| Internet Timeline Some important dates and events in the development of the Internet | ||
| 1835 | Samuel Morse demonstrated first device to send signals over wires. | |
| 1858/1866 | First transatlantic cable laid in 1858 but only lasted a few days. Subsequent cables laid in 1866 were successful and remained in use for almost 100 years. | |
| 1876 | Alexander Graham Bell receives the patent for his "electrical speech machine." |  |
| 1945 | Vannevar Bush publishes his paper on the memex. This machine would index everything with associative links and pieces of information that could be retrieved through paths of logical connections. | |
| 1957 | Sputnik launched by USSR - space race begins! |  Image of Sputnik satellite. Courtesy of NASA/JPL click on photo to listen to Sputnik |
| 1958 | Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created by Department of Defense (DoD). ARPA‘s mission was as vague as its title: to foster advanced research on emerging technologies, especially those technologies that might impact national security. In particular, ARPA was assigned the task of researching the ways that computer technology might be applied to military Command and Control. | |
| 1961-68 | Packet switching networks developed Pioneers of the Net 1961- Leonard Kleinrock, MIT: "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets" First paper on packet-switching (PS) theory 1962 - Dr. J.C.R. Licklider was chosen to head ARPA‘s research. 1964 - Paul Baran, Rand Corporation: "On Distributed Communications: I. Introduction to Distributed Communications Network" 1966 - Lawrence G. Roberts, MIT: "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers" First ARPANET plan 1968 - PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), RFP‘s for ARPANET sent out in August; responses received in September University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) awarded Network Measurement Center contract in October Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) awarded Packet Switch contract to build Interface Message Processors (IMPs) | |
| 1969 | ARPANET Four nodes are set up at UCLA, Stanford, University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. To test the idea, they set up an IMP at each location and had the IMP at UCLA call the IMP at Stanford. Once the connection was established, researchers made a phone call to the people at UCLA and began to send a simple text string to the Stanford IMP. For lack of a better term, everyone agreed they would type in "LOGIN" and see if the computer at Stanford would display the information properly. | |
 Charlie Klein, an undergraduate at UCLA and an assistant on the project, took the phone and typed the letter L on his terminal. | ||
| 1970 | ARPAnet began using the precursor of our current Internet protocol system, NCP (Network Control Protocol). | |
| 1971 | Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network. (1973-The @ sign was chosen from the punctuation keys on Tomlinson‘s Model 33 Teletype for its "at" meaning.) | |
| |  The number of nodes was extended from 4 to 15 including nodes at UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, University of Utah, MIT, Harvard, CMU, BBN, Rand and NASA. Source: "Casting the Net", page 64; CCR, page 93 http://www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.html | |
| 1972 | First public demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines. Internetworking Working Group (INWG) created to address need for establishing agreed upon protocols. Vinton Cerf is elected the first chairman and later becomes known as a "Father of the Internet." | |
| 1973 | The first international ARPAnet locations were set at London‘s University College and Norway‘s Royal Radar Establishment. | |
| 1974 | Transmission Control Program (TCP) specified. Packet network Intercommunication -- the basis of Internet Communication. Telenet, a commercial version of ARPANET, opened -- the first public packet data service. | |
| 1976 |  | |
| 1977 | The first e-mail specifications were established. (RFC 733) | |
| 1981 | BITNET, the "Because its Time Network," was started in 1981 with a link between Yale University and the City University of New York. While BITNET users can send and receive Internet mail, it is not part of the Internet itself (although many BITNET sites are on both networks). Internet users are probably most familiar with BITNET through LISTSERV, the mailing list server that originated in BITNET and is now used widely on the Internet. | |
| 1982 | DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. | |
| 1983 | The first domain name servers (DNS) were built to store the locations of other computers on the network. Users no longer have to know the entire path names from one computer to another. The modern Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) replaces NCP. | |
| 1984 | The number of nodes breaks the 1,000 mark. | |
| 1985 | Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link (WELL), started by Stewart Brand, founder of the The Whole Earth Catalog, on his houseboat in Sausalito. | |
| 1986 | NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps). This allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities. | |
| 1987 | The number of Interent hosts exceeds 10,000. | |
| 1988 | Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm is the only advisory issued this year. DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps) | |
| 1989 | Number of hosts breaks 100,000 Cuckoo‘s Egg by Clifford Stoll tells the real-life tale of a German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US facilities | |
| 1990 | ARPANET ceases to exist Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor and Stewart Brand. | |
| 1991 | Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the Univ of Minnessota World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps) NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month | |
| 1992 | Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by Univ of Nevada The term "Surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly | |
| 1993 | InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: | |
| 1994 | ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary | |
| 1995 | NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now routed through interconnected network providers The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, PSC | |
| 1996 | The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes law in the US in order to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the Net. A few months later a three-judge panel imposes an injunction against its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it unconstitutional in 1997. Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer) The Internet 2 (Abilene) Project is announced The Twelve Networking Truths RFC1925 | |
| 1997 | 71,618 mailing lists registered at Topica, a mailing list directory (It‘s now a commercial site.) Domain name business.com sold for US$150,000 | |
| 1998 | Netscape releases the source code for its Netscape Navigator browswer to the public domain. Microsoft releases Windows 98. Months later the government orders Microsoft to change its Java virtual machine to pass Sun‘s Java compatibility test. Microsoft is taken to court for allegations of anti-trust violations. | |
| 1999 | The Internet celebrates it‘s 30th birthday! Kleinrock stressed that he and his colleagues looked at creating the ARPAnet as a technological challenge, not an ethical one. "Were we thinking about the impact and the ethics? No. Did we try to lay down some codification of how this thing should be used? No. Did we abrogate our responsibility to think about that? Yes. "We did not think about the potential dangers," he said. "We talked about bits and bytes and routers and switches. We did not talk about, ‘Will little Charlie do his homework on it or will he look at pornography?‘" But Kleinrock has no regrets. "Would I do it again? You bet." | |
| 2001 | Last look at Mir - a bookend for Sputnik. Russia’s Mir space station re-entered the Earth’s atmosphere on March 23, 2001. | |
| Sources: | Hobbes Internet Timeline | |
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