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    域名解析的方法  

•     HOSTS文件：適用于小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)（文本文件）
•     NIS服務(wù)器：
•     DNS服務(wù)器：分布式解析

    /etc/hosts ，也負(fù)責(zé)映射，但它通常是當(dāng)作DNS的備份出現(xiàn)的

 

    unix上dns客戶端的設(shè)置

• /etc/resolv.conf文件

# vi /etc/resolv.conf domain   xxx   nameserver 192.168.2.1 search iei.com

• /etc/nsswitch.conf文件   用于記錄主機(jī)名的搜索順序等信息

vi /etc/nsswitch.conf hosts: files dns

  

• nslookup www.sun.com    nslookup測試

  /etc/resolv.conf 設(shè)DNS SERVER與nslookup測試DNS正確與否

[root@old145 mac]# cat /etc/resolv.conf search iei.com nameserver 219.142.217.166

[root@old145 mac]# nslookup www.cisco.com Server:         219.142.217.166 Address:        219.142.217.166#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name:   www.cisco.com Address: 198.133.219.25

   nslookup也可以反查：查IP地址的域名

[root@old145 mac]# nslookup 198.133.219.25 Server:         219.142.217.166 Address:        219.142.217.166#53 Non-authoritative answer: 25.219.133.198.in-addr.arpa     name = www.cisco.com. Authoritative answers can be found from: 219.133.198.in-addr.arpa        nameserver = ns1.cisco.com. 219.133.198.in-addr.arpa        nameserver = ns2.cisco.com. ns1.cisco.com   internet address = 128.107.241.185 ns2.cisco.com   internet address = 64.102.255.44

    named 安裝配置步驟
    在Linux中都是用Bind來實(shí)現(xiàn)DNS，即“named進(jìn)程”

•     /etc/named.conf

options {         directory "/var/named";      此目錄是形式上的目錄，其實(shí)其內(nèi)的zone文件是通過ln鏈接指令指向/var/named/chroot/var/named/          dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db";         statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; };

zone “區(qū)域名”  IN { type   master/slave/hint         定義區(qū)域類型     master   主DNS     slave    輔DNS （很少用）     hint 根，只用于下面的”.” named.ca file “文件名”   區(qū)域文件名，此文件存于/var/named目錄下 }； zone "macg.com" IN {         type master;         file "macg.zone";         allow-update { none; }; };

zone "." IN {                   根區(qū)域             type hint;              類型：根            file "named.ca";          /var/named/named.ca 指向上級(jí)DNS（通常是公網(wǎng)頂級(jí)DNS）                                   該文件不需要管理員更改，而是系統(tǒng)自帶   };

   

•     正向解析,區(qū)域文件格式 （域名---地址）

[root@localhost named]# more macg.zone $TTL    86400 @               IN SOA  @       root (       @則代表相應(yīng)的域名,macg.com                                         42                                                       3H                                                15M                                                  1W                                                     1D ); @ IN NS         192.168.1.12;        IN A          192.168.1.12;      @則代表相應(yīng)的域名,macg.com  NS：域名記錄， 一個(gè)zone文件，必須有NS條目，否則報(bào)錯(cuò) A條目，真正的映射條目 域名都是兩條條目，一條NS條目，一條A條目 www IN A 192.168.1.12;      主機(jī)A條目：主機(jī)映射條目，“主機(jī)名 IN A 地址” test IN A 192.168.1.12; ftp IN A 192.168.1.12; www1 IN CNAME www        CNAME：等價(jià)指令，即www1,等價(jià)于www，相當(dāng)于別名alias映射條目

  IN不能打頭，前面應(yīng)該有域名，或@,或至少應(yīng)該有一個(gè)空格
  zone文件必須有NS條目

[root@localhost named]# vi macg.zone IN NS           192.168.1.12; IN A            192.168.1.12;

[root@localhost named]# /etc/init.d/named restart Starting named: macg.zone:9: NS record '192.168.1.12' appears to be an address zone macg.com/IN: has no NS records _default/macg.com/IN: bad zone

[root@localhost named]# vi macg.zone @ IN NS         192.168.1.12;   IN A          192.168.1.12;

[root@localhost named]# /etc/init.d/named restart Starting named: [  OK  ]

總之，IN前可以空，但必須有一個(gè)空格，不能用IN頂頭

   IN語句的主機(jī)名前面不能留空格

[root@localhost named]# vi macg.zone        www IN A 192.168.1.12;

[root@localhost named]# /etc/init.d/named restart Starting named: Error in named configuration: macg.zone:11: unknown RR type 'www' zone macg.com/IN: loading master file macg.zone: unknown class/type _default/macg.com/IN: unknown class/type [FAILED]

將www行之前的空格去掉，錯(cuò)誤解決 [root@localhost named]# vi macg.zone @ IN NS         192.168.1.12;  IN A            192.168.1.12; www IN A 192.168.1.12;

    /var/named 目錄出錯(cuò)的問題

在/var/named下建立文件macg.zone [root@localhost named]# ls chroot  localdomain.zone  macg.com   named.broadcast  named.ip6.local  named.zero data    localhost.zone    macg.zone  named.ca         named.local      slaves

但啟動(dòng)named出錯(cuò) [root@localhost named]# /etc/init.d/named restart Stopping named: [  OK  ] Starting named: Error in named configuration: zone localdomain/IN: loaded serial 42 zone localhost/IN: loaded serial 42 zone 0.0.127.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 1997022700 zone 0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa/IN: loaded serial 1997022700 zone 255.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 42 zone 0.in-addr.arpa/IN: loaded serial 42 zone macg.com/IN: loading master file macg.zone: file not found  _default/macg.com/IN: file not found [FAILED]

原來zone文件的真正地點(diǎn)是/var/named/chroot/var/named/, 表面上的/var/named是建立的符號(hào)鏈接 [root@localhost named]# ls -l total 68 drwxrwx---  6 root  named 4096 Nov 30 12:03 chroot drwxrwx---  2 named named 4096 May 18  2005 data lrwxrwxrwx  1 root  root    44 Nov  3 01:19 localdomain.zone -> /var/named/chroot/var/named/localdomain.zone lrwxrwxrwx  1 root  root    42 Nov  3 01:19 localhost.zone -> /var/named/chroot/var/named/localhost.zone -rwxrwxrwx  1 root  root   218 Nov 30 19:57 macg.zone

[root@localhost named]# cp macg.zone /var/named/chroot/var/named/ [root@localhost named]# ln -s /var/named/chroot/var/named/macg.zone macg.zone    建立的符號(hào)鏈接 [root@localhost named]# ls -l lrwxrwxrwx  1 root  root    37 Nov 30 20:24 macg.zone -> /var/named/chroot/var/named/macg.zone

啟動(dòng),問題解決

    一個(gè)基本的正向解析+測試

• 配/etc/named.conf

[root@localhost named]# more /etc/named.conf zone "macg.com" IN {         type master;         file "macg.zone";         allow-update { none; }; };

• 建立zone文件

在/var/named/chroot/var/named/建立macg.zone

在/var/named建立ln –s符號(hào)連接

[root@localhost named]# vi macg.zone $TTL    86400 @               IN SOA  @       root (                                         42              ; serial (d. adams)                                         3H              ; refresh                                         15M             ; retry                                         1W              ; expiry                                         1D ); @ IN NS         192.168.1.12;   IN A          192.168.1.12; www IN A 192.168.1.12; test IN A 192.168.1.12;   ftp IN A 192.168.1.12;

• 啟動(dòng)service

[root@localhost named]# /etc/init.d/named restart Stopping named: [  OK  ] Starting named: [  OK  ]

• 測試

在其他PC上，設(shè)DNS指向linux

www訪問http://www.macg.com,http://test.macg.com,http://ftp.macg.com成功

ftp ftp.macg.com成功。 瀏覽器訪問ftp://ftp.macg.com成功（因?yàn)榕淞四涿?br>

[root@localhost named]# ping www.macg.com PING www.macg.com (192.168.1.12) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.133 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.093 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.102 ms [root@localhost named]# ping test.macg.com PING test.macg.com (192.168.1.12) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.109 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.096 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.104 ms [root@localhost named]# ping ftp.macg.com PING ftp.macg.com (192.168.1.12) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.109 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.126 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.1.12: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.102 ms

    反向解析（地址---域名）
作用：通過查詢IP地址的PTR記錄
            得到該IP地址指向的域名，
用途：常用于MAIL SERVER 過濾垃圾郵件:
如果SERVER沒有做反向解析，那么對(duì)方mail服務(wù)器的反向解析驗(yàn)證就會(huì)失敗，對(duì)方mail服務(wù)器就會(huì)以我們是不明發(fā)送方而拒收我們發(fā)往的郵件，這也就是沒做反向解析時(shí)無法向sina.com、homail.com發(fā)信的原因

•     修改/etc/named.conf

vi /etc/named.conf zone "1.168.192.in-addr.arpa" IN {            IP地址前三位倒敘+ in-addr.arpa         type master;         file "192.168.1";         allow-update { none; }; };

•    建立反向zone文件

在/var/named/chroot/var/named/下建立192.168.1

在/var/named建立符號(hào)鏈接 [root@localhost named]# ln -s /var/named/chroot/var/named/192.168.1 192.168.1 [root@localhost named]# ls -l lrwxrwxrwx  1 root  root    37 Nov 30 22:38 192.168.1 -> /var/named/chroot/var/named/192.168.1

[root@localhost named]# vi 192.168.1 $TTL    86400 @       IN      SOA     localhost. root.localhost.  (                                       1997022700 ; Serial                                       28800      ; Refresh                                       14400      ; Retry                                       3600000    ; Expire                                       86400 )    ; Minimum @ IN NS macg.com                   反向解析也要NS條目 @表示的是主機(jī)的IP地址最后一位（省略了網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址部分） 12 IN PTR www.macg.com      反向解析的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條目，PTR條目 1 IN PTR www1.macg.com. 2 IN PTR test.macg.com. 2 IN PTR comp.macg.com.

•     PC上ping -a實(shí)驗(yàn)

配前無顯示 D:\Documents and Settings\ >ping -a 192.168.1.12 Pinging 192.168.1.12 with 32 bytes of data: Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64 Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64 Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64 Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64

實(shí)驗(yàn)后 D:\Documents and Settings >ping -a 192.168.1.12 Pinging www.macg.com.1.168.192.in-addr.arpa [192.168.1.12] with 32 bytes of data Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64 Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64 Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64 Reply from 192.168.1.12: bytes=32 time<10ms TTL=64