原作者：
來源Volcano Photos, Volcano Wallpapers, Pictures, Images -- National Geographic
譯者憧憬1986
Photo Gallery: Volcanos
照片展：火山
Three Volcanoes
三座火山
Photograph by John Stanmeyer, National Geographic
John Stanmeyer攝，國家地理
Mount Semeru, seen with an ash plume, is the highest volcano on the Indonesian island of Java and has been in a constant eruption since 1967. It lies at the southern end of the Tengger caldera, which contains smaller volcanoes Mount Bromo and Mount Batok (both seen in the foreground), and several others
照片中火山灰中若隱若現(xiàn)的塞莫火山（Mount Semeru）是印度尼西亞爪哇島上最高的火山，自1967年來經(jīng)常噴發(fā)。它坐落在騰格爾火山（Tengger caldera）最南端，包含了婆羅摩火山（Mount Bromo）和芒巴托克火山（Mount Batok）(照片中可見)以及其他幾座火山。
Lava Flowing Into the Pacific
注入太平洋的巖漿
Photograph by Stephen Alvarez, National Geographic
Stephen Alvarez攝，國家地理
With a hiss of steam, lava flows into the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Similar flows of molten rock have built up the Hawaiian islands over the course of more than 70 million years.
伴隨著蒸汽的嘶嘶聲，夏威夷火山國家公園內(nèi)的巖漿正注入太平洋。在過去的七千多萬年里，相似的熔巖流鑄造了夏威夷群島。
Mount Etna, Italy
埃特納火山（Mount Etna）,意大利
Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic
Carten Peter 攝， 國家地理
Perched above the lighted city of Catania, Italy, Mount Etna hurls a fountain of fire skyward as rivers of lava spill down its flanks. In spite of its dazzling displays, Mount Etna is a relatively safe volcano with rare, compact eruptions and slow-flowing lava that gives people a chance to escape.
埃特納火山坐落在意大利燈火輝煌的卡塔尼亞城上，火焰直沖云天，火山巖漿如河流般順著火山兩邊向外溢出。盡管埃特納火山看起來讓人眼花繚亂，但它還是相對安全的，因其少而緊湊的爆發(fā)，并且?guī)r漿流動速度較緩，給了人逃命的機(jī)會。
Liquid Lava on Mount Etna
坎特納火山（Mount Etna）的液體巖漿
Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic
Carsten Peter攝，國家地理
A few hundred degrees separates this pool of fiery orange magma in Italy’s Mount Etna from its hardened, gray crust. At nearly 11,000 feet (3,353 meters), Mount Etna is Europe’s highest active volcano.
幾百度的溫度把意大利坎特納火山這一池?zé)霟岬拈冱S色巖漿與其堅(jiān)硬的灰色外殼分開?？蔡丶{火山近一萬一千英尺高（3353米），是歐洲最高的活火山。
Volcanic Lightning
火山的閃電
Photograph by Peter Vancoillie, Your Shot
Peter Vancoillie攝，你的鏡頭
A bright bolt of lightning crackles within the ash cloud from the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland in April 2010. Volcanic lightning occurs when roiling ash particles rub against each other and become electrically charged.
2010年四月，冰島的艾雅拉火山（Eyjafjallajkull）伴隨著火山灰云中晴天霹靂般的電閃雷鳴噴發(fā)了。當(dāng)激流般的火山灰粒子相互摩擦帶電而產(chǎn)生了火山閃電。
Mount St. Helens After Eruption
爆發(fā)后的圣海倫斯（Mount St. Helens）火山
Photograph by Steven L. Raymer, National Geographic
Steven L. Raymer攝，國家地理
A wisp of smoke escapes from Mount St. Helens’ dramatic eggshell-shaped crater after an eruption. Washington State’s volcano is most famous for its catastrophic 1980 eruption that killed 57 people, destroyed homes, bridges, and highways, and triggered an enormous debris avalanche that carved a mile-wide (1.6-kilometer-wide) crater on the mountain.
一小股煙從爆發(fā)后的圣海倫斯火山蛋殼型的火山口傾瀉而出。1980年災(zāi)難性的爆發(fā)，使得華盛頓州的火山久負(fù)盛名?；鹕絿姲l(fā)造成57人死亡，眾多房屋、橋梁、公路被毀，并引發(fā)了大量的巖屑崩落，在山上刻出了一英里寬（1.6千米寬）的火山坑。
Ertale Volcano Crater, Ethiopia
尼塔爾（Ertale Volcano）火山口，埃塞俄比亞
Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic
Carsten Peter攝，國家地理
Climbers mount whorls of lava on the caldera of Ethiopia’s Ertale Volcano as steam escapes from a lava lake in the volcano’s crater, which can reach temperatures of 1,868°F (1,020°C).
登山者攀著螺旋型的熔巖爬上埃塞俄比亞的尼塔爾火山的火山口。高達(dá)1868華氏度（1020攝氏度）的蒸汽從火山口的熔巖湖溢出
Boiling Mud, Ethiopia
沸騰的泥漿，埃塞俄比亞
Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic
Carsten Peter攝，國家地理
A pool of mud boils near Dallol Volcano, in Ethiopia’s remote Danakil Depression. Volcanic explosion craters such as Dallol form during phreatic eruptions—where rising magma comes into contact with water beneath the surface of the Earth, causing a steam explosion.
一池泥漿在位于埃塞俄比亞遠(yuǎn)郊達(dá)納基爾凹地（Danakil Depression）的寬干谷（Dallol）火山附近沸騰著。像寬干谷這樣爆裂的火山口形成于蒸汽噴發(fā)的過程中，在那里，上升的巖漿與地表下的水接觸形成了蒸汽噴發(fā)。
Cleveland Volcano, Alaska
克利夫蘭（Cleveland）火山，阿拉斯加
Photograph courtesy NASA Earth Observatory
照片鳴謝美國國家航空和宇宙航行局地球瞭望臺
Cleveland Volcano releases a plume of ash that rises almost 20,000 feet (6,000 meters) above the North Pacific Ocean in this aerial photograph. Cleveland Volcano, located in the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska, failed to produce an eruption and the plume of ash detached from the volcano two hours after it formed.
在這幅航拍的照片中，克利夫蘭火山釋放出的火山灰羽在北太平洋上空升起了近兩萬英尺（六千米）高?？ɡ蛱m火山位于阿拉斯加西南部的阿留申群島上，沒有噴發(fā)出來，火山灰羽形成兩個(gè)小時(shí)后從火山中分離出來。
Pahoehoe Lava, Hawaii
繩狀熔巖，夏威夷
Photograph by Steve and Donna O'Meara, Volcano Watch International/National Geographic
Steve和Donna O'Meara攝， 國際火山觀察/國家地理
Pahoehoe lava flows on Kilauea volcano in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Unlike aa (pronounced “ah ah”) lava, pahoehoe flows relatively slowly, allowing an insulating skin to form that keeps the temperature close to 2,190°F (about 1,200°C). Aa lava, on the other hand, moves faster and doesn’t have time to develop a skin, resulting in a cooler flow with a more angular texture.
繩狀熔巖在夏威夷火山國家公園的基拉韋厄（Kilauea）火山上流淌。不像塊狀熔巖（aa,讀音為“ah ah”），繩狀熔巖流淌的相對緩慢，形成一個(gè)隔熱的外皮，溫度保持在接近2190華氏度（約1200攝氏度）。另一方面，塊狀熔巖移動地更快，沒有時(shí)間形成外皮，這就導(dǎo)致了巖漿較冷卻的流動形成了更有棱角的質(zhì)地。
OI Doinyo Lengai Volcano
倫蓋伊（Ol Doinyo Lengai）火山
Photograph by Carsten Peter, National Geographic
Carsten Peter攝，國家地理
A stream of neon-orange lava cascades down Ol Doinyo Lengai, in Tanzania’s Great Rift Valley. Ol Doinyo Lengai, "Mountain of God" in the language of the Maasai, is the only volcano in the world erupting natrocarbonatite lava, an extremely fluid lava that contains almost no silicon.
一股熒光橙色的巖漿從倫蓋伊火山瀑布般的傾瀉而下，流入坦桑尼亞的東非大裂谷。馬薩伊語中的“神山”，是世界上僅有的噴出natrocarbonatite巖漿的火山。Natrocarbonatite 巖漿是一種極其不固定的、幾乎不含硅的巖漿。
Fern Growing From Lava, Hawaii
巖漿中萌生的蕨類植物，夏威夷
Photograph by Frans Lanting, National Geographic
Frans Lanting攝，國家地理
A whisk fern grows from recently cooled lava in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii. Plants can return rapidly to areas affected by volcanic eruptions. Over time, lava and ash break down to form fertile soils ideal for agriculture.
一種叉形蕨類植物從近期冷卻的位于夏威夷火山國家公園的巖漿中萌發(fā)。植物可在受火山噴發(fā)影響的地區(qū)迅速恢復(fù)生長。隨著時(shí)間的過去，巖漿和火山灰分解形成肥沃的、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的理想土壤。
Two Eruptions
兩種噴發(fā)
Photograph by James Appleton, Your Shot
James Appleton攝，你的鏡頭
A volcanic eruption and the eruption of light from charged particles in the atmosphere—called the Northern Lights—occur at the same time in Iceland. The island nation was created by volcanic activity and today has 35 active volcanoes, which provide the country with plentiful geothermal power.
一座火山噴發(fā)和環(huán)境中的帶電粒子發(fā)出的噴發(fā)光（稱為北極光）同一時(shí)間發(fā)生在冰島。島上的國家是由火山活動創(chuàng)建的。并且目前，有35座活火山給本國提供了豐富的地?zé)崮堋?/span>
Ash Cloud
火山灰云
Photograph by Snorri Gunnarsson, My Shot
Snorri Gunnarsson攝，我的鏡頭
Geese fly past the ash cloud from the eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano that began in April 2010. Ash from the volcano disrupted air traffic in Europe for more than a month.
大雁從2010年4月開始爆發(fā)的艾雅拉火山的火山灰云中飛過?；鹕交沂箽W洲的空中交通被破壞了長達(dá)一個(gè)月之久。
Stars Over Mount Damavand
德馬峰（Mount Damavand）上的星
Photograph by Siamak Sabet, Your Shot
Siamak Sabet攝，你的鏡頭
Stars whirl in the sky in a long-exposure photo of Mount Damavand in Iran. The mountain, which is part of the Elburz mountain range south of the Caspian Sea, is the highest volcano in Asia and the highest peak in the Middle East.
長曝光的攝于伊朗德馬峰的照片中星星在天空中盤旋。德馬峰是里海南邊厄爾布爾士山脈的一部分，不但是亞洲最高的火山還是中東的最高點(diǎn)。
Lake Laach
拉赫湖（Lake Laach）
Photograph by Hannah Baumert, My Shot
Hannah Baumert攝，我的鏡頭
Gas bubbles up from the bottom of Laacher See (or Lake Laach) in Germany. A violent prehistoric eruption caused the Earth's crust to collapse and form a crater that filled with water. The lake lies in an area of Western Germany called the Eifel volcanic field.
氣泡從位于瑞士的拉赫湖（Laacher See或Lake Laach）底升騰而出。一場猛烈地史前噴發(fā)使得地殼倒塌，并形成了裝滿水的火山口。該湖位于德國西部地區(qū)一個(gè)叫艾弗爾火山區(qū)（the Eifel volcanic field）的地方。
Arenal Volcano
阿雷納（Arenal）火山
Photograph by Lawrence Smith, My Shot
Lawrence Smith攝，我的鏡頭
The Arenal Volcano in Costa Rica erupts suddenly in February 2010, turning the sky an ominous yellow-brown. The volcano is one of the most active in the world.
2010年二月，位于哥斯達(dá)黎加的阿雷納火山突然爆發(fā)，天空呈現(xiàn)駭人的的黃棕色。該火山是世界活火山之一。
Thurston Lava Tube
瑟斯頓（Thurston）巖溶洞
Photograph by Kevin Hazelton, My Shot
Kevin Hazelton攝，我的鏡頭
Lights illuminate the Thurston Lava Tube in the Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Lava tubes serve as underground pipelines, allowing molten rock to flow under and away from volcanoes.
燈光照亮了位于夏威夷火山國家公園的瑟斯頓巖溶洞。巖溶洞像一個(gè)底下管道使熔融巖石從火山下端流走。
Lava Falls
巖漿瀑布
Photograph by Snorri Gunnarsson, My Shot
Snorro Gunnarsson攝，我的鏡頭
Lava flows into a valley in southern Iceland near the Eyjafjallajkull volcano.
巖漿流入艾雅拉火山附近的冰島南部山谷。
