My name is Doug Copp. I am the Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the
American Rescue Team International (ARTI), the world´s most experienced
rescue team. The information in this article will save lives in an
earthquake.
我的名字叫Doug Copp。我是世界上最有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的救援小組---美國(guó)國(guó)際救援小組(ARTI)
的首席救援者，也是災(zāi)難部的經(jīng)理。本文中以下信息能在地震中挽救生命。
I have crawled inside 875 collapsed buildings, worked with rescue teams
from 60 countries, founded rescue teams in several countries, and I am a
member of many rescue teams from many countries. I was the United Nations
expert in Disaster Mitigation (UNX051 -UNIENET) for two years. I have
worked at every major disaster in the world since 1985, except for
simultaneous disasters.
我和曾經(jīng)來自60多個(gè)不同國(guó)家成立的各種救援小組一起工作過，曾在875個(gè)倒塌的建筑
物里爬進(jìn)爬出。在聯(lián)合國(guó)災(zāi)難減輕(UNX051 -UNIENET)小組中我擔(dān)任了任期兩年的專
家。從1985年至今，除非同時(shí)發(fā)生了多個(gè)災(zāi)禍，我?guī)缀鯀⑴c了每一次重大的救援工
作。
In 1996 we made a film which proved my survival methodology to be correct.
The Turkish Federal Government, City of Istanbul, University of Istanbul,
Case Productions and ARTI cooperated to film this practical, scientific
test.
在1996 年，我們用我創(chuàng)立的而且被證明是正確的方法制作了一部電影。土耳其政
府、伊斯坦布爾市、伊斯坦布爾大學(xué)、及ARTI聯(lián)合制作了這部科學(xué)研究性的影片。
We collapsed a school and a home with 20 mannequins inside. Ten mannequins
did "duck and cover," and ten mannequins I used in my "triangle of life"
survival method.
我們?nèi)藶榈卮輾Я艘蛔鶎W(xué)校，和一個(gè)里面有20 個(gè)人體模特的房屋。十個(gè)人體模特用
“蹲下和掩護(hù)”的方法，而另外十個(gè)模特使用我的“生命三角”的求生方法。
After the simulated earthquake collapse we crawled through the rubble and
entered the building to film and document the results.
模擬地震發(fā)生后，我們通過倒塌的碎石慢慢進(jìn)入了建筑物，并拍攝和記錄了結(jié)果。
The film, in which I practiced my survival techniques under directly
observable, scientific conditions, relevant to building collapse, showed
there would have been zero percent survival for those doing duck and cover.
There would likely have been 100 % survivability for people using my method
of the "triangle of life." This film has been seen by millions of viewers
on television in Turkey and the rest of Europe, and it was seen in the USA,
Canada and Latin America on the TV program Real TV.
在一個(gè)在可直接觀察到的而且科學(xué)的條件下，這部電影拍攝了我使用的求生技術(shù)。結(jié)
果顯示那些用“蹲下和和掩護(hù)”方法的人存活率會(huì)是零，而那些使用“生命三角”的人能
夠達(dá)到100%的存活率。上百萬的人已經(jīng)在土耳其和歐洲的其他地方，還有美國(guó)、加拿
大和拉丁美洲的電視節(jié)目里看到過這部片子。
The first building I ever crawled inside of was a school in Mexico City
during the 1985 earthquake. Every child was under their desk. Every child
was crushed to the thickness of their bones. They could have survived by
lying down next to their desks in the aisles. It was obscene, unnecessary
and I wondered why the children were not in the aisles. I didn´t at the
time know that the children were told to hide under something.
我曾進(jìn)入的第一個(gè)建筑物是 在1985 年墨西哥地震中的一個(gè)學(xué)校。每個(gè)孩子都在課桌
底下。每個(gè)孩子都被壓扁了。他們?nèi)绻茉谧叩览锇ぶ麄兊恼n桌躺下，就有生還的
希望。我不知道為什么孩子不在走道里。那時(shí)，我不知道孩子們被教導(dǎo)要躲在某物體
的下面。
Simply stated, when buildings collapse, the weight of the ceilings falling
upon the objects or furniture inside crushes these objects, leaving a space
or void next to them. This space is what I call the "triangle of life". The
larger the object, the stronger, the less it will compact. The less the
object compacts, the larger the void, the greater the probability that the
person who is using this void for safety will not be injured.
簡(jiǎn)單地說，當(dāng)建筑物倒塌時(shí)，落在物體或家俱上的屋頂?shù)闹亓?huì)撞擊這些物體，使得
靠近它們的地方留下一個(gè)空間。這個(gè)空間就是被我稱作的“生命三角”。物體越大，越
堅(jiān)固，它被擠壓的余地就越小。而物體被擠壓得越小，這個(gè)空間就越大，于是利用這
個(gè)空間的人免于受傷的可能性就越大。
The next time you watch collapsed buildings, on television, count the
"triangles" you see formed. They are everywhere. It is the most common
shape, you will see, in a collapsed building. They are everywhere. I
trained the Fire Department of Trujillo (population 750,000) in how to
survive, take care of their families, and to rescue others in earthquakes.
下次，你在電視里觀看倒塌的建筑物時(shí)，數(shù)一數(shù)這些形成的“三角”。你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)到處都
有這些三角。在倒塌的建筑物里，這是最常見的形狀。幾乎到處都有。我培訓(xùn)
Trujillo (人口約為750,000的地方)的消防部門，教導(dǎo)人們?nèi)绾吻笊?，如何照顧他?
的家人，以及如何在地震中援救他人。
The chief of rescue in the Trujillo Fire Department is a professor at
Trujillo University. He accompanied me everywhere. He gave personal
testimony: "My name is Roberto Rosales. I am Chief of Rescue in Trujillo.
When I was 11 years old, I was trapped inside of a collapsed building. My
entrapment occurred during the earthquake of 1972 that killed 70,000
people. I survived in the "triangle of life" that existed next to my
brother´s motorcycle. My friends who got under the bed and under desks were
crushed to death [he gives more details, names, addresses etc.]...I am the
living example of the "triangle of life". My dead friends are the example
of "duck and cover".
Trujillo消防部門的救援總負(fù)責(zé)人是Trujillo大學(xué)的教授。他陪伴我同行，他說：“我
叫Roberto Rosales，我是Trujillo的首席救援者。我11歲時(shí)，我被陷在一幢倒塌的建
筑物里。就是發(fā)生在1972年的那場(chǎng)地震中，當(dāng)時(shí)有70,000人死亡。我利用我哥哥摩托
車旁的“生命三角”保住了生命。我的朋友們，那些躲在床下，桌子下的人都死
了。（他列出了這些人的姓名、地址……）。我可以稱作是“生命三角”的活生生的例
子，而我那些朋友是“蹲下和掩護(hù)”的例子。
Tips from Doug Copp:
Doug Copp的提示：
1) Everyone who simply "ducks and covers" WHEN BUILDINGS COLLAPSE is
crushed to death -- Every time, without exception. People who get under
objects, like desks or cars, are always crush.
當(dāng)建筑物倒下時(shí)，每個(gè)只是簡(jiǎn)單地“蹲下和掩護(hù)”的人都被壓死了，每次，毫無例
外。而那些躲逃到物體，如桌子，或汽車下躲避的人也總是受到了些傷害。
2) Cats, dogs and babies all naturally often curl up in the fetal
position. You should too in an earthquake. It is a natural
safety/survival instinct. You can survive in a smaller void. Get next to
an object, next to a sofa, next to a large bulky object that will
compress slightly but leave a void next to it.
貓，狗和小孩子在遇到危險(xiǎn)的時(shí)候，會(huì)自然地蜷縮起身體。地震時(shí)，你也應(yīng)該這么
做。這是一種安全的本能。而且你在一個(gè)很小的空間里就可以做到。靠近一個(gè)物
體，一個(gè)沙發(fā)，或一個(gè)大件，它僅受到了略微的擠壓，但在靠著它旁邊的地方留下
了一個(gè)空間。
3) 3) Wooden buildings are the safest type of construction to be in
during an earthquake. The reason is simple: the wood is flexible and
moves with the force of the earthquake. If the wooden building does
collapse, large survival voids are created. Also, the wooden building
has less concentrated, crushing weight. Brick buildings will break into
individual bricks. Bricks will cause many injuries but less squashed
bodies than concrete slabs.
在地震中，木質(zhì)建筑物最牢固。木頭具有彈性，并且與地震的力量一起移動(dòng)。如果
木質(zhì)建筑物倒塌了，會(huì)留出很大的生存空間。而且，木質(zhì)材料密度最小，重量最
小。磚塊材料則會(huì)破碎成一塊塊更小的磚。 磚塊會(huì)造成人員受傷，但是，被磚塊
壓傷的人遠(yuǎn)比被水泥壓傷的人數(shù)則要少得多。
4) If you are in bed during the night and an earthquake occurs,
simply roll off the bed. A safe void will exist around the bed.
如果晚上生發(fā)了地震，而你正在床上。你只要簡(jiǎn)單地滾下床。在床的周圍會(huì)形成一
個(gè)安全的空間。
5) If an earthquake happens while you are watching television and
you cannot easily escape by getting out the door or window, then lie
down and curl up in the fetal position next to a sofa, or large chair.
如果地震發(fā)生了，而你正在看電視，不能迅速地從門或窗口逃離，那就在靠近沙
發(fā)，或椅子的旁邊躺下，然后蜷縮起來。
6) Everybody who gets under a doorway when buildings collapse is
killed. How? If you stand under a doorway and the door jam falls forward
or backward you will be crushed by the ceiling above. If the door jam
falls sideways you will be cut in half by the doorway. In either case,
you will be killed!
當(dāng)大樓倒塌時(shí)，很多人在門口死亡了。怎么回事？如果你站在門框下，當(dāng)門框向前
或向后倒下時(shí)，你會(huì)被頭頂上的屋頂砸傷。如果門框向側(cè)面倒下，你會(huì)被壓在當(dāng)
中， 所以，不管怎么樣，你都會(huì)受到致命傷害！
7) Never go to the stairs. The stairs have a different "moment of
frequency" (they swing separately from the main part of the building).
The stairs and remainder of the building continuously bump into each
other until structural failure of the stairs takes place. The people who
get on stairs before they fail are chopped up by the stair treads -
horribly mutilated. Even if the building doesn´t collapse, stay away
from the stairs. The stairs are a likely part of the building to be
damaged. Even if the stairs are not collapsed by the earthquake, they
may collapse later when overloaded by fleeing people. They should always
be checked for safety, even when the rest of the building is not
damaged.
千萬不要走樓梯，樓梯與建筑物搖晃的頻率不同 （他們和建筑物的主體部分分別
晃動(dòng)）。樓梯和大樓的結(jié)構(gòu)物發(fā)生不斷地碰撞，直到樓梯發(fā)生構(gòu)造問題。人在樓梯
上時(shí)，會(huì)被樓梯的臺(tái)階割斷，這是很恐怖的毀傷！就算樓梯沒有倒塌，也要遠(yuǎn)離樓
梯。樓梯就像大樓的一樣會(huì)被損壞。哪怕不是因?yàn)榈卣鸲梗€會(huì)因?yàn)槌惺苓^多的
人群而坍塌。所以，我們應(yīng)該始終首先檢查樓梯的安全，甚至建筑物的其他部分并
沒有被損壞。
8) Get Near the Outer Walls Of Buildings Or Outside Of Them If
Possible. It is much better to be near the outside of the building
rather than the interior. The farther inside you are from the outside
perimeter of the building the greater the probability that your escape
route will be blocked.
盡量靠近建筑物的外墻或離開建筑物?？拷鼔Φ耐鈧?cè)遠(yuǎn)比內(nèi)側(cè)要好。你越靠近建筑
物的中心，你的逃生路徑被阻擋的可能性就越大。
9) People inside of their vehicles are crushed when the road above
falls in an earthquake and crushes their vehicles; which is exactly what
happened with the slabs between the decks of the Nimitz Freeway. The
victims of the San Francisco earthquake all stayed inside of their
vehicles. They were all killed. They could have easily survived by
getting out and sitting or lying next to their vehicles, says the
author. Everyone killed would have survived if they had been able to get
out of their cars and sit or lie next to them. All the crushed cars had
voids 3 feet high next to them, except for the cars that had columns
fall directly across them.
當(dāng)發(fā)生地震時(shí)，在車內(nèi)逃生的人會(huì)因路邊墜落的物體砸傷，這正是Nimitz Freeway
的路上所發(fā)生的事情。San Francisco地震的無辜受害者都呆在車內(nèi)。其實(shí)，他們
可以簡(jiǎn)單地離開車輛， 靠近車輛坐下，或躺在車邊就可以了。所有被壓垮的車輛
旁邊都有一個(gè)3 英尺高的空間，除非車輛是被物體垂直落下。
10) I discovered, while crawling inside of collapsed newspaper offices
and other offices with a lot of paper, that paper does not compact.
Large voids are found surrounding stacks of paper.
我發(fā)現(xiàn)，在報(bào)社或辦公室里堆有很多報(bào)紙的地方，通常會(huì)好些，因?yàn)閳?bào)紙不受擠
壓。你在紙堆旁可找到一個(gè)比較大的空間。
