青少年(15~39歲)癌癥統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)通常未被進(jìn)一步細(xì)分,這掩蓋了該人群不同年齡段癌癥數(shù)據(jù)的重要差異。
2020年9月17日,全球影響因子第一神刊、美國(guó)癌癥學(xué)會(huì)《臨床醫(yī)師癌癥雜志》在線發(fā)表美國(guó)癌癥學(xué)會(huì)、戴維斯加利福尼亞大學(xué)、埃默里大學(xué)、加拿大艾伯塔省衛(wèi)生廳癌癥流行病學(xué)與預(yù)防研究部的研究報(bào)告,對(duì)青少年不同年齡段的癌癥發(fā)病率和死亡率進(jìn)行了分析,這也是該刊首次對(duì)青少年癌癥數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立分析。
該研究根據(jù)1975~2017年美國(guó)國(guó)家癌癥研究所(NCI)監(jiān)測(cè)流行病學(xué)最終結(jié)果(SEER)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、美國(guó)疾病預(yù)防控制中心(CDC)全國(guó)癌癥登記規(guī)劃(NPCR)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和全國(guó)衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)中心(NCHS)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、北美癌癥登記中心協(xié)會(huì)(NAACCR)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的歷史數(shù)據(jù),按年齡段(15~19歲、20~29歲、30~39歲)、性別、種族,對(duì)美國(guó)青少年人群的癌癥發(fā)病率和死亡率進(jìn)行分析。
根據(jù)歷史數(shù)據(jù)推算,預(yù)計(jì)2020年美國(guó)青少年新發(fā)癌癥、癌癥死亡數(shù)量:
15~39歲:8萬(wàn)9500例、9270例
15~19歲:5800例、540例
20~29歲:2萬(wàn)4900例、2210例
30~39歲:5萬(wàn)8800例、6520例
其中,預(yù)計(jì)2020年青少年各年齡段新發(fā)癌癥數(shù)量前三甲:
15~19歲:淋巴瘤1300例、甲狀腺癌800例、大腦等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤500例
20~29歲:甲狀腺癌4600例、睪丸生殖細(xì)胞腫瘤3000例、皮膚黑色素瘤2200例
30~39歲:女性乳腺癌1萬(wàn)1100例、甲狀腺癌9000例、皮膚黑色素瘤5500例
近10年來(lái)(2007~2016年)青少年各個(gè)年齡段的癌癥發(fā)病率都有所增加,尤其甲狀腺癌(20~39歲每年增加大約3%、15~19歲每年增加4%)。
對(duì)于大多數(shù)年齡段,肥胖相關(guān)癌癥的發(fā)病率也有所增加,包括腎癌(各個(gè)年齡段每年增加3%)、子宮體癌(20~39歲增加3%)、結(jié)直腸癌(20~39歲增加0.9%~1.5%)。15~29歲的黑素瘤發(fā)病率每年減少4%~6%,不過(guò)30~39歲變化不大。
其中,近5年來(lái)(2012~2016年)青少年各個(gè)年齡段女性乳腺癌發(fā)病率隨著年齡顯著增加:
15~19歲:10萬(wàn)分之0.1
20~29歲:10萬(wàn)分之5.7
30~39歲:10萬(wàn)分之46.6
近10年來(lái)(2008~2017年)青少年各個(gè)年齡段和不同性別的癌癥死亡率每年減少1%,除了30~39歲女性,由于女性乳腺癌死亡率減少趨于平緩,故變化不大。30~39歲結(jié)直腸癌和子宮體癌的死亡率有所增加,這反映了該年齡段此類癌癥的發(fā)病率有所增加。
其中,2017年青少年女性各年齡段癌癥死亡數(shù)量前三甲:
15~39歲:女性乳腺癌1063例、子宮頸癌514例、大腦等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤407例
15~19歲:白血病58例、大腦等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤49例、骨骼腫瘤40例
20~29歲:白血病118例、大腦等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤117例、女性乳腺癌95例
30~39歲:女性乳腺癌968例、子宮頸癌437例、結(jié)直腸癌338例
青少年各個(gè)年齡段癌癥患者的5年相對(duì)生存率相似(范圍:83%~86%),不過(guò)某些癌癥不同年齡段差異較大,反映了組織學(xué)亞型分布和治療的差異,例如15~19歲與30~39歲相比:
急性淋巴細(xì)胞白血?。?4%比51%
大腦等神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)腫瘤:77%比66%
其中,近7年來(lái)(2009~2015年)不同種族青少年女性乳腺癌的5年相對(duì)生存率:
非西班牙裔白人:88%
非西班牙裔黑人:78%
亞洲太平洋島民:89%
西班牙裔青少年:85%
印第安阿拉斯加:86%
其中,近7年來(lái)(2009~2015年)青少年各個(gè)年齡段乳腺癌的5年相對(duì)生存率相似:
15~19歲:85%
20~29歲:83%
30~39歲:86%
其中,近5年來(lái)(2012~2016年)青少年乳腺癌的分期比例:
局部:47%
區(qū)域:43%
遠(yuǎn)處:7%
未知:3%
因此,根據(jù)該研究結(jié)果表明,隨著對(duì)青少年癌癥監(jiān)測(cè)、病因?qū)W、基礎(chǔ)生物學(xué)、患者生存的研究不斷深入,通過(guò)提高醫(yī)療服務(wù)公平性、增加臨床研究入組人數(shù)、擴(kuò)大研究范圍、提高臨床醫(yī)師和患者對(duì)癌癥早期癥狀體征的警惕性,將有助于減少不同年齡段、不同性別、不同種族青少年的癌癥發(fā)病率和死亡率。
CA Cancer J Clin. 2020 Sep 17. Online ahead of print.
Cancer statistics for adolescents and young adults, 2020.
Miller KD, Fidler-Benaoudia M, Keegan TH, Hipp HS, Jemal A, Siegel RL.
American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; University of California at Davis Health, Sacramento, California; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
Cancer statistics for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) (aged 15-39 years) are often presented in aggregate, masking important heterogeneity. The authors analyzed population-based cancer incidence and mortality for AYAs in the United States by age group (ages 15-19, 20-29, and 30-39 years), sex, and race/ethnicity. In 2020, there will be approximately 89,500 new cancer cases and 9270 cancer deaths in AYAs. Overall cancer incidence increased in all AYA age groups during the most recent decade (2007-2016), largely driven by thyroid cancer, which rose by approximately 3% annually among those aged 20 to 39 years and 4% among those aged 15 to 19 years. Incidence also increased in most age groups for several cancers linked to obesity, including kidney (3% annually across all age groups), uterine corpus (3% in the group aged 20-39 years), and colorectum (0.9%-1.5% in the group aged 20-39 years). Rates declined dramatically for melanoma in the group aged 15 to 29 years (4%-6% annually) but remained stable among those aged 30 to 39 years. Overall cancer mortality declined during 2008 through 2017 by 1% annually across age and sex groups, except for women aged 30 to 39 years, among whom rates were stable because of a flattening of declines in female breast cancer. Rates increased for cancers of the colorectum and uterine corpus in the group aged 30 to 39 years, mirroring incidence trends. Five-year relative survival in AYAs is similar across age groups for all cancers combined (range, 83%-86%) but varies widely for some cancers, such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (74% in the group aged 15-19 years vs 51% in the group aged 30-39 years) and brain tumors (77% vs 66%), reflecting differences in histologic subtype distribution and treatment. Progress in reducing cancer morbidity and mortality among AYAs could be addressed through more equitable access to health care, increasing clinical trial enrollment, expanding research, and greater alertness among clinicians and patients for early symptoms and signs of cancer. Further progress could be accelerated with increased disaggregation by age in research on surveillance, etiology, basic biology, and survivorship.
KEYWORDS: adolescent cancer; childhood cancer; epidemiology; pediatric cancer
PMID: 32940362
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21637
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