1. While there is still much to learn, scientists agree that the left half of the brain is responsible for fine motor skills on the right side of the body. (P9)
[考點(diǎn)] while可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，多位于句首，意思是“盡管、雖然”。
[考例] _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand. (2004 浙江卷)
A. While B. Since C. As D. If （斜體部分為最佳答案，下同）
[點(diǎn)撥] 通讀全句，可知兩個(gè)分句間有轉(zhuǎn)折意味，所以要用while引起讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。句意是“雖然模特行業(yè)不容易進(jìn)入，但是好的模特卻一直供不應(yīng)求”。
2. It is the functions of the brain’s two sides that determine whether you use right hand, right leg, right eye, or right ear more than those on the left side of your body. (P9)
[考點(diǎn)] 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“It is/was+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who…”，用來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以是單個(gè)的詞或短語(yǔ)，也可以是從句。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是人，可用that或who連接，其余情況均用that。
[考例1] David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature ______ he chose the course. (2006 上海春)
[點(diǎn)撥] 去掉“it was”和空白處的詞，句子結(jié)構(gòu)依然完整，故可判斷它是強(qiáng)調(diào)句。顯然它是強(qiáng)調(diào)原因狀語(yǔ)“because of his strong interest in literature”的。
[考例2] It was not until she got home _____ Jennifer realized she had lost her key. (2006 全國(guó)卷II)
A. when B. that C. where D. before
[點(diǎn)撥] 本題考查not…until句式的強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，即“It is/was not until…that…”。該句可以還原為：She didn’t go home until Jennifer realized she had lost her key. 或Not until she got home did Jennifer realize she had lost her key.
[考例3] I just wonder ______ that makes him so excited. (2006 山東卷)
A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is
[點(diǎn)撥] 本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)特殊疑問(wèn)詞的句型，即“特殊疑問(wèn)詞+is/was it+其他（陳述句語(yǔ)序）”。本小題中對(duì)主語(yǔ)What進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，由于放在了賓語(yǔ)從句中去考查，故要用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
3. But these words carry into our minds the strange idea that there are two very different processes. (P10)
[考點(diǎn)] 同位語(yǔ)從句一般位于某些抽象名詞之后，說(shuō)明該名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。此類(lèi)名詞通常有fact, news, idea, word, hope, belief, question, suggestion, doubt, possibility等。同位語(yǔ)從句一般由that引導(dǎo)，但根據(jù)名詞的意義，也可由whether, what, who, when, where等引導(dǎo)。
[考例1] Doris’ success lies in the fact _____ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.
(2006 上海春卷)
A. which B. that C. when D. why
[點(diǎn)撥] that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，具體說(shuō)明fact的內(nèi)容。that沒(méi)有實(shí)際意義，只起連接
作用，不充當(dāng)任何成分。
[考例2] Do you have any idea ____ is actually going on in the classroom? (2005遼寧卷)
A. that B. what C. as D. which
[點(diǎn)撥] what引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，同時(shí)在從句作主語(yǔ)。此句句意為“你知道課堂上實(shí)際上發(fā)生的事嗎？”
Unit 2 Module 3
1. They are varied in style, taste and presentations. (P22)
[考點(diǎn)] 動(dòng)詞vary的意思是“相異，修改，使多樣化”，指由于生長(zhǎng)、發(fā)展等原因引起一種或一系列變化，使相關(guān)的事物各不相同。其過(guò)去分詞varied可用作形容詞，意為“形形色色的”，“各種各樣的”。
You should vary your diet more.
你應(yīng)該使自己的日常飲食更為多樣化。
The doctor advised me to vary the pace at which I work.
醫(yī)生建議我改變工作節(jié)奏。
Holiday jobs are many and varied.
假期的工作又多又雜。
[考例] Try not to start every sentence with “the”. _____ the beginnings of your sentences. (2006上海)
A. Vary B. Decorate C. Form D. Describe
[點(diǎn)撥] decorate意為“修飾，裝飾”，指用裝飾品或其它飾物裝飾某物或某地方，使其更加漂亮或顯示出節(jié)日氣氛；form意為“形成，構(gòu)成或產(chǎn)生某事物”，使事物成一定形狀或結(jié)構(gòu)；describe的意思是“描述”、“描寫(xiě)”。本題考查vary的“修改、改變”之意，該句的意思是“修改句子的開(kāi)頭”。
2. Every day, my father, whose name is John, walked in the park with my mother, Aiko. (P23)
[考點(diǎn)] 關(guān)系代詞whose表示“……的”，是關(guān)系代詞who, which的所有格，因此既可指人，也可指物。在從句中，whose作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞，被修飾的詞可以是從句的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)。
There are so many people whose only online activity is sending and receiving e-mail.
有許多這樣的人，他們的網(wǎng)上活動(dòng)只是收發(fā)電子郵件。
The meeting, whose importance I didn’t realize at that time was about pollution.
那次會(huì)議是有關(guān)污染的，當(dāng)時(shí)我并沒(méi)有意識(shí)到它的重要性。
當(dāng)先行詞是指物的詞時(shí)，whose可用of which來(lái)代替，但詞序不同，即 whose+名詞= the +名詞+of which。
Last year we lived in the room whose window (=the window of which) face west.
去年我們住在了一個(gè)窗戶朝西的房間。
[考例] Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ____ roof is under repair. (2006 福建卷)
A. whose B. which C. of which D. what
[點(diǎn)撥] 根據(jù)句意，不難判斷roof與house之間是所屬關(guān)系，所以要用表示“……的”之意的關(guān)系代詞whose。
3. John, in three weeks the ship is leaving Japan. (P23)
[考點(diǎn)] 某些位移動(dòng)詞(如go, come, arrive, leave, fly, start等)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示按計(jì)劃或安排即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
Wait a moment, please. I’m coming.
請(qǐng)稍等，我馬上就來(lái)。
I’m flying to Hong Kong tomorrow.
明天我要乘飛機(jī)去香港。
[考例] Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane________. (2006 福建卷)
A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off
[點(diǎn)撥] 通讀題干，可知句子的意思是“女士們，先生們，請(qǐng)系好安全帶！飛機(jī)馬上就要起飛了?！备鶕?jù)這一語(yǔ)境，take off顯然是按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，所以要用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)。
Unit 3 Module 3
考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥 考例回顧
1. …and increased the power of the computer to the point where e-mail and the World Wide Web became realistic and possible. (P33)
[考點(diǎn)] 一般地，先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞或代詞時(shí)，通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。不過(guò)，當(dāng)先行詞為表示“模糊地點(diǎn)”的抽象名詞 (如point, case, situation, stage, position等)，且關(guān)系詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，也常用副詞where。
He has reached the point where a change is needed.
他已經(jīng)到了非改變不可的地步了。
Let’s think of a situation where this idiom can be used.
咱們來(lái)想一個(gè)可以使用這個(gè)習(xí)語(yǔ)的場(chǎng)合。
[考例1] I can think of many cases ______ students obviously know a lot of words and expressions but couldn’t write a good essay. (2003 上海卷)
A. why B. which C. as D. where
[點(diǎn)撥] case意為“情況；場(chǎng)合”，屬于表示抽象意義的地點(diǎn)名詞，其后的定語(yǔ)從句可使用where或in which，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。而在本句中，從句中已有主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)，缺少，故選擇作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)的D項(xiàng)。
[考例2] We’re just trying to reach a point ____ both sides will sit down together and talk. (2006山東卷)
A. where B. that C. when D. which
[點(diǎn)撥] 根據(jù)“…both sides will sit down together and talk.”一句的意義，可知從句中缺少狀語(yǔ)而不是賓語(yǔ)，故應(yīng)當(dāng)使用關(guān)系副詞。再由先行詞point的意義，可將作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的關(guān)系副詞when排除。
[考例3]–Do you have anything to say for yourself?
–Yes, there is one point _____ we must insist on. (2005 江西卷)
A. why B. where C. how D. /
[點(diǎn)撥] 同樣是point作先行詞，但是所用的關(guān)系詞卻不同。在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句中，該關(guān)系詞作動(dòng)詞insist on的賓語(yǔ)，只能用關(guān)系代詞，故可排除關(guān)系副詞why和where。因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省去，因而答案為D。
2. However, once computer-based TOEFL is introduced in a country, the paper-based program will no longer be used. (P35)
[考點(diǎn)] once除作副詞外，也可以用作連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“一旦；一經(jīng)；一……就”(from the moment that sth. happens)。
How would we cope once the money had gone?
錢(qián)一用完，我們?cè)趺崔k？
Once you understand the rule, you’ll have no further difficulty.
一旦明白了這條規(guī)則，就再也沒(méi)有困難了。
[考例] _______ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem (生態(tài)系統(tǒng)) to recover. (2006 江蘇卷)
A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once
[點(diǎn)撥] 該句的意思是說(shuō)“一旦環(huán)境遭到破壞，就需要許多年才能恢復(fù)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。even if引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“盡管”；if only意為“要是……就好了”，引導(dǎo)的從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣；while既可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，也可引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是“盡管”或“當(dāng)……的時(shí)候”，均不合題意。
3. Ha! If I’d had e-mail five years ago, I would be sweeping floors at Microsoft and making $5.15 an hour. (P36)
[考點(diǎn)] 在if引起的虛擬條件句中，有時(shí)條件從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作不是發(fā)生在同一時(shí)間段內(nèi)。 這時(shí)，動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)當(dāng)根據(jù)它們所表示的時(shí)間加以調(diào)整。語(yǔ)法上將其稱(chēng)之為“錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間的虛擬語(yǔ)氣”。
If I were you, I would have followed her advice then.
我要是你，就聽(tīng)她的勸告了。
If it had rained last night, it would be very cool today.
如果昨晚下了雨，今天就會(huì)很涼快的。
[考例] It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. (2002 上海卷)
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
[點(diǎn)撥] 根據(jù)what引起賓語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“would be doing”，顯然可以斷定這是一種假設(shè)情況，所以使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。盡管主句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在(today)，但是由“at the age of seven”可知if從句的內(nèi)容與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，因此要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
Unit 4 Module 3
考點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥 考例回顧
1. Mary could see no way that Grandma could be happy there. (P38)
[考點(diǎn)] no way多用在口語(yǔ)中，主要意思有：1) 表示斷然拒絕做某事，譯為“不”；2)表示不相信或驚訝，譯為“不會(huì)吧；不可能”；3)表示肯定推斷，譯為“絕不可能”。
–Can I borrow your car? 我能借用你的汽車(chē)嗎？
–No way. 不行！
She is forty-seven? No way!
她四十七歲了？不會(huì)吧？
There’s no way we’re going to get this finished on time.
我們絕對(duì)不可能按時(shí)完成工作。
[考例] –I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her.
– . It was her fault. (2003全國(guó)卷)
A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all
[點(diǎn)撥] no way意為“沒(méi)門(mén)，決不”；not possible意為“不可能”；Not at all意為“一點(diǎn)也不”?？谡Z(yǔ)中沒(méi)有no chance這種慣用表達(dá)法。結(jié)合答語(yǔ)中的“It was her fault.”，顯然可知答案。
2. They had a big house and a spare bedroom where Grandma could sleep. (P39)
[考點(diǎn)]spare用作形容詞，意為“多余的，剩下的”；作動(dòng)詞時(shí)，意思是“（把不用的或多余的人或物）撥出，抽出，騰出”。
Do you have any spare change for the phone?
你有多余的打電話用的硬幣嗎？
We’re too busy to spare anyone to help you right now.
我們目前太忙，抽不出人來(lái)幫你。
We had an hour to spare so we looked round the shops.
我們有一小時(shí)的空余時(shí)間，于是就去逛商店。
[考例]They started off late and got to the airport with minutes to ______.（2005湖北卷）
A. spare B. catch C. leave D. make
[點(diǎn)撥] 通讀題干，不難看出其意思是“他們出發(fā)得很晚，到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)時(shí)只剩幾分鐘了”。這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，只有A項(xiàng)與C項(xiàng)有“剩余”之意，但leave要用其過(guò)去分詞形式left來(lái)作后置定語(yǔ)，不可用to。spare此處為動(dòng)詞用法，其不定式形式可用作后置定語(yǔ)，表示“剩余的”。money/time to spare余錢(qián)/余暇。
3. In the early 1980’s, the Chinese government declared that the Chongyang Festival would be the day on which to celebrate the lives of China’s elder citizens, those over 60 years old. (P46)
[考點(diǎn)]“介詞+關(guān)系代詞（which/whom）+不定式短語(yǔ)”是一種特殊的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中一般用作后置定語(yǔ)，其作用相當(dāng)于由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
He is a nice person with whom to work.
他是一個(gè)容易共事的人。
How did bees know the direction in which to fly?
蜜蜂怎么知道飛的方向呢？
They tried to think of a plan by which to fulfill their task ahead of time.
他們?cè)噲D想出一種能提前完成任務(wù)的計(jì)劃。
[考例] Frank’s dream was to have his own shop to produce the workings of his own hands. (2005湖南卷)
A. that B. in which C. by which D. how
[點(diǎn)撥]“介詞+which+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞shop，與shop習(xí)慣搭配的介詞應(yīng)為in，故答案為B。此結(jié)構(gòu)等同于定語(yǔ)從句“in which he could produce the workings of his own hands”。
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