一：祈使句：用以表達(dá)命令，要求，請(qǐng)求，勸告等。
1) 以動(dòng)詞原形開(kāi)頭
肯定結(jié)構(gòu)： Take this seat.
Be careful.
否定結(jié)構(gòu)： Don't move.
Don't be late.
2） 以let開(kāi)頭(后面常帶反意疑問(wèn)句)
a. Let's 包括對(duì)方（聽(tīng)話者）在內(nèi)
Let's have another try，shall we?
= Shall we have another try?
b. Let us 不包括對(duì)方（聽(tīng)話者）在內(nèi)
Let us have another try，will you / won't you?
= Will you please let us have another try?
否定結(jié)構(gòu)： Let's not talk of that matter.
Let us not talk of that matter.
二：感嘆句
感嘆句通常有what, how引導(dǎo)，表示贊美、驚嘆、喜 悅、等感情。
what修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞，感嘆句結(jié)構(gòu)主要有以下幾種：
How +形容詞+ a +名詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序
How+形容詞或副詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序
What +名詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序
What+a+形容詞+名詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序
What+ 形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序
What+ 形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語(yǔ)序
How clever a boy he is!
How lovely the baby is!
What noise they are making!
What a clever boy he is!
What wonderful ideas (we have)!
What cold weather it is!
感嘆句的省略形式為：
What a clever boy (he is)!
三：強(qiáng)調(diào)句
?？嫉膹?qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)是it 引導(dǎo)的句子。此結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分僅限于主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
It is (was) 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。
It is from the sun that we get light and heat.
強(qiáng)調(diào)句的連詞只有兩個(gè)，that和who。當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人，且為句子的主語(yǔ)時(shí)，才用 "who"，其余用that。
原句： My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.
強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語(yǔ)： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.
強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)
強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.
典型例句
It is ten years ___ Miss Green returned to Canada.
A. that B. when C. since D. as
答案C. 考點(diǎn)是連詞用法。 本題易誤選為A. that. 其實(shí)本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。若是，去掉It be… that還應(yīng)是一個(gè)完整的句子。而本句去掉 'It is…that'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。 而是：
It is /was +時(shí)間+ since…
強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)時(shí)用助動(dòng)詞do (did，does)后面接動(dòng)詞原形。
She does like this horse. 她的確喜歡這匹馬。
Please do take care of yourself. 請(qǐng)千萬(wàn)保重。
四：倒裝句
全部倒裝是將句子中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞全部置于主語(yǔ)之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)。常見(jiàn)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
Here comes the bus.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞或地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)置于句首，謂語(yǔ)表示運(yùn)動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞。
Out rushed a cow from the house.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結(jié)構(gòu)的主語(yǔ)必須是名詞，如果主語(yǔ)是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。
Here he comes.
Away they went.
部分倒裝是指將謂語(yǔ)的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語(yǔ)之前。如果句中的謂語(yǔ)沒(méi)有助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語(yǔ)之前。以下情況需要部分倒裝：
1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語(yǔ)，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。
I have never seen such a performance.
五：主謂一致
Reading and writing are very important.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.
典型例題
The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.
A. is B. was C. are D. were
答案B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過(guò)去時(shí)，先排除A，C。在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。monitor 前沒(méi)有the，本題主語(yǔ)為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B。
六：主謂一致中的就近原則
1） 當(dāng)there be 句型的主語(yǔ)是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.
2） 當(dāng)either… or… 與neither… nor， 連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語(yǔ)保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致。
Either you or she is to go.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與前面的主語(yǔ)一致。
The teacher （together with some students） is visiting the factory.
He （as well as I） wants to go boating.
七：虛擬語(yǔ)氣
可以表示過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的情況。它的基本特點(diǎn)是時(shí)態(tài)退后。
a. 同現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
句型 ： 條件從句 主句
一般過(guò)去時(shí) should( would) +動(dòng)詞原形
If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示于過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。
句型： 條件從句 主句
過(guò)去完成時(shí) should(would) have+ 過(guò)去分詞
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含義： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.
c. 表示對(duì)將來(lái)的假想
句型： 條件從句 主句
一般過(guò)去時(shí) should + 動(dòng)詞原形
were+ 不定式 would + 動(dòng)詞原形
should+ 動(dòng)詞原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should或had 移到從句句首，實(shí)行倒裝。
Were they here now, they could help us.
=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him
=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Should it rain, the crops would be saved.
=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
注意：
在虛擬語(yǔ)氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞'be'的過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)一律用"were"，不用was， 即在從句中be用were代替。
If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會(huì)去找他。
If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒，一切都會(huì)好的。
特殊的虛擬語(yǔ)氣詞：should
1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…中的主語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用should 加動(dòng)詞原形， should 可省略。
句型：
(1)suggested
It is (2)important that…+ (should) do
(3) a pity
(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do
(2)important, necessary, natural, strange
a pity, a shame, no wonder
(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.
2）在賓語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用
在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中。
order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do
I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
He insisted that he (should) be sent there.
3）在表語(yǔ)從句，同位語(yǔ)從句中的應(yīng)用
在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句中要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，即（should）+動(dòng)詞原形。
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week
wish 的用法
1）用于wish后面的從句，表示與事實(shí)相反的情況，或表示將來(lái)不太可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語(yǔ)從句的動(dòng)詞形式為：
真實(shí)狀況 wish后
從句動(dòng)作先于主句動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作 現(xiàn)在時(shí) 過(guò)去時(shí)
（be的過(guò)去式為 were）
從句動(dòng)作與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生 過(guò)去時(shí) 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
（had + 過(guò)去分詞）
將來(lái)不大可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 將來(lái)時(shí) would/could +
動(dòng)詞原形
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他沒(méi)講那樣的話。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。
2）Wish to do表達(dá)法。
Wish sb / sth to do
I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)
Only if 跟if only 的區(qū)別
only if表示"只有"；if only則表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陳述語(yǔ)氣。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會(huì)醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung. 當(dāng)時(shí)鬧鐘響了，就好了。
If only he comes early. 但愿他早點(diǎn)回來(lái)。
It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用過(guò)去式或用should加動(dòng)詞原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
八：定語(yǔ)從句: 在句中做定語(yǔ)成分，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。
關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。
關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1） who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是想見(jiàn)你的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語(yǔ)）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)）
2) Whose 用來(lái)指人或物，(只用作定語(yǔ), 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過(guò)去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書(shū)。
3）which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等。
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語(yǔ)）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語(yǔ)）
關(guān)系副詞可代替的先行詞是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。
關(guān)系副詞when, where, why的含義相當(dāng)于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時(shí)候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？
限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句
1) 定語(yǔ)從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明，去掉了也不會(huì)影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)分開(kāi)，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。（非限制性）
2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理•史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對(duì)其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒(méi)抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說(shuō)明：關(guān)系代詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
聯(lián)系客服
