愛(ài)情三角理論(Triangular theory of love),由美國(guó)心理學(xué)家羅伯特.J.斯騰伯格提出(Robert J·Sternberg)。作者對(duì)愛(ài)情進(jìn)行了各種分析,認(rèn)為愛(ài)情存在三個(gè)要素:
親密(Intimacy)
激情(Passion)
承諾(Commitment)
第一要素:親密(intimacy)
親密,是兩人之間感覺(jué)親近,溫馨的一種體驗(yàn)。簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)來(lái),就是能夠給人帶來(lái)一種溫暖的感覺(jué)體驗(yàn)。親密抱含10個(gè)基本要素:
第二要素激情(passion)
激情是一種“強(qiáng)烈地渴望跟對(duì)方結(jié)合的狀態(tài)”。通俗地說(shuō),就是見(jiàn)了對(duì)方,會(huì)有一種怦然心動(dòng)的感覺(jué),和對(duì)方相處,有一種興奮的體驗(yàn)。性的需要,是引起激情的主導(dǎo)形式,其它自尊、照顧、歸屬、支配、服從也是喚醒激情體驗(yàn)的源泉。
第三要素:承諾(commitment)
承諾由兩方面組成:短期的和長(zhǎng)期的。
短期方面就是要做出愛(ài)不愛(ài)一個(gè)人的決定。
長(zhǎng)期方面則是作出維護(hù)這一愛(ài)情關(guān)系的承諾,包括對(duì)愛(ài)情的忠誠(chéng),責(zé)任心。也就是結(jié)婚誓詞里說(shuō)到的“我愿意!”,是一種患難與共、至死不渝的承諾。
兩者不一定同時(shí)具備。比如決定愛(ài)一個(gè)人,但是不一定愿意承擔(dān)責(zé)任,或者給出承諾;又或者決定一輩子只愛(ài)他/她,但不一定會(huì)說(shuō)出口。
“親密可以看作是大部分而非全部地來(lái)自關(guān)系中的情感性投入;激情可以看作是大部分而非全部地來(lái)自關(guān)系中的動(dòng)機(jī)性卷入;承諾可以看作是大部分而非全部地來(lái)自關(guān)系中的認(rèn)識(shí)性(認(rèn)知性)的決定與忠守”(Sternberg)。
親密是“溫暖”的,激情是“熱烈”的,而承諾是“冷靜”的。
根據(jù)這個(gè)理論,愛(ài)情可以分成八種類型:
無(wú)愛(ài)(Nonlove) :三個(gè)因素都不具備。很多包辦婚姻屬于這種類型。
喜愛(ài)(Liking):只有親密關(guān)系。在一起感覺(jué)很舒服,但是覺(jué)得缺少激情,也不一定愿意廝守終生。
癡迷的愛(ài)/癡戀(Infatuated love) :只有激情體驗(yàn)。認(rèn)為對(duì)方有強(qiáng)烈吸引力,除此之外,對(duì)對(duì)方了解不多,也沒(méi)有想過(guò)將來(lái)。
空洞/無(wú)情的愛(ài)(Empty love):只有承諾。
浪漫的愛(ài)(Romantic love) :有親密關(guān)系和激情體驗(yàn),沒(méi)有承諾。
伴侶的愛(ài)(Companionate love) :有親密關(guān)系和承諾,缺乏激情。
愚昧/盲目的愛(ài)(Fatuous love):有激情和承諾,沒(méi)有親密關(guān)系。
完美的愛(ài)(Consummate love):同時(shí)具備三要素。
Liking 喜歡 | intimacy | ||
Infatuation 癡戀 | passion | ||
Empty love 無(wú)情 | commitment | ||
Romantic love 浪漫 | intimacy | passion | |
Companionate love 伴侶 | intimacy | commitment | |
Fatuous love 盲目的愛(ài) | passion | commitment | |
Consummate love完美的愛(ài) | intimacy | passion | commitment |
Liking includes only one of the love components - intimacy. In this case, liking is not used in a trivial sense. Sternberg says that this intimate liking characterizes true friendships, in which a person feels a bondedness, a warmth, and a closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment.
喜歡只包括一種元素,親密。因此,喜歡也不是全無(wú)價(jià)值。Sternberg 認(rèn)為這種親密的喜歡代表真正的友誼,在這種友誼中,一個(gè)人感到對(duì)別人的寄托感,溫暖,親近但沒(méi)有強(qiáng)烈的激情和長(zhǎng)期的承諾關(guān)系。
Infatuated love consists solely of passion and is often what is felt as "love at first sight." But without the intimacy and the commitment components of love, infatuated love may disappear suddenly.
癡迷的愛(ài)只有激情,就像“一見(jiàn)鐘情”。但是因?yàn)闆](méi)有愛(ài)情的親密和承諾,這種癡迷的愛(ài)可能很快會(huì)消失。
Empty love consists of the commitment component without intimacy or passion. Sometimes, a stronger love deteriorates into empty love, in which the commitment remains, but the intimacy and passion have died. In cultures in which arranged marriages are common, relationships often begin as empty love.
無(wú)情無(wú)義的愛(ài)情由義務(wù)構(gòu)成,而沒(méi)有親密和激情。有時(shí),一段轟轟烈烈的愛(ài)情蛻化成了這種無(wú)情的關(guān)系,只剩下承擔(dān)義務(wù),而激情和親密都消失了。在包辦婚姻普遍的文化中,關(guān)系都是來(lái)自這種空洞的愛(ài)。
Romantic love is a combination of intimacy and passion. Romantic lovers are bonded emotionally (as in liking) and physically through passionate arousal.
浪漫是親密和激情的組合,浪漫愛(ài)情是情緒化的,就像喜歡,并且還有肉體激情相佐。
Companionate love consists of intimacy and commitment. This type of love is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship, but a deep affection and commitment remain.
伴侶關(guān)系由親密和承諾構(gòu)成。這種愛(ài)往往存在于那些激情減退的婚姻中,但是有很深的感情和相互承諾留下來(lái)。
Fatuous love has the passion and the commitment components but not the intimacy component. This type of love can be exemplified by a whirlwind courtship and marriage in which a commitment is motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy.
盲目的愛(ài)是激情和承諾相組合但缺少親密的元素。這種類型的愛(ài)的例子就是閃電戀愛(ài)結(jié)婚----義務(wù)被激情推動(dòng)而生,而不是受到親密感的穩(wěn)定影響。
Consummate love is the only type of love that includes all three components--intimacy, passion and commitment. Consummate love is the most complete form of love, and it represents the ideal love relationship for which many people strive but which apparently few achieve. Sternberg cautions that maintaining a consummate love may be even harder than achieving it. He stresses the importance of translating the components of love into action. "Without expression," he warns, "even the greatest of loves can die" (1987, p.341).
完美愛(ài)情是唯一的包括全部三種元素的戀愛(ài)類型。完美的愛(ài)是最完美形式的愛(ài),是理想的愛(ài)的關(guān)系,很多人追求,但明顯很少人能找到。Sternberg指出維持這種愛(ài)比找到它更困難。他強(qiáng)調(diào)把對(duì)愛(ài)的理解轉(zhuǎn)化成行動(dòng)。“沒(méi)有表達(dá)”他警告說(shuō)“最偉大的愛(ài)情也會(huì)死亡。”
好像是很久以前,在Emily和Season還在一起的時(shí)候,就聽她講起過(guò)這套理論,聽她拿著intimacy, passion & commitment這三個(gè)要素對(duì)照自己的愛(ài)情。我今天也是突然想起,那么對(duì)照起來(lái),我又擁有什么呢?不敢去回答這樣的問(wèn)題,唯恐得到一個(gè)可怕的結(jié)論。其實(shí)是想要一份consummate love的。只是并非那么簡(jiǎn)單的啊……
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