的,都是指的兩個月之后.如果說兩個月之內(nèi),則說成：within two months.
cream
n.奶油；乳酪；面霜；精華；米色 v.凝成乳脂；起泡沫；撇去乳脂
They're the cream.這些是精華。
________the teachers in our school is 150 and some of them are_______ teachers.
A.A number of 一些, women B.The number of, women（woman 作定語和修飾的名詞單復(fù)數(shù)一致）
She wedded a foreigner.她嫁給了一個外國人。
You are married to a foreigner, huh? So what’s it like?
你跟一個老外結(jié)婚了，是嗎？那么是個什么樣？
go back to為動副介搭配（動詞+副詞+介詞）
I now look forward to going back to work as soon as possible.
我現(xiàn)在盼望盡快回到工作中。
light up 照亮;點煙;開街燈或車燈;（使）變得喜悅
Neon slogans light up the city by night.到了晚上，霓虹燈廣告照亮了整座城市
—Excuse me.Do you know_______?
—Sorry, I don’t know, either.
A.how to check out a book
B.when will the concert begin
C.That there is a bank near here
D.How long the meeting would last
“不好意思,我也不知道”可知屬于情景交際,正在進行,D出現(xiàn) would屬于過去將來時,排除D,that引導(dǎo)的是陳述意義的句子,本題是疑問句,排除C,賓語從句可以與疑問詞+動詞不定式進行轉(zhuǎn)化,故選A
一.賓語從句的定義
置于動詞、介詞等詞性后面起賓語作用的從句叫賓語從句。賓語從句的語序必須是陳述語序。謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能帶賓語從句。有些形容詞（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以帶賓語從句。
二.賓語從句中引導(dǎo)詞的用法
在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語，引導(dǎo)詞有：
連詞：that (that ?？墒÷?,whether, if
代詞：who, whose, what ,which
副詞：when ,where, how, why 等。
（一）that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（在非正式場合that可以省略）
可跟that從句做賓語的動詞有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事項：當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等詞，而賓語從句的意思是否定時，常把否定轉(zhuǎn)移至主句表示。
例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
在以下情況中that不能省略
當(dāng)句中的動詞后接多于兩個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時，第一個that可省，但后面的that不可省。
例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞與that賓語從句之間有插入語時，that一般不可省。
例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
當(dāng)that從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時，that不可省。
例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
注意事項：許多帶復(fù)合賓語的句子，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子后部，而用it作形式賓語。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
（二）由whether,if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
由whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，實際上是一般疑問句演變而來的。意思是“是否”。賓語從句要用陳述句語序。一般說來，在賓語從句中whether與if可以互換使用，但在特殊情況下if與whether是不能互換的。
例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
只能用whether，不能用if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
在帶to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
在介詞的后面
例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
在動詞后面的賓語從句時
例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
直接與or not連用時
例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.
只能用if不能用whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“如果”
例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
if引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語從句時
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
引導(dǎo)狀語從句even if（即使）和as if（好象）時
例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.
（三）連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
這樣的賓語從句實際上是由特殊疑問句變化而來的，賓語從句要用陳述句語序。用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
英語中的連接代詞有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、定語或者表語。
例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
英語中的連接副詞有：when,where,why,how，在句中擔(dān)任狀語的成分。
例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
三.賓語從句的語序
賓語從句的語序是陳述句語序即：連接代詞/副詞+主語+謂語+其他成分。例句如下：
I don’t know what they are looking for.
Could you tell me when the train will leave?
Can you imagine what kind of man he is?
四.賓語從句的時態(tài)
主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)實際情況使用任何時態(tài)。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
主句是過去時態(tài)，從句須用過去時態(tài)的某種形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理或者事實時，即使主句是過去時，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound
------------
Anyone who is a server or____ has been one knows that customers always come first.
A. whom B. what C. who D, which
本題考查定語從句。or表示并列, who is a sever是一個定語從句,先行詞是 anyone,所以O(shè)r后面的定語從句的先行詞也是 anyone,在從句里面做主語,所以答案選C。
規(guī)律方法
1. 定語從句的概念
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞,定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。
2. 定語從句的關(guān)系詞
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,常見的關(guān)系代詞包括that, which,
who(賓格whom,所有格whose)等,關(guān)系副詞包括where, when,
why等。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞及定語從句之間起連接作用,同時又作定語從句的重要成分。
3. 定語從句的分類
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系,定語從句可分為限制性定語從句及非限制性定語從句。限制性定語從句緊跟先行詞,主句與從句不用逗號分開,從句不可省去。非限制性定語從句與主句之間有逗號分開,起補充說明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
4. 關(guān)系代詞的用法
(1)that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在從句中作主語、賓語或表語。作主語時不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.
瑪麗喜歡輕柔的音樂。(that作主語)
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.
我放在桌子上的那件外套是藍色的。(that作賓語)
(2)which用于指物,在句中作主語、賓語或表語。作主語不可省略,作賓語可省略。例如:
The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.
位于火車站附近的那座大樓是一家超市。(作主語)
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful.
我們昨天晚上看的那部電影很好看。(作賓語)
(3)who, whom用于指人,who
用作主語,whom用作賓語。在口語中,有時可用who代替whom。who和whom作賓語時也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.
經(jīng)常在英語方面幫助我的那個女孩是英國人。(作主語)
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?
正在與李明談話的老師是誰?(作賓語)
4. 關(guān)系副詞的用法
(1)when指時間,其先行詞表示時間,when在定語從句中作時間狀語。例如:
This was the time when he arrived.
這是他到達的時間。
(2)where指地點,其先行詞表示地點,where在定語從句中作地點狀語。例如:
This is place where he works.
這是他工作的地點。
(3)why 指原因,其先行詞是原因,why在定語從句中做原因狀語。例如:
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
沒人知道他為什么上學(xué)總遲到。
The sleeping baby would be scared _______ a sudden loud noise.should there be
比較等級的修飾語小結(jié)：比較級前可用a bit, a little, rather, some(肯定句及請求或建議的問句中), any(否定句或疑問句中)表示“稍稍，一點”；用much, far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示“……得多”；用still(只用于肯定句), even, yet等表示“更加”。
一、比較級前可用a bit, a little, rather, some(肯定句及請求或建議的問句中), any(否定句或疑問句中)表示“稍稍，一點”；用much, far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示“……得多”；用still(只用于肯定句), even, yet等表示“更加”。如：
Can you move a little farther?你可以站稍遠一點嗎？
Do you feel any better today?你今天覺得好一點了嗎？
Let’s go by car. It’s much cheaper. 咱們開車去。這樣便宜得多。
There are far more people than we expected. 人比我們預(yù)計的多得多。
He is fat，but his brother is still fatter. 他很胖，但他哥哥更胖。
注：
在作定語的比較級形容詞前一般只用far或much。如：
That was a much/far easier job. 這是件容易得多的工作。
在修飾或代替復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞的more前不可用much，而要用many。如：
I’ve made many more mistakes than you have.我出的錯比你多得多。
二、表示確定程度的修飾語，如分數(shù)、倍數(shù)或有關(guān)長度、時間、重量等名詞詞組通常放在比較級前，也可由by引出而置于比較級之后。如：
China is one-sixth larger than the United States.中國比美國大六分之一。
Their house is about three times bigger than ours.他們的房子大約有我們房子三倍大。
He is three years older than his brother.他比他兄弟大三歲(from www.yygrammar.com)。
三、最高級前可用the second, the very, much the, (by) far the, not quite the, nearly the, almost the等修飾。如：
She is by far the most active member in our group. 她是我們組最最活躍的成員。
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
This hat is nearly/almost the biggest. 這帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：very和much修飾最高級時的不同位置。
This is the very best. =This is much the best.這是最最好(難)的。
4)倍數(shù)可以放在as…as的第一個as前作修飾語。如：
Their house is about three times as big as ours. 他們的房子大約有我們房子三倍大。
-------
ancestor-- our daily lives, so different from those of our ancestors
I'll tidy up while you make the dinner.你來做晚飯，我來收拾。
an ex-actress with drop-dead(極其引人注目的；吸引人的) looks 一個貌美如花的息影女演員
You ready, sweetie? 準(zhǔn)備好了嗎，親愛的？
The story goes that some time ago, a man punished his 3-year-old daughter for wasting a roll of gold wrapping paper. Money was tight and he became infuriated(憤怒的) when the child tried to decorate a box to put under the Christmas tree. Nevertheless, the little girl brought the gift to her father the next morning and said, "This is for you, Daddy."
The man was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction, but his anger flared again when he found out the box was empty. He yelled at her, stating, "Don't you know, when you give someone a present, there is supposed to be something inside? The little girl looked up at him with tears in her eyes and cried, "Oh, Daddy, it's not empty at all. I blew kisses into the box. They're all for you, Daddy."
The father was crushed. He put his arms around his little girl, and he begged for her forgiveness.
Only a short time later, an accident took the life of the child. It is also told that her father kept that gold box by his bed for many years and, whenever he was discouraged, he would take out an imaginary kiss and remember the love of the child who had put it there.
In a very real sense, each one of us, as humans beings, have been given a gold container filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family members, friends, and God. There is simply no other possession, anyone could hold, more precious than this.
The 3-year-old girl was punished by her father for ________.
A. wasting gold B. wasting wrapping paper
C. putting the box under the Christmas tree
D. bringing the gift to her father
What’s inside the box according to the little girl?
A. nothing B. air C. kisses D. gold wrapping paper
Choose the best title for the passage.
A. The kisses in the box. B. A girl and his father
C. A love story D. The box under the Christmas tree.
Nine﹣year﹣old Jimmy was given a task in school to write a story on"My family's ancestors（祖先）"．The purpose was for the kids to （66） understand their family history．
In search of some （67） answers for his task．Jimmy interviewed his grandmother who of course （68） knew nothing about the reason why Jimmy asked such questions．
When she was asked，"Granny，where did I come from？"his grandma was quite （69） nervous Why didn't he ask his parents？She had to be quite careful when talking（70） with a kid about such a subject．She wanted to buy some time，（71） so she replied，"Well，sweetie，the stork（鸛鳥） brought you．"She said no（72） more ，hoping that the subject would be dropped until Jimmy's parents came back．
"So，where did Mom come from？"
"The stork brought her also．"
"Well，then where did you come from？"
"The stork brought （73） me too，sweetie"
"All right，thanks，Granny"
（74） Jimmy's grandmother did not think anything more about his questions．Three days later，when she was tidying up and（75） looking at Jimmy's desk，she read the first sentence of his paper，"For three generations（輩）there have been no natural births in our family"．
備選詞：I so know nervous Jimmy but
happy with answer understand look much
Dear World:
親愛的世界:
My son starts school today.
我的兒子今天就要開始上學(xué)讀書了。
It's going to be strange and new to him for a while, and I wish you would sort of treat him gently.
一時之間，他會感覺陌生而又新鮮。我希望你能待他溫柔一些。
You see, up to now, he's been king of the roost.
你明白，到現(xiàn)在為止，他一直是家中的小皇帝。
He's been boss of the backyard.
一直是后院的王者。
Ihave always been around to repair his wounds, and to soothe his feelings.
我一直在他身旁，忙著為他治療傷口，哄他開心。
But now--things are going to be different.
但是現(xiàn)在--一切都將不同了。
This morning, he's going to walk down the front steps, wave his hand and start on his great adventure that will probably include wars and tragedy and sorrow.
今天清晨，他就要走下前門的樓梯，沖我揮手，然后開始他的偉大的歷險征程，其間或許有爭斗、不幸以及傷痛。
To live his life in the world he has to live in will require faith and love and courage.
既然活在這個世上，他就需要信念、愛心和勇氣。
So, World, I wish you would sort of take him by his young hand and teach him the things he will have to know.
所以，世界啊，我希望你能夠時不時握住他稚嫩的小手，傳授他所應(yīng)當(dāng)知曉的事情。
Teach him - but gently, if you can.
教育他吧--而如果可能的話，溫柔一些。
Teach him that for every scoundrel there is a hero; that for every crooked politician there is a dedicated leader; that for every enemy there is a friend.
教他知道，每有惡人之地，必有豪杰所在;每有奸詐小人，必有獻身義士;每見一敵人，必有一友在側(cè)。
Teach him the wonders of books.
教他感受書本的神奇魅力。
Give him quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky, bees in the sun, and flowers on the green hill.
給他時間靜思大自然中亙古綿傳之奧秘:空中的飛鳥，日光里的蜜蜂，青山上的簇簇繁花。
Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat.
教他知道，失敗遠比欺騙更為光榮。
Teach him to have faith in his own ideas, even if everyone tells him they are wrong.
教他堅定自我的信念，哪怕人人予以否認。
Teach him to sell his brawn and brains to the highest bidder, but never to put a price on his heart and soul.
教他可以最高價付出自己的精力和智慧，但絕不可出賣良心和靈魂。
Teach him to close his ears to a howling mob...and to stand and fight if he thinks he's right.
教他置暴徒的喧囂于度外……并在自覺正確之時挺身而戰(zhàn)。
Teach him gently, World, but don't coddle him, because only the test of fire makes fine steel.
溫柔地教導(dǎo)他吧，世界，但是不要放縱他，因為只有烈火的考驗才能煉出真鋼。
This is a big order, World, but see what you can do.
這一要求甚高，世界，但是請盡你所能。
He's such a nice little fellow.
他是一個如此可愛的小家伙。
If a man ________ succeed, he must work as hard as he can．用is to succeed。
系動詞be與動詞不定式連用，表示職責(zé)、義務(wù)、意圖、約定、可能性等，這句話的意思是“如果一個人想成功，他必須盡力而為”。
tired 是一個形容詞。 形容一個人的感覺。 eg I am so tired. He is so tired.
tiring 是一個形容詞。 形容一個事情。 這個事情讓一個人很累。 eg Work is so tiring. Running is so tiring.
tiring and tired 這兩個詞都是從一個動詞來的。動詞是 to tire. ok! 英文有很多這種詞， 就是加ing 形容事情， 加ed 形容人的感覺。 Boring 和 bored 是一個
From Cairo came expressions of regret at the attack.
開羅對此次襲擊事件表示遺憾
imaging n. 成像 v. 想像（image的ing形式）；畫…的像
in an era where brain imaging is becoming more sophisticated
在腦成像技術(shù)越來越先進的時代
resonance n.共鳴；共振；反響
His voice had lost its resonance; it was tense and strained.
他的聲音不再嘹亮，變得緊張而不自然。
cognitive adj. 認知的;認識的
As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper.
孩子們越長越大，他們的認知過程變得更為敏銳。
I'm trying to be more centred, and not fall apart when I go through difficult things.
我在努力做到更加沉穩(wěn)自信，這樣遇到困難時才不至于崩潰。
They saw the visit as an important signal of support.
他們把這次訪問看作是支持他們的重要信號。
We were held up for ages at a signal just outside Waterloo.
我們在滑鐵盧站外的信號燈那里停了很長時間。
sugar-free diet drinks 無糖低熱量飲料
Henry gave Paul a glassy-eyed stare.亨利眼神呆滯地盯著保羅。
==========================下面打印了
霍金大神的一些心得
霍金大神的兩大巨著—《時間簡史》與《果殼中的宇宙》(The Universe in a Nutshell)。
《時間簡史》是個黑洞，
高
度致密且過了視界就出不來，《果殼里的宇宙》是個蟲洞，一邊看一邊往回穿越去翻《時間簡史》，最后一怒之下直接在兩本書對應(yīng)的地方互相標(biāo)了頁碼。最后，靠著幾乎都還給老師后還殘存了點的科學(xué)知識，以及信息龐大卻亂成一團的度娘（平均每看30頁度娘兩小時），死了不知多少腦細胞之后（每天讀完一個段落躺下睡覺時，感覺腦子疲憊沉得發(fā)虛），終于研讀完畢，燃燒了大量體內(nèi)有序能量化作熱量使宇宙的無序度增加了50億億億單位之后，我獲得了大量信息，下面是其中的一些心得：
1、20世紀有三個非常偉大也非常重要的科學(xué)理論。第一個叫做哥德爾不完備定理，是說在任何公理化形式系統(tǒng)，總有在定義該系統(tǒng)的公理的基礎(chǔ)上既不能證明也不能證偽的問題。翻譯成人話就是：公式永遠不夠用，總有你用啥公式都算不出來的題；
第二個叫做不確定性原理，是說你不能同時得到一個粒子的位置和速度，其中一個測量得越準(zhǔn)確，另一個就越不準(zhǔn)確，你只能算出處于某位置或某速度的概率。翻譯成人話就是：就算你有公式，你也只能算一半。
第三個叫做混沌理論，是說方程具有所謂混沌的性質(zhì)，在某一時刻位置或速度的微小變化會在將來導(dǎo)致完全不同的行為，人們在實際上無法跟隨這種演化。翻譯成人話就是，就算你用對了公式，你基本也算不對。
作為一個文科生，我愛死這三大定理了。
2、物質(zhì)都具有正能量，還具有萬有引力，引力場具有負能量，宇宙一開始經(jīng)歷了一個叫暴脹的階段，在這階段宇宙從引力場借了好多負能量去創(chuàng)造具有正能量的物質(zhì)，引力場變得更負，就像你用信用卡一樣，你一分沒有，劃卡買了一堆包啊、鞋啊的，你的卡就負了好多大元，負的越多，你的東西堆的就越多，目前的宇宙中大約有1億億億億億億億億億億（1后面80個0）個粒子，為何有這么多物質(zhì)，就是從引力場的負能量中借的。這還不算，如果你有足夠多的負能量（正能量絕對不行），你就能造一個蟲洞，這玩意可以穿越空間，星際旅游說走就走，還能時間旅行，讓你穿越回到過去。
負能量真是好啊。
3、說到時間旅行，萬一有人回到過去，在他祖父還是個小孩時殺了他祖父會怎么樣，這就是導(dǎo)致歷史矛盾的祖父佯謬，《終結(jié)者》就是講這個的。一種解釋是你可以回到過去，但不能改變過去的樣子，因為過去之所以是那個樣子，就是因為你回去參與了其中，這由霍金最愛的方法論—費曼歷史求和支持，叫做協(xié)調(diào)歷史假說又叫做諾維科夫自洽性原理，這就是《星際穿越》《十二猴子》。另一種解釋是有無數(shù)個平行的宇宙，你修改的其實不是你原來的那個宇宙，而是進入了另外一個一模一樣的宇宙，但因為你來修改了，后面的歷史都不一樣了，這沒有任何方法論支持（平行宇宙分裂式?jīng)Q定論量子力學(xué)是種假說，不能算一個方法論），叫做選擇歷史假說又叫做多元平行宇宙理論，這就是《蝴蝶效應(yīng)》《源代碼》。《終結(jié)者》這系列最奇葩，第一部用了第一種假說，第二部用了第二種假說。
還有一種可能，就是你回到過去，但進入了一個時間圈環(huán)，你不停的重復(fù)同一段時間同一段歷史，這樣，你就來到了《土拔鼠日》。
4、人腦實在比電腦NB太多，人腦結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，有幾百萬個處理器同時工作，電腦才幾核，現(xiàn)有的電腦比蚯蚓的大腦還簡單。但是，目前人類DNA進化速度為每年1比特，就是說100萬年才增長1M的信息，你每月流量就要用好幾百M，還不算wifi。而電腦服從摩爾定律，每18個月進化1倍，在某個可預(yù)見的未來，電腦將生成人腦一樣的復(fù)雜性而且更快進化，這就是所謂人工智能。所以，要在未來獲得對電腦的勝利，必須人為大幅度改良DNA并讓人類在人體外培育，以增加人腦尺度，而且電腦是以電子形式光速運轉(zhuǎn)傳遞信息，人體是化學(xué)形式龜速運轉(zhuǎn)傳遞信息，這意味著要支持那樣的大腦，必須對身體也加以改造。
《果殼中的宇宙》第六章，這TM是科普還是《黑客帝國》？《攻殼機動隊》？
5、其實你不知道，除了我們生活的四維時空（三維空間加時間），宇宙還有好多維但只有引力效應(yīng)可以穿越，我們進不去，我們生活在一個四維膜上，旁邊有個差不多的影子膜，離我們巨近但隔著維度我們看不到，更沒準(zhǔn)我們的宇宙是個高維度的全息投影，就像你把一個蘋果投影到屏幕上，用全息圖還原出來。
這就是更離譜的《果殼中的宇宙》第七章，我們的世界沒準(zhǔn)是個大型網(wǎng)游。
6、說點實際的，宇宙一直在膨脹，未來如何？描述宇宙的是弗里德曼模型，有三類模型兩種結(jié)果。引力能戰(zhàn)勝膨脹率，宇宙收縮，所有物體都撞在一起，宇宙變一整個大黑洞，時間完結(jié)，一切GAME OVER；引力不能戰(zhàn)勝膨脹率，宇宙一直膨脹，包括太陽在內(nèi)恒星燒光，能量耗盡，沒有光也沒有熱，一切還是GAME OVER。
不過不用擔(dān)心，這事至少得好幾十億年之后了。
7、看霍金大神的書有個坑，他文字太好說服力太強，你得分清楚哪些是已經(jīng)被實驗證實或觀測支持，成為公認的科學(xué)理論使用的，而哪些又是推論的、數(shù)學(xué)模型演算的，沒有被實驗證實或觀測支持的理論假說，大致來說，《時間簡史》前一半大部分是前者，后一半大部分是后者，《果殼中的宇宙》，大半都是后者。在霍金關(guān)于暴脹、無邊界宇宙假設(shè)、M理論等的推演中，隱藏著一個并不隱晦的終極追求，將自己的理論上升到本體論的高度，并最終戰(zhàn)勝宗教。20世紀以來，科學(xué)家們用超級高端的方法論工具，徹底把哲學(xué)家趕出了本體論領(lǐng)域，并接棒進行本體論之戰(zhàn)，20世紀的本體論哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是愛因斯坦和尼爾斯·波爾奠定的，雖然任何一本哲學(xué)史都不寫他們，如今這個任務(wù)被霍金接了過去，這是為什么他在眾多科學(xué)家中具有領(lǐng)袖姿態(tài)，也是為什么他能寫出這兩大巨著，并把《時間簡史》以40種文字賣到每750個人有一本。
這就是：本體論哲學(xué)家霍金與上帝的終極之戰(zhàn)。http://book.douban.com/review/7578212/
8、最后我要感謝諾蘭導(dǎo)演和他的大作《星際穿越》，就是因為這個片子，我查了一大堆資料，惡補了好多知識，今年我又仔細、完整的看了一遍，于是燃起興趣去看十年前脆敗下來的《時間簡史》，而且居然能基本看懂了，隨著書的閱讀，我又發(fā)現(xiàn)，《星際穿越》的每個部分，真的都是有科學(xué)理論或假說支持的，蟲洞、巨浪星的潮汛力、引力場時空彎曲、黑洞奇點、引力穿越維度……能把這么多復(fù)雜的理論、這么抽象的東西，轉(zhuǎn)化為熒幕上的實體，而且讓人們基本看懂，而且還講了一個漂亮的故事，而且還用了高超的敘事結(jié)構(gòu)，實在是太！厲！害！了！
然而只有一個問題，最后主角能夠做到進入高維空間傳遞奇點數(shù)據(jù)拯救人類，是因為他對女兒的愛強烈得驚天動地感動未來，真真是父愛無敵，當(dāng)時只是覺得愛能創(chuàng)造奇跡的解決問題的方式真是夠神棍的，現(xiàn)在卻覺得，不管這愛多深力多強傳多遠哪怕超距，它也應(yīng)該是一種電磁波吧，這東西它不能穿透維度傳遞啊，這不科學(xué)……
打開想象力地讀這本書
和一般書就是不一樣，作者是物理學(xué)方面的大師，看不懂是很正常的事。但我不覺得一定要帶著明白些什么的目的來看它，試著以一種孩子的心態(tài)來閱讀，來想象，書上說到的任何一個實驗雖然都帶有它的客觀性和嚴謹性，但我們很容易就能在字里行間體會到作者那份熱愛科學(xué)的由衷之情，用許多看似幽默的詞句引導(dǎo)著我大腦中任何一絲不確定的猜測和推想。時間并不是什么神圣的東西，它也是宇宙中的一員，只是生為人類，我們還沒有類似于了解它、發(fā)現(xiàn)它的基因，我相信還有更多的元素是在我們的百科全書之外的。它們與“蘋果落地”一樣，都是存在著的逗我們開心的小道具；事實上，我們的生活就是靠它們來建立起來的，我們的思想缺少不了它們，我猜想，它們也少不了我們的怪異大腦，因為我認為，如果我們不去發(fā)問，不去思考，不去辯論，那么這些宇宙理論也不會產(chǎn)生，更沒有存在的意義了。
哈哈，瞎想了一輪，感覺大腦象跳了一段沒章法的舞蹈。
喜歡這樣地開開無軌電車，喜歡吃著甜點看這本書，喜歡在旁邊的白紙上圖圖畫畫，描出自己的想象力。
The group are enjoying well-deserved success. 這個團隊為當(dāng)之無愧的成功而雀躍
關(guān)于besides的用法
1.除…之外(還有)：Mary knows Japanese besides French. 除法語外，瑪麗還懂日語
2.除…之外(不再有)(用于否定句)
No one writes to me besides you. 除你之外，沒有人給我寫信。
I care for nothing besides this. 除此之外，我什么也不要
【用法】其后除接名詞或代詞外，還可接動名詞或名詞性從句：
Besides being a teacher, he was a poet. 除了是位教師外，他還是位詩人。
Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden. 除了做飯之外我還得管園子。
Have you nothing to tell us besides what we have already heard?
除了我們已經(jīng)得知的消息外，你難道沒有什么可以告訴我們的嗎?
I know nothing besides what I have told you. 除了我已對你說的之外，其他的我別無所知。
besides ad.此外，而且：
I don’t want to come out now, and besides, I must work.
我現(xiàn)在不想出去，而且我還得工作。
I have many more besides. 除此之外，我還有更多。
The task is very difficult; besides, time presses. 任務(wù)艱巨，而且時間緊迫。
That's sound advice. 那是個合理的建議。
The following special offer is valid for... weeks only, kindly keep this in mind when placing your order.
下列特殊報價的有效期僅限。。。周，當(dāng)貴公司發(fā)出訂單時請注意。
The transformer is available as a self-cooled unit, or it can be purchased with additional steps of forced cooling that use fan or fans and oil pumps.
stumble vi. 跌跌撞撞地走，蹣跚；結(jié)巴；弄錯，失足；偶然碰見
n. 絆腳，失足；差錯，失誤；過失，失敗
If your timing is right, you may be fortunate enough to stumble across a village fiesta.
oracle n. 神諭；預(yù)言；神諭處；圣人
And, fulfilling the oracle, the Persian king, Cyrus II, invaded.
吸引；吸引力 有吸引力的人或事物
The physical attraction between them was immediate.
come up 出現(xiàn),被提出 come up with 隨...出現(xiàn),提出.
一般來說,come up （表示被提出）它的主語是事,或物.come up with 的主語是人.比較
The plan came up at the meeting.
He came up with the plan at the meeting.
make sb . do使某人做.....make sb. adj使..保持某種狀態(tài)
所以make me laugh是對的
The criticism that the English do not truly care about their children was often voicedn. 關(guān)懷；照料；謹慎；憂慮vi. 照顧；關(guān)心；喜愛；顧慮vt. 在意；希望或喜歡
low-rent celebrity magazines 粗制濫造的名人雜志
這篇完型主要講了作者的成長故事，他小時候很害怕黑，害怕迷路，害怕別人不喜歡他、不歡迎他，最后他說，成長的過程就是讓我們知道自己害怕什么，并克服它，知道自己小時候害怕什么，對自己的未來的發(fā)展很有好處。
As a child, I was truly afraid of the dark and of getting lost; these fears were very real and caused me some uncomfortable moments.
作為一個孩子（我還是個孩子的時候），我很害怕黑和迷路，這些恐懼很真實，帶給我一些不舒服的時刻。
Maybe it was the strange _way____ things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that _frightened__ me so much.
可能是那些——在我熟悉的房間里的——東西在晚上看起來和聽起來很奇怪的方式嚇壞了我。
There was never total _darkness___ , but a streetlight or passing car lights __made_____ clothes hung over a chair take on the __shape__ of a wild animal.
這里并不是完全黑的（并不是一點光亮也沒有），但是一道街燈或經(jīng)過的汽車車燈的光亮使掛在椅子上的衣服有了一個野獸的形狀（看起來像野獸）（小家伙開始瞎想了）
Out of the corner of my __eye____ , I saw the curtains seem to move when there was no ___wind___ .
在我眼睛的一角之外（固定用法），我看見窗簾在沒有風(fēng)的時候看起來像在動。
A tiny sound in the floor would seem a hundred times louder than in the daylight.
地板上的一點小動靜看起來比白天的要大一百倍。
My __imagination__ would run wild, and my heart would beat fast. I would _lie____ very still so that the “enemy” would not discover me.
我的想象會失控（瞎想），我的心跳的很快。我會靜靜的躺著，這樣，“敵人”就不會發(fā)現(xiàn)我。
Another of my childhood fears was that I would get lost, _especially____ on the way home from school.
我童年的時候的另一個恐懼就是我會迷路，尤其是在從家到學(xué)校的路上
Every morning I got on the school bus right near my home. That was no __problem___.
每天早上，我搭載離我家很近的公共汽車（去上學(xué)）。這沒問題。(然而……)
After school, __though___, when all the buses were __lined__ up along the street, I was afraid that I’d get on the wrong one and be taken to some __unfamiliar___ neighborhood.
但是，放學(xué)后，當(dāng)所有的公共汽車沿著街排成一條線的時候，我害怕我會走上一輛錯車然后被帶到一個不熟悉的鄰居那里。
On school or family trips to a park or a museum, I wouldn’t let the leaders out of my __sight___.
在一個旅途上（這個旅途很復(fù)雜，你自己看吧），我不會領(lǐng)路人離開我的視線（死盯著人家）
Perhaps one of the worst fears ___of__ all I had as a child was that of not being liked or __accpted___ by others. Being popular was so important to me __then_ , and the fear of not being liked was a __powerful____ one.
或許，我小的時候有的最糟的恐懼中的一個是，不被別人喜歡或者接受。受歡迎，在那時對我是如此重要，不被喜歡的恐懼是很強的一個。
One of the processes of growing up is being able to recognize and overcome our ___fear__ . Understanding the things that frightened us as children helps us achieve greater success later in life.
成長的一個過程是有能力來認識到和克服我們的恐懼。明白在自己小的時候嚇到我們的事能幫助我們在以后的生命中取得更大的成功。
76 A 77D 78B 79C 80D 81A 82 B 83C 84 D 85 A 86 B 87A 88 C 89D 90A 91 C 92D 93A 94B 95C
She________shyly at him out of the corner of her eyes.
A．stared B．glared C．glanced D．watched
stare at 盯著看；glare at 怒目而視；glance at 掃一眼；watch 注視，觀看。根據(jù)句意可知選C
speak of 談到；論及 Speak Out Of Turn 多嘴 ; 不該講而講 speak higly of 稱贊
Speak well of others 稱贊別人 have something to do with v. 與…有點關(guān)系
If you would go up high , then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other people's backs and heads .
如果你想走到高處，就要使用自己的兩條腿！不要讓別人把你抬到高處；不要坐在別人的背上和頭上。
——尼采
The weather is so warm today.it's twenty-two degrees,it's rather warm ,isn't it?what do you want to do after school?Let's go cycling,No,Let's not.
go on a ride 坐公共汽車出游
have fun,what fun.they are having fun.hit sb on the head,hit sb in the face.
My days in the spring
Spring is coming. What a nice season! The weather is getting warmer and warmer. The flowers are coming out. How beautiful the world is! Look around, the sky is blue and the leaves on the trees are turning green. The sun is shining brightly and the air is so fresh, now everyone takes off his warm coat and is more active than before. We all have good feelings. I must say, be careful not to catch cold again. A good beginning is half done and it’s the first season in the year. We must make the best use of our time and catch every second to work and study. Do you think so?
advice 不可數(shù) suggetion 可數(shù)
get out 出來;出版;（使）出現(xiàn);作出 take out
do sb a favor, “請幫我一個忙做...好么?”——Would you please do me a favor to... 口語常用,請某人（隨便語氣）幫忙完做某事 give sb a hand 請求某人幫忙（慎重語氣）和請求者一起做某事
the mysterious celestial objects called black holes 稱之為黑洞的神秘天體
Madagascar is the most fascinating place I have ever been to.
The jewels on her fingers sparkled.spice 調(diào)味品 Don't start!別惹麻煩！
1. keep off 可以不接賓語，也可以接賓語。如果不接賓語，keep off 與 keep away 意思相同，均表示“離開；遠離”。例如：
Thesign says, Keep off. 牌子上寫著：“請勿接近?！保ā秳蛎绹⒄Z詞典》p.700）
Keep away and don't upset her again. 離開她，不要再使她難過了。（《張道真高級英語詞典》keep 詞條）
2. 當(dāng) keep off 后接賓語時，相當(dāng)于 keep away from。例如：
You must keep away from the road. 你必須避開公路。（《張道真高級英語詞典》keep 詞條）
Keep off the grass. 不要踩踏草地。（《張道真高級英語詞典》keep 詞條）
3. keep A off B 的意思是“使 A 離開 B ”，例如：
Keep your hands off that wet paint! 油漆未干，請勿觸摸 !
come across,put off,an inviting place.
practice doing sth. 意思是練習(xí)做某事。沒有practice to do sth.這個說法。
nor與助動詞或情態(tài)動詞連用時,句子采用倒裝句型。
nor可用在倒裝句中代替上文中提到的情況,其前通常是一個否定句。
if you are under 118 years old,nor can your friends buy it for you .
A leopard hunts alone.clouded leopard 云豹 The sea was their heritage 遺產(chǎn)；繼承物.
get to到達 get along with和---相處.
show off 是炫耀,賣弄
take off 有脫下,卸下,還有起飛,等等
turn off 主要是關(guān)掉,這個詞組相對turn on還有 使失去興趣的意思
put off 就是推遲,搪塞,阻止等
14．Father brought his little boy to a concert．But his too young to sit ___ the whole concert．（ ?。?/p>
A． for B． with C． during D． through
答案：D．考查介詞．句意"父親帶著他的小兒子去聽音樂會，但他太小了，不能一直挺到整場音樂會結(jié)束．for為了；with和during在…期間；through從頭到尾，sit through一直挺到結(jié)束，耐著性子看完（或聽完）．因此答案是D．
His name is James，but he usually calls____ Jim，可知他的名字叫杰姆斯，但他通常叫自稱吉姆，這里call oneself…意為"自稱…"．后面跟反身代詞．故選D．
I don't care what people think．
Well，you _________．
A．could B．would C．should D．might
選C。 我不在乎別人怎么想。 你應(yīng)該在乎的。
其實這是個虛擬語氣的省略形式，完整的表達式 you should （have cared）.
should have done 表示虛擬，用來表示責(zé)怪，意思是：本來應(yīng)該做的，事實上沒做
11．---When will car race begin
---I'm not sure．Maybe next week，or maybe week after next（ ?。?/p>
A．a(chǎn)； the B． an； the C． the； a D． the； the
根據(jù)題干可知汽車比賽說話雙方都知道，則第一空此處表特指，故填寫the．其次"下下周"對應(yīng)的英文表達是the week after next，故選擇D．
Tom doesn't feel sure of________ in his new school．可知 feel sure of oneself相信自己，固定短語；主語是Tom，所以用反身代詞himself．故選D．
It's so cold outside. Remember to close the door you when you leave.
A. beside B. before C. with D. behind（close the door behind you 隨手關(guān)門!）
--Are you going out with Jade tonight?
--That's my . Mind your own（管好你自己的事）!
A. offer B. business （那是我的事） C. question D. chance
kind and helpful to the people around us, and we will make the world a nicer place to live in.
A. Be B. Being C. To be D. Been
祈使句 +and + 普通句
( 2013 深圳) 一I'd like to buy some sports clothes. I learned that they are on sale.
—The men’s department is on the third floor. That’s the prices are the best.
A. when B. how C. where D. why
我想買些運動服。我得知它們正在降價出售。 ——男士用品部在三樓。那里的價格最好。此處是where引導(dǎo)的表語從句，且where在從句中作地點狀語。
( 2014 廣東，42) When Robinson Crusoe got to the island,the first thing he did was to look for some food.
A. who B. that C. which D. whom
本題考查定語從句。先行詞指物且被序數(shù)詞first修飾， 故只能選用關(guān)系詞that。
1)alive 意為“活著”，側(cè)重說明生與死之間的界限，既可指人，也可指物;可用來作表語，后置定語或賓補。雖有死的可能，但還活著。
例如:No man alive is greater than he . 在活著的人中沒有人比他更偉大了。(注:此時 alive 含有“在所有活著的……之中”)
He wanted to keep the fish alive . 他想讓魚活著。
2)living意為“活著”強調(diào)說明“尚在人間”，“健在”，可用來指人或物，作定語或表語。
例如:My first teacher is still living . 我的啟蒙老師仍健在。
English is a living language . 英語是活的語言。
注意:living 前加上 the , 表示類別，指“活著的人們”。living 還可用于短語，例如:make a living 謀生。
make a / one's living by + ing 通過干……謀生
3)live “活著的”，通常指物，不指人，常用來作定語放名詞的前面。還指“實況轉(zhuǎn)播的”。
例如:a live wire 有電的電線，a live fish 一條活魚。
4)lively 則意為“活潑的”，“活躍”，“充滿生氣的”，可作定語、表語或賓補，既可指人，又可指物。
例如:Jenny is a lively girl . 詹妮是個活潑的女孩。
Everything is lively here . 這兒一切都生機勃勃。
keep...to oneself是固定搭配，意為"不告訴別人"
Grandparents are often tempted to spoil their grandchildren whenever they come to visit.
祖父母一過來，就常常會把孫兒們寵壞。
come across不期而遇
come to達到,繼承,復(fù)蘇,停止,想起,共計
come into進入,得到,繼承,繼承,取得
come true 表示夢想成真
come over(to) 過來；順便來訪
Can you come over and join us?
你能過來和我們作伴嗎?
come along 來；隨同 ;進展;過來
Will you come along with me?
你愿意和我一起來嗎?
come up 走上前來；發(fā)生,出現(xiàn),被提出走近,上來,發(fā)芽,流行,發(fā)生,上升,討論,出現(xiàn)
Did you come up with any ideas?
有沒有想到什麼新的意見?
make it +形容詞 to do sth 使得做某事....樣
n.討厭的工作；瑣事；家務(wù)
It was a methodical, unexciting chore.這是一份按部就班的無聊差事。
prefer 作及物動詞使用，通常意思是“更喜歡，寧愿”。
1. prefer + 名詞/動名詞/不定式
I prefer some apples. / I prefer having(to have) some apples. 我更喜歡吃蘋果。
2. prefer somebody to do something 寧愿某人做某事
My daddy prefers me not to swim in that river because it's too dangerous.
我爸爸寧愿我不要去那條河里游泳因為那太危險了。
3. prefer A to B 在 A 和 B 中更喜歡 A
I prefer green tea to coffee. 綠茶和咖啡比較起來我更喜歡綠茶。
I prefer cooking myself to eating out. 我寧愿自己做飯也不愿出去吃。
注意:注意這個用法中肯定的是前者，A和B必須在形式上保持一致，即要么都是名詞，要么都是動名詞。沒有使用不定式的用法。
4. prefer to do something rather than ...
這個用法類似于用法3，不過rather than后面可以是不定式、名詞、動名詞或動詞原形。
例：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out in the heavy rain.
我寧愿呆在家里也不想冒這么大的雨出去。
注意:這里 rather than 后面可以用 going out或to go out 都可以。而且 rather than 也可以放在句子開頭：Rather than go out in the heavy rain, I prefer to stay at home.
5. 賓語從句 prefer that
賓語從句中常用虛擬語氣。
例：I prefer that we should gather more information on that issue.
我覺得關(guān)于那個事情我們最好收集更多信息。
6. prefer 用法的常用成語及習(xí)慣用語
prefer to die rather than surrender 寧死不屈
Foreign actresses are wooing Tinseltown's (浮華城〔指好萊塢)movie magnates.
外國女演員們爭相追逐好萊塢影視巨頭
a multimillionaire(millionaire百萬富翁；大富豪) shipping magnate 資產(chǎn)達數(shù)百萬的船業(yè)巨頭
ethical adj.倫理的；道德的；憑處方出售的
You can't make decisions without an ethical framework.
Naturally，the waiter was horrified（恐懼的），but he tried hard to pull himself together and stopped him
He walked up to the kitchen door，about 10 feet away.
give a better idea of sth．指對某事提出更好的主意
lame-duck industries 缺乏競爭力的產(chǎn)業(yè)
[例句] I can't stand Mark, he's so big-headed.
break down vt. 打破，減輕，把 ... 分解
vi. 徹底失敗，崩潰，停止運轉(zhuǎn)，放棄，(數(shù)據(jù)，觀點等)站不住腳
1.He broke down and wept(weep) when he heard the news.
他聽到這個消息時不禁痛哭起來。
2.Negotiations between the two sides have broken down.
雙方談判已經(jīng)破裂。
3.Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: wages 10m, plant 4m, raw materials 5m.
該工程費用開支可分成如下幾部分: 工資一千萬英鎊，廠房設(shè)備四百萬英鎊，原料五百萬英鎊
When I was in the third grade, I was picked to be the princess(公主)in the school play. For weeks
my mother had helped me practice my lines. But once onstage, every word disappeared from my head.
Then my teacher told me she had written a narrator's(解說者的)part for the play, and asked me to
change roles. Though I didn't tell my mother what had happened that day, she sensed my unhappiness
and asked if I wanted to take a walk in the yard.
It was a lovely spring day. We could see dandelions(蒲公英)popping through the grass in bunches,
as if a painter had touched our landscape with bits of gold. I watched my mother carelessly bend down
by one of the bunches. "I think I am going to dig up all these weeds," she said. "From now on, we'll have
only roses in this garden."
"But I like dandelions," I protested. "All flowers are beautiful---even dandelions!" My mother looked
at me seriously. "Yes, every flower gives pleasure in its own way, doesn't it?" she asked thoughtfully. I
nodded. "And that is true of people, too," she added. When I realized that she had guessed my pain, I
started to cry and told her the truth. "But you will be a beautiful narrator,"she said, reminding me of how
much I loved to read stories aloud to her.
Over the next few weeks, with her continuous encouragement, I learned to take pride in the role. The
big day finally came. A few minutes before the play, my teacher came over to me. "Your mother asked
me to give this to you," she said, handing me a dandelion. After the play, I took home the flower, laughing
that I was perhaps the only person who would keep such a weed.
考點1：定語從句
用作定語的從句叫做定語從句。定語從句通常皆置于它修飾的名詞（或代詞）之后，這種名詞（或代詞）叫做先行詞。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中可用作主語、賓語、定語等；關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中只用作狀語。
定語是用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的。例如，a good book, good就是定語。那么復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句就叫做定語從句。定語從句由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，在句中作定語。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞，定語從句一般放在先行詞的后面。引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose等，絕對沒有what；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why,how等。關(guān)系詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接作用，同時又作定語從句的某個成分。
定語從句類型
一、關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1、由who, whom, that，Whose引導(dǎo)的從句
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，who作主語指人，whom作賓語指人，that既可作主語又可作賓語（作賓語可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用來指人或物，只用作定語。
(1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那個想見你的男人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）
(2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
(3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你剛剛說話的那個男人是我們的英語老師
(4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那個兒子是醫(yī)生的男人是我們的教授。
2、由which, that引導(dǎo)的從句
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等，作賓語時可以省略，例如：
(1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在從句中作主語）
(2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那個包裹快要散開了。(which / that在從句中作賓語）
注意： 代表物時多用which，但在下列情況中用that而不用which：
a)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代詞時；
b)先行詞由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時，這時的that常被省略；
c)先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級修飾時；
d)先行詞中既有人又有物時；
e)整個句中前面已有which，who,that時；
f)當(dāng)先行詞為物并作表語時；
g)先行詞為one時；
h)先行詞同時又被the only,the very,the same修飾時；
二、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句
1、when指時間在定語從句中做時間狀語也可做連接詞用 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地點在定語從句中做地點狀語 Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定語從句中做原因狀語 ，用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
常見考法
對于定語從句的考查，多以單選的形式考查學(xué)生靈活運用的能力。一般情況下，常從關(guān)系詞的意義和功能的角度考查，重點是that,which,who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。
典型例題：You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it.
A. who B. whom C. whom D. who
解析：先行詞person后有兩個定語從句,第一個從句省略了關(guān)系代詞whom.因為, whom作從句中met的賓語,可以省略.第二個從句who could do it.who在從句中作主語,不可省略.
答案：D
誤區(qū)提醒
當(dāng)表示時間或地點的名詞作先行詞時，要判斷出它們在從句中作狀語還是主語或賓語。作狀語時用關(guān)系副詞，反之用關(guān)系代詞。
典型例題：I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when
解析：. 兩個先行詞the day都是表示時間的名詞,但第一個空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語,因此要用關(guān)系副詞when. 第二個空白處要填的關(guān)系詞在從句中作動詞spent的賓語,因此要用關(guān)系代詞which或that來引導(dǎo)定語從句.
答案：A
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在英語中的祈使句是非常常見的,如果考生可以自如的運用祈使句的用法話，那么英語就會更容易得高分。
祈使句指的是表示命令、請求、建議或勸告的句子。其主語you常省略，謂語動詞用原形，句末用感嘆號或句號，讀降調(diào)。
肯定的祈使句式
Do型（即：動詞原形（+賓語）+其它成分）。如：Please have a seat here. 請這邊坐
有的祈使句在意思明確的情況下，動詞可省略。如：This way,please. = Go this way,please. 請這邊走。
Be型（即：Be +表語（名詞或形容詞）+其它成分）。如：Be a good boy! 要做一個好孩子!
Let型（即：Let + 賓語 + 動詞原形 + 其它成分）。如：Let me help you. 讓我來幫你
否定的祈使句式
Don't stand up. 別站起來。
Don't be careless. 別粗心。
Don't let them play with fire. 別讓他們玩火。
(1)Let's ( let sb ) + not + 動詞原形
Let's not say anything about it. 對于這件事，咱們什么也別說。
Let them not play with fire. 別讓他們玩火。
(2)在公共場合的提示語中,否定祈使句常用No+名詞/V-ing形式結(jié)構(gòu),表示禁止做某事
例如：NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照!
(3)在Be動詞引起的肯定祈使句前加Don't，構(gòu)成Don't be+其它成分（形容詞、名詞或介詞短語等）。
例如:Don't be careless.不要粗心。
注意：在這種句型中be不能省略；否定副詞not不可置于be之后。
-----------------------------------------------------
Possible version:
My 14 - year- old birthday left me a sweet memory.
The classroom seemed empty when I entered it that morning. Suddenly my classmates stood up from below the desks almost at the same time, and they sang a happy birthday song to me together. “Happy Birthday to you!” and best wishes from my classmates and teachers appeared on the screen. What a big surprise! I was moved to tears. That moment was fixed in my mind forever.
七、書面表達（15分）
One Possible Version:
One Thing I Felt Very Proud Of
I will never forget how proud I felt when I succeeded in making delicious dishes for my mother.
To show my love for my mother, I decided to cook some dishes for her on her birthday. I tried many times but failed before she came back. Especially when making fried eggs, I couldn’t control the temperature of oil and got several eggs burned. However, I didn’t give up, and finally I succeeded. Watching the delicious food on the table, my mother was moved to tears.
I felt proud of cooking on my own.
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ill 和sick都有"生病的；有病的"之意,但用法并不完全相同.
ill 表示"生病的；有病的"這一意思時,一般用作表語,不能作定語；而sick 既可以作表語又可以作定語,如"病人"可以說a sick man 或the sick,但不能說an ill man 或the ill.又如：She is ill / sick in bed.她臥病在床.She is looking after her sick father .她在照顧她生病的父親.
sick 有"惡心的；厭倦的"之意.如：The smell makes me sick.這氣味使我感到惡心.
ill 作定語修飾名詞時是"壞的；邪惡的"之意.如：He is an ill man.他是一個邪惡的人.
考點名稱：賓語從句
賓語從句：
在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。
賓語從句分為三類：動詞的賓語從句，介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。
賓語從句連接代詞主要有：
who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。
賓語從句的特點:
1.賓語從句可以作及物動詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語。
2.賓語從句的語序一律用陳述句語序。
3.連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句在句中無詞義，不充當(dāng)句子成份，多數(shù)情況下可以省略。
4.whether 和 if 都可引導(dǎo)賓語從句，但 whether后可緊跟or not；whether從句可作介詞的賓語。
5.如果從句太長，可以用形式賓語it.
賓語從句的時態(tài):
1.主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)實際情況使用任何時態(tài)。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是過去時態(tài)，從句須用過去時態(tài)的某種形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.當(dāng)賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理或者事實時，即使主句是過去時，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
4. 如果從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態(tài)。
賓語從句的語序:
A. 賓語從句必須用陳述語序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B. 有時候可以用it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
C. 帶有賓語從句的復(fù)合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
D. 主句一般過去時態(tài)，從句也要用過去時態(tài)。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner
賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移:
主句的謂語動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
并且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致。
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能說成I think he won’t come to my party.
我認為他不會來我的舞會.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我認為那個人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?
如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來不仔細聽老師講課，是不是?
賓語從句中引導(dǎo)詞的用法比較
在復(fù)合句中作主句的賓語，引導(dǎo)詞有：
連詞：that (that ?？墒÷?,whether, if
代詞：who, whose, what ,which
副詞：when ,where, how, why 等。
（一）that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句（在非正式場合that可以省略）
1.可跟that從句做賓語的動詞有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事項：當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等詞，而賓語從句的意思是否定時，常把否定轉(zhuǎn)移至主句表示。
例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
2.在以下情況中that不能省略
a.當(dāng)句中的動詞后接多于兩個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時，第一個that可省，但后面的that不可省。
例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
b.當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞與that賓語從句之間有插入語時，that一般不可省。
例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.當(dāng)that從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時，that不可省。
例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.注:許多帶復(fù)合賓語的句子，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子后部，而用it作形式賓語。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
（二）由whether,if 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
1.由whether(if)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，實際上是一般疑問句演變而來的。意思是“是否”。賓語從句要用陳述句語序。
一般說來，在賓語從句中whether與if可以互換使用，但在特殊情況下if與whether是不能互換的。
例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
2.只能用whether，不能用if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
a.在帶to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
b.在介詞的后面
例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
c.在動詞后面的賓語從句時
例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
d.直接與or not連用時
例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.
3.只能用if不能用whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
a.if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句，意為“如果”
例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引導(dǎo)否定概念的賓語從句時
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引導(dǎo)狀語從句even if（即使）和as if（好象）時
例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.
if,whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別
a.if和whether在作“是否”解時,引導(dǎo)賓語從句常放在動詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介詞后一般不用if
b.少數(shù)動詞,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語從句常用whether.
c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
d.在不定式前只能用whether.
（如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。）
e.避免歧異時,我們常用whether而不用if.
（三）連接代詞和連接副詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
這樣的賓語從句實際上是由特殊疑問句變化而來的，賓語從句要用陳述句語序。
用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
1.英語中的連接代詞有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中擔(dān)任主語、賓語、定語或者表語。
例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
2.英語中的連接副詞有：when,where,why,how，在句中擔(dān)任狀語的成分。
例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
簡化賓語從句常用六法：
方法一：
當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，
且賓語從句的主語與主句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him.
方法二：當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等動詞，
且主句主語與從句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是tell， ask， show， teach等動詞，
且后帶雙賓語，從句主語和間接賓語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？
→Could you tell me how to get to the station？
方法三：當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是order（命令），require（需要）等時，
如果主句和從句的主語不一致，賓語從句可簡化為“名詞（代詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四：某些動詞后的賓語從句，可以用介詞加動名詞（短語）等其他形式簡化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五：某些動詞后面的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“賓語+V-ing形式（作賓語補足語）”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六：動詞seem后的賓語從句，也可以用不定式（短語）來簡化，但句型需要進行適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓?。例如?/p>
It seemed that the boys were going to win.
→The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，還有一些特殊句式的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
→I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.
→They found the box very heavy
