前 言：
教習(xí)過(guò)好幾門(mén)課程，深感寫(xiě)作這一課是最難教的，“危乎高哉！‘寫(xiě)作’之難難于上青天。……一夫當(dāng)關(guān)，萬(wàn)夫莫開(kāi)。”學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作多時(shí)，大多不能迥脫蹊徑之外，工而入逸者更是寥寥。于是我悲觀起來(lái)，認(rèn)定“文不可以‘教’而能”。雖說(shuō)文字和技法可以也應(yīng)當(dāng)教一些，俾學(xué)生邯鄲學(xué)步，漸次入門(mén)，但就本質(zhì)特征而論，寫(xiě)作遠(yuǎn)不只是一個(gè)章法和技巧的問(wèn)題，而是“氣之所行”，是皮相之下許多深層主觀因素的綜合，是一個(gè)厚積薄發(fā)的養(yǎng)成過(guò)程。這些主觀因素，在我看來(lái)，體現(xiàn)在國(guó)內(nèi)的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作考試當(dāng)中只局限于素心爛讀的積累。
Reading makes a full man.這是英國(guó)學(xué)者的傳世之言，我們的祖先說(shuō)“讀書(shū)破萬(wàn)卷，下筆如有神”。我們贊嘆一篇文章，往往是因?yàn)槲覀儽晃恼轮械恼Z(yǔ)言所吸引、所征服：語(yǔ)匯豐富、句式整齊、語(yǔ)言或精練或華麗，句式安排熟練自如，自然流暢；而者只能來(lái)自于 reading。但是我們已沒(méi)有那么多的時(shí)間去“讀”了，于是乎，語(yǔ)言的總結(jié)就變得極其必要！
要?dú)w納記敘文中漂亮、地道的語(yǔ)言是困難的，但是要?dú)w納論說(shuō)文這個(gè)各種英語(yǔ)考試的作文類(lèi)型中的語(yǔ)言不是不可能的。論說(shuō)文是由開(kāi)頭、結(jié)尾、啟轉(zhuǎn)、分析、舉例、比較等部分所組成的，其中都有些固定而漂亮的句型來(lái)表達(dá)。由于這些句型都是地道的英語(yǔ)，是經(jīng)過(guò)千錘百煉，且能表達(dá)論說(shuō)文寫(xiě)作中的不同意思，若能把以論說(shuō)文為主的當(dāng)代英語(yǔ)essays中的這些句型摘錄歸納成類(lèi)，供讀者參考，無(wú)疑是能有助于提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的語(yǔ)言水平。
模仿和學(xué)用漂亮和地道的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)法或句型并不是可恥的事。地道的英語(yǔ)不應(yīng)是你用學(xué)過(guò)的詞匯和語(yǔ)法規(guī)則按某個(gè)意思苦苦思索造出來(lái)的，地道的英語(yǔ)應(yīng)是你把英美人對(duì)這個(gè)意思的習(xí)慣說(shuō)法用到你自己的文章上來(lái)的。該講義收集了論說(shuō)文常用的一些句型，與六級(jí)考試的一些文章結(jié)構(gòu)模式；希望同學(xué)們能以此為依據(jù)，Practice makes perfect，達(dá)到熟能生巧的境界，從而在六級(jí)考試作文部分獲得理想的分?jǐn)?shù)！
寫(xiě)作原則
內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)單化
結(jié)構(gòu)模式化（主題句-分論點(diǎn)-總結(jié)）
語(yǔ)言要包裝
錯(cuò)誤要回避
萬(wàn)能理由 (Omnipotence)：
1、方便：convenient/convenience
2、效率：efficient/efficiently/efficiency
3、節(jié)省和浪費(fèi)：save time/money/space; economical, thrift
waste time/money/space; costly, lavish
4：人的心理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,
considerate, confident, creative, sociable, perseverance; selfish, isolated, conservative
5、人的身體健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic
6、娛樂(lè)：colorful, pleasure, joy, recreation, entertainment, relax tired, boring, lonely
7、環(huán)境：environment, pollute, poisonous, dirty
8、安全和危險(xiǎn)：safe, danger, risk
9：經(jīng)驗(yàn)：experience, social experience, enter the society
10、人際：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely
基本表達(dá)(Basic Elements of English Writing)：
越來(lái)越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of
人們認(rèn)為：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that
許多問(wèn)題：a host of/a number of problems
引起人們注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.
意識(shí)到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb. to the fact/danger
適應(yīng)新的形勢(shì)/變化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change
接觸各種思想/經(jīng)歷：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems
接觸社會(huì)：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society
獲得成功：achieve/accomplish success
提出觀點(diǎn)/建議：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions
作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)
影響學(xué)習(xí)/工作：interfere with studies/work
產(chǎn)生影響：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on
較好地駕馭生活：be a better pilot of one‘s life
剝奪機(jī)會(huì)/權(quán)力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity
取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way
采取措施：take effective steps/measures to
控制我們的環(huán)境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment
躲避危險(xiǎn)/挑戰(zhàn)：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge
滿(mǎn)足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of
補(bǔ)償損失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage
解釋某現(xiàn)象：account for/explain the phenomenon
對(duì)……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on. provide/gain an insight into
把某因素考慮進(jìn)去：take sth. Into account(consideration), give much thought to
品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth
培養(yǎng)對(duì)……的信心：develop/foster one‘s interest/confidence in
經(jīng)歷變化/困難/艱險(xiǎn)：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience
表現(xiàn)出自信心等：project one‘s confidence/feeling/image
生活充滿(mǎn)不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice
追求學(xué)習(xí)/職業(yè)：pursue one‘s academic interest/professional career
學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)/技術(shù)：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill
被看作學(xué)習(xí)的……榜樣：be held up as a good example
交流經(jīng)驗(yàn)/知識(shí)：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge
發(fā)揮/起到重要作用：play an (important/active/great) role/part
逃學(xué)/缺課：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture
知識(shí)/經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富：rich in knowledge/experience
確立/追求目標(biāo)：set/pursue a goal/higher standard
到達(dá)目標(biāo)：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective
克服困難：overcome obstacles/difficulty
面臨危險(xiǎn)/困難：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty
阻礙了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth
阻礙了發(fā)展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of
持傳統(tǒng)的看法：hold conventional wisdom
發(fā)表看法：voice/express one‘s opinion
持相反/合理的觀點(diǎn)：take the opposite/fresh view
揭穿某種一貫的說(shuō)法：shatter the myth of
求得幫助：enlist one‘s support/help
縮小差別：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf (between city and country)
把成功/錯(cuò)誤歸咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to
對(duì)……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to
施加壓力：put/exert a academic pressure on
重視：assign/attach much importance/significance to
強(qiáng)調(diào)：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on
把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate one‘s attention/efforts/thoughts upon
提供機(jī)會(huì)/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.
抓住機(jī)會(huì)：grab/seize/take the opportunity
得到機(jī)會(huì)：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information
有可能：there is (little/much) possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that
展開(kāi)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)：compete against/with sb. for the prize/position/control/the mastery of
開(kāi)展運(yùn)動(dòng)：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage) a (vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising) campaign (for/against)
對(duì)我很有/沒(méi)有什么意義：make much/little sense to me
帶來(lái)無(wú)窮的幸福/滿(mǎn)足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint
獻(xiàn)身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career
大不（沒(méi)什么）兩樣：make much(little/no) difference
真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is …
改變生活旅程：change/alter the course of life
建立在大量的學(xué)習(xí)/實(shí)踐上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice
進(jìn)行調(diào)查/執(zhí)行任務(wù)：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment
辭去工作/學(xué)習(xí)：leave/quit one‘s job/work/school
參加考試/競(jìng)賽等：enter (for) the examination/contest, race
參加活動(dòng)/討論：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion
影響思想/態(tài)度/事件的形成：shape one‘s thinking/attitude
進(jìn)入大學(xué)/社會(huì)/家庭/勞力市場(chǎng)/職業(yè)：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals
實(shí)現(xiàn)自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve one‘s dream(hops/wish/desire)
減輕壓力/緊張：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension
提高社會(huì)地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership
提高技術(shù)/能力：sharpen (increase/improve/enhance/boost) one‘s skill/ability
加快/促進(jìn)發(fā)展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of
隨著生活節(jié)奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society
開(kāi)闊眼界/興趣：broaden one‘s interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge) one‘s mental horizons
有助于了解/發(fā)展/宣傳/解決：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of
有助于解決問(wèn)題：go a long way to(towards) solving the problem
迷戀名利/分?jǐn)?shù)：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune
把時(shí)間花/浪費(fèi)在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.
利用機(jī)會(huì)/技術(shù)：make (full/better) use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent
把知識(shí)/經(jīng)驗(yàn)運(yùn)用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use
取得進(jìn)步：make much progress/strides/gains in
充分發(fā)揮潛力/能力：develop one‘s ability/potential to the full, give full play to one‘s ability
充滿(mǎn)激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for
