考點(diǎn)一 主謂一致
1．people，cattle等集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)形式，但family，class，team，group，public等集體名詞作主語時(shí)，如果把它們作為一個(gè)整體看待，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式；如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是個(gè)體成員，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
The flooded family is made up of ten people，so the clothing is badly needed.
遭受洪災(zāi)的家庭由十人組成，因此衣服十分緊缺。
2．如果主語由“more than one＋n.”或“many a＋n.”構(gòu)成，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如果主語由“more＋復(fù)數(shù)名詞＋than one”構(gòu)成，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
More than one boy likes to play basketball while many a girl is good at playing baseball.
不止一個(gè)男孩喜歡打籃球然而不止一個(gè)女生善長(zhǎng)打棒球。
3．由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...等連接的并列主語，謂語動(dòng)詞常與最近的主語在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致。
Either you or your secretary has to check over the speech draft and correct the mistakes.
要么是你要么是你的秘書必須檢查一下演講稿并把錯(cuò)誤改過來。
4．如果主語后面帶有as well as，as much as ，no less than，along with，with，like，rather than，together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等引導(dǎo)的短語時(shí)，句中謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于主語的單復(fù)數(shù)。
Dr.Smith，together with his wife and daughters，is going to visit Beijing this summer.(2009年高考陜西卷)
Dr.Smith將在今年夏天和妻子女兒們一起游覽北京。
In my opinion，he rather than you，is to blame.
依我看來，他，而不是你該受遣責(zé)。
5．單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞作主語時(shí)，應(yīng)根據(jù)名詞的意義來確定謂語動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Every necessary means has been used to protect milu deer which are very valuable to us.As a result，the number of the milu deer is increasing.
人們采取了各種必要的措施來保護(hù)麋鹿，這種措施對(duì)我們來說很有價(jià)值，因此麋鹿的數(shù)量正在增長(zhǎng)。
6．由each，every，no所修飾的作主語的名詞即使有and連接，謂語動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)形式。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the English evening party to be held on Saturday.
每個(gè)女生和男生希望參加星期天舉辦的英語晚會(huì)。
考點(diǎn)二 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
1．強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分可以是主語、賓語和狀語等。
It is only children who make such stupid mistakes.
只有孩子才會(huì)犯這樣愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。
It was because her mother was ill that she didn't come to school yesterday.
是因?yàn)樗龐寢尣×?，她昨天才沒來上學(xué)的。
2．強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句只需將is/was提前，特殊疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問詞＋is/was＋it＋that從句”。
Was it yesterday that you met your teacher in the street?
你是昨天在大街上碰到你老師的嗎？
Who was it that told you such a thing?
究竟是誰告訴你這件事的？
Why was it that you didn't come to the meeting yesterday?
究竟是為什么你昨天沒有來開會(huì)？
3．“It was not until...that...”這個(gè)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語。
It was not until his father came in that the boy began to prepare his lessons.
直到他爸爸進(jìn)來時(shí)，那個(gè)男孩才開始準(zhǔn)備功課。
考點(diǎn)三 倒裝句
1．完全倒裝
(1)表示方式或方位的副詞或介詞短語，如here，there，now，then，up down，in，away，off，out，in the room，on the wall等，置于句首時(shí)，完全倒裝。
Be quick！Here comes the bus.快點(diǎn)！公共汽車來了。
For a moment nothing happened.Then came voices all shouting together.(2009年高考福建卷)
那會(huì)兒，什么都沒發(fā)生。之后大家一起歡呼起來。
【溫馨提示】 上述情況中，若主語是人稱代詞，則不用倒裝。
Away they went.他們走了。
Over it turns! 它翻過來了。
(2)表語＋連系動(dòng)詞＋主語(表語可以是：形容詞、介詞短語、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞)
Present at the meeting were Professor White，Professor Smith and many other guests.
出席會(huì)議的有懷特教授，史密斯教授還有許多其他客人。
(3)such＋be＋主語
Such are the facts，no one can deny them.
這些就是事實(shí)，沒有人可以否認(rèn)。
2．部分倒裝
(1)So/Neither/Nor＋助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋主語(表示前一句中的內(nèi)容也適合另一人或另一事物)
Lily can't play table tennis. Neither can I.
莉莉不會(huì)打乒乓球。我也不會(huì)。
(2)否定副詞never，nor，not，hardly，little，seldom，scarcely，rarely及表否定意義的介詞短語at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，by no means，on no condition等置于句首時(shí)。
John talked with me for about an hour yesterday.Never had I heard him talk so much.
約翰昨天和我談了約一個(gè)小時(shí)，在那之前，我從未聽過他說那么多話。
By no means should you lose heart.你決不應(yīng)該失去信心。
(3)hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，not only...but also...等引導(dǎo)兩個(gè)分句時(shí)，前一個(gè)分句用部分倒裝，后一個(gè)分句不變。
Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.
他一聽到這個(gè)消息就哭了。
The computer was used in teaching.As a result，not only was teachers' energy saved，but students became more interested in the lessons.電腦被應(yīng)用于教學(xué)中，結(jié)果，不僅節(jié)省了老師的精力，學(xué)生也對(duì)課堂感興趣了。
(4)在so/such...that...句型中，若so/such...提到句首時(shí)。
So difficult did I find it to work out the problem that I decided to ask Tom for advice.
我覺得這個(gè)問題太難解決了以至于決定向湯姆征求建議。
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.
他取得了如此大的進(jìn)步以至于受到了表揚(yáng)。
(5)當(dāng)“only＋狀語(副詞、介詞短語或從句)”置于句首時(shí)。
Only after my friend came was the computer repaired.
只有在我朋友來了之后，電腦才修好。
(6)用于as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中(表語/狀語/動(dòng)詞原形＋as＋主語)。
Child as he was，he made a living by himself.
盡管他是個(gè)孩子，他卻得自己謀生。
Try as he would，he might fail again.
盡管他還會(huì)試，但可能還會(huì)失敗。
考點(diǎn)四 省略句
1．在when，while，whenever，till，as soon as，if，unless，as if，though，as等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，若謂語有be動(dòng)詞，而主語又與主句主語相同或主語是it時(shí)，從句的主語和be常被省略。
Unless(I am)invited，I won't go to the party.
除非被邀請(qǐng)，否則我是不會(huì)去參加那個(gè)派對(duì)的。
When(you are)working，you must pay attention.
上班時(shí)，你必須全神貫注。
Get up early tomorrow，if not(you don't get up early)，you will miss the first bus.
明天早點(diǎn)起床，如果不的話，你會(huì)錯(cuò)過早班車。
2．不定式省略，單獨(dú)使用不定式符號(hào)to。
(1)用來代替動(dòng)詞不定式后被省略的動(dòng)詞，常在be afraid, be glad，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse, seem，try，want，wish等的后邊。
—What's the matter with Della?
—Well，her parents wouldn't allow her to go to the party，but she still hopes to.(2009年高考江蘇卷)
——Della出什么事了？
——父母不允許Della參加晚會(huì)，可她仍然希望參加。
—Will you join in the game?
一I'd be glad to.
——你愿意加入做游戲嗎？
——我很高興。
(2)如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be, have和have been。
—Are you a sailor?
—No，but I used to be.
——你是海員嗎？
——不，但我過去是。
語法訓(xùn)練
1．(2011年高考湖南卷)It's not what we do once in a while________shapes our lives，but what we do consistently.
A．which B．that
C．how D．when
解析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的用法。句意：影響我們生活的不是我們偶爾做什么，而是我們一貫做什么。強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是句子的主語，空格部分應(yīng)是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的that，故選B項(xiàng)。
答案：B
2．(2011年高考重慶卷)—Have you seen the film Under the Hawthorn Tree?
—Of course，I have.It was in our village________it was made.
A．that B．where
C．when D．which
解析：本題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型用法。句意：——你看過電影《山楂樹之戀》嗎？——我當(dāng)然看過。那部電影就是在我們村拍攝的。被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為in our village，如改為普通句型為：It was made in our village.如選B項(xiàng)，為where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，但與上句在邏輯上不符。
答案：A
3．(2011年高考湖南卷)Only after they had discussed the matter for several hours ________a decision.
A. they reached B. did they reach
C. they reach D. do they reach
解析：句意：他們只有在討論這個(gè)問題幾個(gè)小時(shí)后才做決定。“only＋狀語從句”放在句首，主句需用部分倒裝句式，由從句中的“had discussed”可知主句應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)。
答案：B
4．(2011年高考四川卷) Was it on a lonely island ________he was saved one month after the boat went down?
A．where B．that
C．which D．what
解析：句意：是不是船沉了以后一個(gè)月他才在一個(gè)孤島上被救？根據(jù)句中出現(xiàn)的it was 及強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的判斷方法可確定該題考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。where，which和 what 均不能構(gòu)成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句的方法是把it is/was和 that 去掉，剩下的句子在結(jié)構(gòu)及意義上均完整，此處為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
答案：B
5．(2011年高考安微卷)The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which________saved for other purposes.
A. is B. are
C. was D. were
解析：句意：這家工廠使用了65%的原料，其余的被省下來用作其他用途。題中the rest of which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，which指代 raw materials。the rest of“其余的，剩余的”作主語時(shí)謂語動(dòng)詞取決于其后所跟的名詞，而 which 指代剩余的 raw materials，是復(fù)數(shù)名詞，因此謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式，根據(jù)前半句中的謂語動(dòng)詞 used 可知從句也要用一般過去時(shí)，所以選D。
答案：D
6．(2012年濟(jì)南測(cè)試)Hearing the bell ringing，out________.
A．rushing the children B．were rushing the children
C．rushed the children D．the children rushed
解析：句意：聽到鈴聲，孩子們沖了出來。表示方位的副詞位于句首，且主語為名詞時(shí)，該句要全部倒裝，即：副詞＋謂語動(dòng)詞＋主語。
答案：C
7．(2012年鄭州檢測(cè))I tried every means to reach my goal but failed.So desperate________that I almost lost heart.
A．I did feel B．did I feel
C．felt I D．I felt
解析：考查倒裝句。后句句意：我是如此絕望以至于我?guī)缀跏チ诵判?。?/font>“so/such...that...”結(jié)構(gòu)中，so/such(連同它所直接修飾的成分共同)位于句首加強(qiáng)語氣時(shí)，主句要采用倒裝形式。本句中要把助動(dòng)詞did提至主語之前，故選B項(xiàng)。
答案：B
8．—What's all that noise?
—Just in front of the bus ________an injured man，all covered with blood.
A．where lies B．lies
C．does lie D．lying is
解析：考查倒裝。當(dāng)介詞短語置于句首時(shí)，句子要使用全部倒裝語序，本題中謂語動(dòng)詞lies直接提前。
答案：B
9．—Mum，I am afraid I won't do well in the coming test.
—Honey，________more careful，________you will make it.
A．is；so B．be；and
C．be；then D．being；and
解析：句意：——媽媽，我恐怕考不好了。——寶貝，仔細(xì)些，你會(huì)考好的。考查“祈使句＋and＋簡(jiǎn)單句”這一結(jié)構(gòu)，該句相當(dāng)于“含if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的復(fù)合句”，即：If you are more careful，you will make it.
答案：B
10．(2012年太原模擬) More than a dozen students in that school________ abroad for further study every year.
A．sent B．are sent
C．have been sent D．have sent
解析：句意：每年那所學(xué)校有十多個(gè)學(xué)生被送到國外深造。more than a dozen“十多個(gè)”，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；另外，句子的時(shí)間狀語為every year，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
答案：B
11．(2012年濟(jì)南模擬)The day before yesterday the police including one officer________searching for the murderer in that mountain.
A．is B．are
C．was D．were
解析：考查主謂一致和時(shí)態(tài)。句意：前天警察包括一個(gè)警官在山上搜捕那個(gè)殺人犯。police為集體名詞，作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
答案：D
12．Was it because of the heavy snowstorm in Europe________the flight had to be put off?
A.which B．so
C．why D．that
解析：考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句。這是強(qiáng)調(diào)句的一般疑問句，正常的語序是：It was because of the heavy snowstorm in Europe that the flight had to be put off.被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是表示原因的狀語。
答案：D
13．(2012年洛陽檢測(cè))－The patient looks much better.________is it that has made him________ he is today?
－I think it is the medicine and patient care.
A．What；that B．That；that
C．What；what D．That；what
解析：如果將問句變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌瑒t出現(xiàn)It is ________that has made him________he is today。很明顯，第一空考查強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的特殊疑問句；第二空則要引導(dǎo)賓語從句，賓語從句中缺少表語，故用關(guān)系詞what。句意：——病人看起來好多了，是什么使得他成為今天這個(gè)樣子的？——我覺得是藥物和耐心照料(的緣故)吧。
答案：C
14．I really don't know________I put my wallet after I paid the bill.
A．where was it B．it was where that
C．where it was that D．where was it that
解析：句意：我真的不知道付了賬之后我把錢包放在哪里了。強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句作賓語從句時(shí)，其語序?yàn)椋阂蓡栐~＋it is/was＋that...。
答案：C
15．________she is not so cheerful________she used to be?
A．How it is that；as B．How is it that；as
C．Is it why；that D．Why `is it that；what
解析：句意：她怎么不像過去那樣高興了呢？強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句式：特殊疑問詞＋is/was it that＋原句剩余部分？D項(xiàng)中的what不正確。
答案：B
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