初中英語(yǔ)分類練習(xí)
——?jiǎng)釉~部分
【復(fù)習(xí)目標(biāo)】
▲掌握動(dòng)詞的種類情況。
▲掌握動(dòng)詞不定式的用法。
【課前準(zhǔn)備】
●要求學(xué)生對(duì)所學(xué)動(dòng)詞進(jìn)行歸類記憶。
【知識(shí)要點(diǎn)】
（一）動(dòng)詞的種類
動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞，按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動(dòng)詞，連系動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
1．行為動(dòng)詞
行為動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞 (vt)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi)，及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，后跟賓語(yǔ)；不及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，有完整的詞義，能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，但后面不能直接跟賓語(yǔ)，如要帶賓語(yǔ)則與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語(yǔ)。
如：
More and more people study English.(vt)
The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2．連系動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。
如：
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.
It feels damp.
3．助動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞本身無(wú)詞義，不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示否定，疑問(wèn)及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語(yǔ)法特征，助動(dòng)詞有 be,do,have,shall,will等。
如：
How do you usually come to school?
The children are playing yo-yo now.
4．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~原形一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，表示說(shuō)話人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。
如：
Can I help you?
- Must we go now? –No, you needn't .
a. can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過(guò)去時(shí)，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各種時(shí)態(tài)均可，指須經(jīng)過(guò)努力而“能”。
b. must與have/has to的用法。must表示說(shuō)話人主觀認(rèn)為“必須”，只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來(lái)時(shí)；have/has to表示客觀需要，意為“不得不”，它可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。
c．need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可作行為動(dòng)詞。
（二）動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式 to do沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，在句中不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，但可以和助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)，又可以在句子中作賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。但它畢竟是動(dòng)詞，因此，具有動(dòng)詞的許多特點(diǎn)，如它可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。 1．作主語(yǔ)。 如：
To learn English is very important.
但實(shí)際上不定式作主語(yǔ)常用 it來(lái)作形式主語(yǔ)，而將不定式移至謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后作真正的主語(yǔ)。
如上句可表達(dá)為：
It's very important to learn English.
2．作表語(yǔ)。 如：
My idea is to ring him up at once.
3．作賓語(yǔ)。 如：
I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4．作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
如： The policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。
如： We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c. let, make, have這些使役動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中這些不帶to的都須帶上to。
如： In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.
d.動(dòng)詞help接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，可帶to也可不帶to。
如： Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag?
5．作定語(yǔ)。
a.與被修飾詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，后面的介詞千萬(wàn)不要省略。
如： Maybe they have three rooms to live in.
b.與被修飾詞有主謂關(guān)系。
如： Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.
c.與被修飾之間只有修飾關(guān)系。
如： I have no time to play cards.
6．作狀語(yǔ)，表示目的、原因、方法、方向、結(jié)果等。
如： I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7．不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“for sb. to do sth” 作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用“It is +adj+ for
of sb. to do sth”的句式。形容詞good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,
right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb. to do sth.”
其他形容詞用 for。
如：
It's dangerous for you to ride so fast.
It's very kind of you to help me.
8．動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問(wèn)句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等連用。
如： I don't know when to start.
He didn't tell me where to go.
但上面結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)從句，故上述句子也可表達(dá)為：
I don't know when we'll start.
He didn't tell me where he would go.
注意：
a.有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)不能帶不定式，只能接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。
如： enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(錯(cuò)過(guò)),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。
如： The peasants are busy picking apples.
Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些動(dòng)詞后可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式，但意思不同。
如： Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(該寄但還沒(méi)做)
Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已經(jīng)寄過(guò)信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)
They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
“主謂一致”解題指導(dǎo)
一、主謂一致
主謂一致有許多原則，概括起來(lái)不外乎三種一致原則，即語(yǔ)法形式一致，概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致），毗鄰一致（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和緊位于其前的主語(yǔ)一致）。
1. 語(yǔ)法形式一致
（1）單數(shù)主語(yǔ)、單個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及句子作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)，用and或both…and連接的動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)以及主語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
1) The performance was very funny.
2) Serving the people is my great happiness.
3) Whether we’ll go depends on the weather.
4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce.
5) Both you and I are students.
6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.
（2）由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的結(jié)構(gòu)跟在主語(yǔ)后面，不能看作是并列主語(yǔ)，該主語(yǔ)不受這些詞組引導(dǎo)的插入語(yǔ)的影響，主語(yǔ)如是單數(shù)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍然用單數(shù)形式。例如：
1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office.
2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.
3) His sister no less than you is wrong.
4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.
(3)有些代詞只能指單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，當(dāng)它們?cè)诰渥又凶髦髡Z(yǔ)時(shí)，盡管在意義上是多數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍要用單數(shù)形式。這類代詞有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：
1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (兩人都不喜歡對(duì)方的朋友。)
2) Everything around us is matter. (我們周圍的所有東西都是物質(zhì)。)
(4)在neither of與either of的結(jié)構(gòu)里，一般語(yǔ)法書(shū)都認(rèn)為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用單數(shù)形式也可用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但在美國(guó)的TOEFL考試內(nèi)要求用單數(shù)形式。例如：
1) Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.
2) Has either of them been seen recently?
(5)當(dāng)and連結(jié)的兩個(gè)名詞是指同一個(gè)人或同一件事，and后的名詞前沒(méi)有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式；在and后面的名詞前有冠詞，謂語(yǔ)就用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早飯供應(yīng)黃油面包。)
2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黃油和面包。)
（6）當(dāng)one of結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：
1)One of those students has passed the examination.
2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.
（7）plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of等 + 可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)只用單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞的謂語(yǔ)視可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：
1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring.
2）Half of the buildings have been painted completely.
3）There is plenty of water in the pail.
4）There are plenty of eggs in the box.
（8）如果名詞詞組中心詞是“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù) + of + 名詞”，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞或代詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
1）Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed.
2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.
（9）定語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如：
1）He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.
2）“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.
注：當(dāng)one之前有the only等限定詞修飾時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：
He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.
2.概念一致（語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容上一致）
（1）有些集合名詞如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦樂(lè)隊(duì)）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要根據(jù)語(yǔ)言內(nèi)容而定。如果它們作為一個(gè)集體單位時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式，如就其中的各個(gè)成員來(lái)說(shuō)，則謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
1）His family is going to move.
2）His family are very well.
3）The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park.
注：如這類詞后跟有定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也遵循概念一致的原則，強(qiáng)調(diào)具體成員時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用who; 強(qiáng)調(diào)整體時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，關(guān)系代詞用which。例如：
1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.
2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.
(2)有些表示總稱意義的名詞，形式上是單數(shù)，而意義上卻是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如：
1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.
2）The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.
(3)有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，而意義上卻是單數(shù)。如news, means, works.還有許多以ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名稱，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它們作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：
1）Politics is a complicated business.
2）Here is the news.
(4)復(fù)數(shù)主語(yǔ)與each連用時(shí)，應(yīng)不受each的影響，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：
4) The old workers and the young each have their own tools.
(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、價(jià)值的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)形式。例如：
1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk.
2) Three pints isn’t enough to get me drunk.
(6)國(guó)家、單位和書(shū)報(bào)的名稱，作為一個(gè)單一的概念，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：
1）War and Peace is the longest book I’ve read.
（8）the +形容詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如主語(yǔ)指的是一類人，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果指的是單個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：
1) The blind are taught trades in special schools.
2) The departed was a good friend of his.
3.毗鄰一致（就近原則）
(1)由連詞or, neither…or, either…or, not only … also, nor等連接的并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式按毗鄰一致的原則，與貼近它的主語(yǔ)一致。例如：
1) He or you have taken my pen.
2) Either you or he is no telling the truth.
3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.
(2)在there be 的結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般也采取就近原則。例如：
1)There is a desk and four benches in the office.
2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.
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