一、動名詞的作用
1．作主語
1）直接位于句首做主語。
Swimming is a good sport in summer.
2）it 作形式主語，
It is no use telling him not to worry.
常見的能用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的形容詞還有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。
注意：important，essential，necessary 之后常用不定式
3） 用于“There be”結(jié)構(gòu)中。
There is no saying when he''ll come.
4）用于布告形式的省略結(jié)構(gòu)中。
No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). No parking.
5） 動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
動名詞作主語與動詞不定式作主語的比較
1）動名詞多用來表示泛指，不定式多用來表示特指
Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much.
2）在固定結(jié)構(gòu)“It is no use...”，“It is no good...”，“It is fun...”，“It is a waste of time...”等句型中，通常用動名詞作真實(shí)主語：
It is no use talking about that.
It is no good quarreling with him.
3)在疑問句中，通常用動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語：
Does your saying that mean anything to him? *
4)在“There be”句型中，只能用動名詞，而不能用不定式作主語：
There is no telling what will happen.
5)當(dāng)句子中的主語和表語都是非謂語動詞時，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一： Seeing is believing. *To see is to believe.
2、作賓語
（1）作動詞的賓語
某些及物動詞后面直接接賓語時只能加動名詞，不能加不定式。
advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, delay, practice, resist, suggest, escape，bear等。
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
（2）作介詞的賓語(單個介詞或最后是介詞的動詞短語)
depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst into, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。
We are against killing small animals.
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?
（3）作短語動詞的賓語
give up, keep on, put off, insist on等
He is often persuaded to give up smoking.
( 4 ) 其他 情況
be worth , be busy ,can’t help, can’t stand等。
The music is well worth listening to more than once.
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet.
3、作表語
動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。
Your task is cleaning the windows. (Cleaning the windows is your task.)
What I hate most is being laughed at. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4、作定語
動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。如：
a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washing
a reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for reading
二、動名詞的形式和主、被動
一般式 被動式 完成式 被動完成式
writing、being written、having written、having been written
其否定形式是在doing前加上not
1、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一般性動作
I hate talking with such people.
Being careless is not a good habit.
2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。如：
I don’t remember having met him before.
Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help.
3、動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者，動名詞用被動語態(tài)。
（1）它的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生，或在其前發(fā)生。如：
I don’t like being laughed at in public.
（2）它的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如：
I am very pleased at your having been honored with a medal.
三、動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的同與不同
相同之處是：它們都是由動詞變化而成的，它們都保留了動詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語，而構(gòu)成動名詞短語或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。
Speaking in the public, he will surely be very cheerful .（現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語）
She hates speaking in the public.（動名詞短語，作賓語）
區(qū)別：
1．動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動詞之后作表語,區(qū)別方法是:
①作表語的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事,此時系動詞相當(dāng)于“是”,通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變,例如:
My hobby is swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.
②現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì),不能與主語互換位置,例如:
The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting is the story.
2．動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,區(qū)別在于:
動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時表性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)或動作等。試比較: a swimming boy和a swimming suit
前者的意思是“一個正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用途
1． 動名詞做主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)；
2． 在動名詞和不定式中，作為介詞的賓語是動名詞；
3． 動名詞的否定直接在其前加否定詞，通過代詞的賓格或所有格形式給出邏輯主語；
4． 有些詞后只能接動名詞；
5． 另外還有一些接-ing形式的常用說法。
1.動名詞(短語)作主語，謂語數(shù)用錯;2.to 作不定式符號和介詞分不清;3.否定形式not位置不對;4.動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的用法弄混;5.只接動名詞的動詞和短語、句型識記不完整。
【典型例題】
1)I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.
A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you’re calling
解析：錯選A。appreciate 后可直接加動名詞作賓語，也可加動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。本題正確答案為C。此處you改為your亦可。
2). What worried the child most was ________ to visit his mother in the hospital.
A. his not allowing B. his not being allowed
C. his being not allowed D. having not been allowed
解析：錯選C或D。本題為動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作表語。Doing的否定形式not要加在前面，這點(diǎn)一定要注意。此外，此處應(yīng)表被動，故正確答案為B。
3). ________ the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
解析：錯選C。此句缺少主語。A、C為句子，但無引導(dǎo)詞，故排除;B項(xiàng)邏輯上及形式上都不對。正確答案D，為一動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
