三、GGN的良惡性鑒別
結(jié)節(jié)的大?。弘S著體積的增大,GGN的惡性或浸潤性概率增加;<1cm的pGGN,大多數(shù)為非浸潤性病變;但是大小對GGN的定性診斷價(jià)值有限,需密切結(jié)合形態(tài)及密度的改變。
形態(tài):大多數(shù)惡性GGN整體形態(tài)為圓形,類圓形,不規(guī)則形、多角形或出現(xiàn)扁平平直的邊緣常常提示良性可能性大。但惡性亞實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)與惡性實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)相比,出現(xiàn)不規(guī)則形態(tài)的比例更高。
邊緣及瘤-肺界面:惡性GGN多呈分葉狀,或有棘狀突起征象;良性GGN多數(shù)無分葉,邊緣可有尖角,纖維條索等。惡性GGN多邊緣清楚但不整齊,炎性GGN多邊緣模糊,良性非炎性類GGN多邊緣清楚整齊甚至光整。惡性病變瘤-肺界面清晰、毛糙甚至有毛刺。由于表現(xiàn)為GGN得到病變即使是惡性其浸潤性與實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)相比也比較小,所以毛刺的出現(xiàn)率相對較低。
內(nèi)部密度特征:GGN密度均勻提示良性;;密度較高,密度不均勻提示惡性可能性大;但也有報(bào)道微浸潤腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,MIA)或浸潤性腺癌可表現(xiàn)為pGGN;持續(xù)存在的GGN大多數(shù)是惡性的,或有向惡性發(fā)展的潛能。GGN的平均CT值對診斷有重要參考價(jià)值,密度較高惡性概率大,密度低惡性概率降低,當(dāng)然需結(jié)合大小及其形態(tài)變化綜合判斷。Eguchi等以病灶11mm和CT值-680HU為閾值判斷病灶惡性的敏感度和特異度分別為91.7%和71.4%。
內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)特征:pGGN惡性概率低,mGGN惡性概率高;GGN內(nèi)部空泡征、結(jié)節(jié)征、支氣管充氣征等征象的出現(xiàn)提示惡性概率大。如果小支氣管被包埋且伴局部管壁增厚,或包埋的支氣管管腔不規(guī)則,則惡性可能性大。
瘤周結(jié)構(gòu):胸膜凹陷征及血管集束征的出現(xiàn)提示惡性可能,周圍出現(xiàn)纖維條索、胸膜增厚等征象提示良性。
關(guān)于增強(qiáng):對于所有pGGN,一般不需要做CT增強(qiáng)掃描,原因是測量的CT值不準(zhǔn)確,很難確定其血供情況。但mGGN、病灶與肺血管關(guān)系密切或懷疑淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)可以行胸部CT增強(qiáng)掃描。惡性mGGN中的實(shí)性成分與實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)的強(qiáng)化規(guī)律相似,GGN中磨玻璃部分強(qiáng)化后同樣會(huì)密度升高,部分可見結(jié)節(jié)狀或網(wǎng)格狀強(qiáng)化,借助MPR可觀察結(jié)節(jié)與血管的關(guān)系;良性病變多不影響鄰近血管,可見血管從病灶邊緣繞過或平滑自然地穿過病灶;惡性腫瘤病灶周圍的血管向病灶聚集或病灶內(nèi)腫瘤血管異常增多,惡性病變中的血管邊緣常常不規(guī)則或結(jié)節(jié)狀。
PET的定性價(jià)值:以往多以SUV>2.5作為判斷良惡性的閾值。由于pGGN的攝取很低或無攝取;mGGN大多數(shù)呈低攝取(隨著實(shí)性成分比例增加,攝取值會(huì)相應(yīng)升高)。另外,SUVmax受到患者狀態(tài)、藥物衰減、機(jī)器矯正等多種因素的影響,本身就不穩(wěn)定。因此,對亞實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),PET-CT定性價(jià)值有限,更多的用途是進(jìn)行腫瘤淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移(tumor node metastases,TNM)分期。GGN,尤其是含實(shí)性成分較少的GGN,如果SUVmax相對較高,往往提示為炎性病變。
病灶隨訪的定性價(jià)值:不確定結(jié)節(jié)可以通過隨訪觀察幫助定性,隨訪中注意對結(jié)節(jié)的直徑、體積、內(nèi)部實(shí)性成分及結(jié)節(jié)的質(zhì)量進(jìn)行量化分析。尤其要注意和保證每一次檢查的掃描方案、掃描條件、圖像顯示、重組方法、測量方法等保持前后一致,同時(shí)建議在軟閱讀的條件下觀察。隨訪觀察的內(nèi)容包括GGN大小、形態(tài)、邊緣、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)、密度變化等。有以下變化提示惡性GGN:(1)GGN增大;(2)穩(wěn)定并密度增高;(3)穩(wěn)定或增大,并出現(xiàn)實(shí)性成分;(4)縮小但病灶內(nèi)實(shí)性成分增大;(5)結(jié)節(jié)具備其他形態(tài)學(xué)的惡性征象。有以下變化提示良性GGN:(1)病灶形態(tài)短期內(nèi)變化明顯,無分葉或出現(xiàn)極深度分葉,邊緣變光整或變模糊;(2)密度均勻,密度變淡;(3)隨訪中病灶縮小(密度沒有增高)或消失;(4)隨訪中病灶迅速變大(倍增時(shí)間<15d);(5)病灶長期穩(wěn)定,但實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)2年無變化提示良性并不適用于GGN,因處于原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ,AIS)和MIA階段的GGN可以長期穩(wěn)定,所以這里的長期需要更長的時(shí)間,但究竟多長時(shí)間穩(wěn)定提示良性,還需要進(jìn)一步更加深入的研究。
總之,GGN病變的正確診斷和鑒別要依賴于詳細(xì)觀察各種影像表現(xiàn)并加以綜合分析才能做出,不能依賴單一征象;對于不典型病例,還需要隨訪觀察甚至有創(chuàng)檢查才能確定。(未完待續(xù))
延伸閱讀圖文資料 →→
[ Recommendations for the management of subsolid pulmonarynodules detected at CT :a statement from the fleischner society ] Radiology:Volume 266: Number 1—January 2013 n radiology.rsna.org
圖1:肺外周5mm亞實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)(白箭)的厚薄層掃描對比。A.5mm層厚CT掃描,顯示的左上肺結(jié)節(jié)顯然像一個(gè)pGGN. B,C,同一層面以原始卷積獲取的1mm層厚CT影像(B)以及軟組織窗(C)顯示該結(jié)節(jié)實(shí)際上為一實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié),很可能是一個(gè)鈣化的肉芽腫。
Figure 1:Use of thick versus thin sections for accurate characterization of a 5-mmsubsolid nodule (arrow) in lung periphery. A, CT scan obtained with 5-mm-thicksections through left upper lobe shows a small apparently pure GGN in lungperiphery. B, C, CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sections at same level reconstructedfrom original volume acquisition images with lung (B) and soft-tissue (C)windows show that nodule is actually a solid lesion, likely a calcifiedgranuloma.
圖2: 1mm層厚CT掃描連續(xù)追蹤對確定病灶發(fā)生不易覺察的增大的價(jià)值。A.右上葉掃描放大圖像顯示一不容易覺察的pGGN(箭). B,20個(gè)月后精確的同解剖層面的隨訪CT薄層掃描,借鄰近的血管的影像,很容易比較出病灶的變化,確認(rèn)pGGN發(fā)生了增大.手術(shù)證實(shí)病灶為IA期貼壁生長的浸潤腺癌。
Figure 2: Value of contiguous 1-mm-thick CT scans forestablishing subtle interval growth. A, Magnified section through right upperlobe shows a subtle pure GGN (arrow). B, Follow-up scan obtained 20 months laterallows comparison at precisely the same anatomic level, which is easilyconfirmed by comparison of adjacent vessels. In this case, a subtle increase inlesion size (arrow) is definitively established. Follow-up resection documentedstage IA lepidic invasive adenocarcinoma.
圖3.初始短期隨訪對良性GGNs的價(jià)值.A,B,右上肺 5mm厚靶重建(A)及1mm厚(B)顯示一局灶磨玻璃病灶(圖A之上箭),病灶內(nèi)可見少許擴(kuò)張的末梢氣道。這種征象強(qiáng)烈提示周圍型腺癌。圖A之下箭標(biāo)示的是正常肺組織。C,D,3個(gè)月后同一解剖層面之 5mm層厚(C)及1mm層厚(D)CT掃描顯示病灶幾乎完全吸收,表明病灶很可能是局灶性非特異性炎癥。圖C箭頭所指為一個(gè)在隨訪期間新出現(xiàn)的隱約可見的局灶磨玻璃密度影,再次表明符合非特異性炎癥改變。
Figure 3: Value of initial short-term follow-up of benignGGNs. A, B, Target reconstructed 5-mm-thick (A) and 1-mm-thick (B) sections through rightupper lobe show a focal groundglass lesion (upper arrow in A), within which a few dilated peripheal airways can be identified. This appearance is strongly suggestive of a peripheraladenocarcinoma. Lower arrow in A points to normal lung. C, D, CT scans obtained with 5-mm-thick (C)and 1-mm-thick (D) sections 3 months later at same level as A and B show near-completedisappearance of lesion, likely representing focal nonspecific inflammation. Arrows in C indicatesubtle new foci of ground-glas attenuation appearing in the interval, again consistentwith nonspecific inflammation.
圖4:初始短期隨訪對惡性GGNs的價(jià)值。連續(xù)隨訪6個(gè)月(A,首見病灶;B,3個(gè)月;C,6個(gè)月),右下肺同一解剖層面的1mm薄層CT顯示病灶快速從原來的純GGN(圖A白箭所示)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槊黠@的部分實(shí)性病灶(圖B和C白箭所示),最后病理證實(shí)為粘液性腺癌。
Figure 4: Value of initial short-term follow-up ofmalignant GGNs. Consecutive 1-mm-thick sections through right lower lobesection obtained at same anatomic level over a 6-month period (A, baseline; B, 3months; C, 6 months) show rapid transformation of initial pure GGN (arrow in A)to a predominantly part-solid lesion (arrow in B and C), which subsequentlyproved to be mucinous adencarcinoma.
圖5:部分實(shí)性結(jié)節(jié)-實(shí)性部分<5mm。 A-C,右上肺1mm層厚連續(xù)掃描顯示一周圍小病灶,其中可見含小量實(shí)性成分(5mm)。1mm層厚連續(xù)掃描可以把真性實(shí)性成分與途經(jīng)血管區(qū)分開來。因?yàn)椴≡畋憩F(xiàn)疑似MIA,進(jìn)行了2年的持續(xù)隨訪,病灶形態(tài)大小無改變。
Figure 5: Part-solid nodules with solid component smallerthan 5 mm. A–C, Contiguous 1-mm-thick sections through right upperlobe show a small peripheral lesion (arrows) in which a small solid component (,5mm) can be identified. Contiguous 1-mm-thick sections allow confidentidentification of truly solid components distinct from crossing vessels.Because the appearance was consistent with that of possible MIA, this lesionwas conservatively followed up without change in form over 2 years.
圖6:<5mm的多發(fā)GGNs 。A-D, 1mm層厚CT掃描顯示多個(gè)散在的GGNs(白箭s),均<5mm。然任何一個(gè)這些病灶進(jìn)展為浸潤性腺癌的可能性都小于實(shí)性病灶,故推薦保守治療,至第二年和第四年進(jìn)行CT復(fù)查。
Figure 6: Multiple GGNs smaller than 5 mm. A–D, CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sections shownumerous scattered GGNs (arrows), all of which were smaller than 5 mm. Althoughthe likelihood of any one of these progressing to an invasive adenocarcinoma islikely no greater than that for a solitary lesion, conservative management isrecommended, with follow-up CT examinations at 2 and 4 years.
圖7:多發(fā)的>5mm的GGNs,無主灶。右上葉(A)和右下葉(B,C)1mm層厚CT掃描顯示3個(gè)>5mm的分散的GGNs,大小幾乎相近。無一病灶為主灶,推薦保守治療并3個(gè)月后復(fù)查,以后每年CT隨訪。
Figure 7: Multiple GGNs larger than 5 mm in theabsence of a dominant lesion. CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sectionsthrough right upper lobe (A) and lower lobes (B, C) show three separate GGNslarger than 5 mm (arrows), all of approximately the same size. In the absenceof a dominant lesion, conservative management with an initial follow-upexamination in 3 months followed by yearly CT examinations was recommended.
圖8:多發(fā)亞實(shí)性病灶,其中有一個(gè)主灶。A-D,某患者同一次的1mm層厚CT掃描顯示兩肺多處不同病灶。中葉病灶(A)明顯大于其他病灶并較其他病灶復(fù)雜。隨訪并進(jìn)行肺楔形切除,組織學(xué)檢查診斷為IA期浸潤性貼壁生長的腺癌。
Figure 8: Multiple subsolid lesions with single dominant focus. A–D, CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sections at same timein same patient show a variety of lesions (arrows) in both lungs. Lesion inmiddle lobe (A) is clearlylarger and more complex than the others. Stage IA invasive lepidicadenocarcinoma was diagnosed at histologic examination of specimen fromfollow-up wedge resection.