哪些主語(yǔ)用第三人稱單數(shù)1.人稱代詞he she it. He likes swimming他喜歡游泳 2.單個(gè)人名、地名或稱呼做主語(yǔ)用第三人稱Elly goes to school at eight o'clock every day艾力每天早上8點(diǎn)上學(xué)5.不可數(shù)名作主語(yǔ)The bread is my favourite food
3.單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或this/that/the+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)用第三人稱This book is yours這本書(shū)是你的。4.不定代詞作主語(yǔ) someone、 somebody、nobody、everything、something及指示代詞this ,that。Nobody is here
人稱代詞:代替人和事物名稱,分主格和賓格主格:作主語(yǔ)。 肯定句、否定句中在句首;疑問(wèn)句在be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的后面 what are you doing? Can they come on time?
賓格:作動(dòng)詞或介詞后的賓語(yǔ) Tom gave a speech about them] 或系動(dòng)詞后作表語(yǔ) It's me
作表語(yǔ)或放在比較狀語(yǔ)從句連詞than或as后,可用主格形式,也可用賓格形式,口語(yǔ)中大多用賓格。Who is it?(是誰(shuí)?) –It’s I/me.是我
排列順序單數(shù):常規(guī)順序:21→You and I are friends 31→She and I like to play footbal 231→You ,he and I will go to school together 承擔(dān)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)順序:123→I,you and he broke the window
復(fù)數(shù):123→we→you→they 【 1→I 2→you 3→he/she/it】
人稱
主格賓格
第一單數(shù) I 我me 我
復(fù)數(shù) We 我們us 我們
第二單、復(fù)數(shù)you 你、你們you 你、你們
第三單數(shù) he 他him 他
單數(shù)she 她her 她
單數(shù) it 它it 它
復(fù)數(shù)they【他、她、它】們them【他、她、它】們
2、物主代詞:表明事物所屬關(guān)系,分2兩種
形容詞性物主代詞,添個(gè) s 形變名詞性。his,its不用變,my變mine要記清
形容詞性起形容詞作用,只作定語(yǔ),后跟名詞【形容性物主代詞+名詞】,不能單獨(dú)使用 My pen is blue;可以和其它形容詞一起修飾名詞She is my English形容詞 teacher
當(dāng)名詞前已經(jīng)有形容詞性物主代詞修飾時(shí),名詞前面不能再用冠詞和指示代詞來(lái)修飾?!綼、an、thethis、that、these、those】 This is my a book× This is my book√
名詞性起名詞作用,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、連用of作定語(yǔ)等,后面千萬(wàn)不可以跟名詞
獨(dú)立作主、賓、表語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于“形容詞性物主代詞+名詞”。所以后面不能再加名詞this is my computer=this is mine。Our school is bigger than theirs(介詞than的賓語(yǔ))
作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)名詞性物主代詞所指的人或事物的數(shù)來(lái)決定單、復(fù)數(shù)【形容詞性物主代詞+名詞】中的名詞是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)
That is Anna’s bag,mine is blue(mine=my bag是單數(shù)) Her books are chap,mine are expensive我的書(shū)貴(mine=my books是復(fù)數(shù)
3、of + 名詞性物主代詞,稱雙重所有格,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)放在名詞的后面。A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來(lái)看我了 (若干朋友中一個(gè))
a friend of mine (ours, yours, hers, his, theirs),但是不能說(shuō) a friend of me (us, you, her, him, them)
形容詞性物主代詞→加s行變名←名詞性物主代詞反身代詞
my 我的mine 我的myself 我自己
our 我們的ours 我們的ourselves 我們自己
your 你的yours 你的yourself 你自己
your 你們的yours 你們的yourselves 你們自己
his 他的his 他的himself 他自己
her 她的hers 她的herself 她自己
its 它的its 它的itself 它自己
their【他、她、它】theirs【他、她、它】們的themselves 【他、她、它】們自己
反身代詞
表示“某人自己”的詞。我自己、你自己、他們自己、你們自己
1.作動(dòng)詞或介詞的賓格 I enjoyed動(dòng)詞 myself賓 at the party在聚會(huì)上我玩的很開(kāi)心 Take good care of介詞 yourself照顧好自己
2.作主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)、放主語(yǔ)后或句末 Myself went to the cinema× I went to the cinema myself√我自己去的電影院
3.作賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ),放賓語(yǔ)后 You can go and ask John himself你可以去問(wèn)約翰本人
4.作表語(yǔ) Just be yourself做你自己
5.在be、feel、seem、look等伺候做表語(yǔ),表示身體或精神處于某種狀態(tài) I'm not quite myself these days我最近這幾天身體不舒服 He doesn't seem himself this morning今天早上他似乎不舒服
6.固定搭配:be oneself獨(dú)自 learn by oneself=teach oneself自學(xué) enjoy oneself玩得開(kāi)心 help oneself to sth請(qǐng)你們隨便吃… say/talk/speak to oneself自言自語(yǔ)
dress oneself自己穿衣 hurtoneself傷著自己
疑問(wèn)代詞
用來(lái)提出問(wèn)題的代詞。用于特殊疑問(wèn)句中,一般放句首,在句中做某一句子成分 who誰(shuí) whom誰(shuí)(賓格)、指人 whose誰(shuí)的【who所有格】 what什么,指物 which哪一個(gè)、哪一些,指人
1.what 用來(lái)詢問(wèn)事件和東西,做主、賓、表、定語(yǔ)。 What主 is on the desk? What賓 are you saying? What表 is that? What定 color is your bag?
2.which用來(lái)詢問(wèn)某一范圍內(nèi)的人或物,作主、賓、定【+名詞】 Which主 is yours? Which賓 do you like better,the blue one or the red one? Which定 bag do you like
3.who詢問(wèn)人,作主、賓、表語(yǔ)。 Who主 is reading in the classroom? Who賓 ar you talking to?的賓語(yǔ) Who表 is that girl?的表語(yǔ)
4.whom問(wèn)人,作動(dòng)詞或介詞賓語(yǔ),口語(yǔ)中可用who替換,但在介詞后只能用whom。 Whom/who賓 are you waiting for?(waiting for的賓語(yǔ))
5.whose,表示所屬關(guān)系,who的所有格,作表、定語(yǔ)【+名詞】。 Whose定 book is this?這是誰(shuí)的書(shū) =Whose表 is this book ? 這本書(shū)是誰(shuí)的
6.疑問(wèn)代詞不分單、復(fù),根據(jù)它所替代的人或事物決定謂語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù),但通常用單數(shù),如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)
***①. 在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句。指人:who、whom、whose(也可指物);指物:what 指人或物:which
②. 在句中位于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前,沒(méi)性和單、復(fù)數(shù)的變化,看它所替代的人或事物決定單復(fù)數(shù),但通常用單數(shù)。除who外也沒(méi)格的變化。起名詞詞組的作用、用來(lái)構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)句,What、which、whose還可以作限定詞
如修飾名詞,則以名詞單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn) What is that? What are those? 作限定詞:whose books are these on the desk? 疑問(wèn)代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?
③. 作疑問(wèn)代詞和限定詞which和what所指的范圍不同。What范圍是無(wú)限的、which則指一定范圍內(nèi)
④. 用于對(duì)介詞賓語(yǔ)提問(wèn)時(shí),過(guò)去文體中,介詞和疑問(wèn)代詞一起放句首;現(xiàn)代文體,疑問(wèn)代詞在句首、介詞在句末;whom口語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)可用who代替、但介詞后必須是whom
⑤. 還可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。
連接代詞
引導(dǎo)名詞性定語(yǔ)從句的代詞。疑問(wèn)代詞在引起從句時(shí),都被稱連接代詞,引導(dǎo)名詞性從句,引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句通常在主句之前,表、定、同位語(yǔ)從句通常在主句之后
9個(gè):who whom whose what which whoever whomever whosever whatever whichever【whose后不能加】。做主、賓、表、定語(yǔ)。ever加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,含“一切、任何、無(wú)論”
指人:who(ever)、whom(ever) ;指物:what(ever)、which(ever); 指人和物:whose
主語(yǔ)從句在前: It is clear enough what she meant她是什么意思很清楚 Whoever smokes here will be punishied 主語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)從句在后: The question is who(m) we should trust問(wèn)題是我們應(yīng)當(dāng)相信誰(shuí) I don't care what they think他們想什么我不管
表語(yǔ)從句作主語(yǔ): My question was who would go to look after him
同位語(yǔ)從句: There is no doubt that he will win the match tomrrow引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句
作狀語(yǔ)從句: Wherever you go,whatever you do,I will be right here waiting for you無(wú)論你去哪,無(wú)論你做什么,我會(huì)在這等你
引起不定式:都用作賓語(yǔ)或介詞的賓語(yǔ) Tell him what to do告訴他怎么做 They exchanged views on the question of whom to elect. 他們就該選誰(shuí)的問(wèn)題交換了意見(jiàn)
在主句中作定語(yǔ), 作用:起連接、代替先行詞、在從句中做句子成分的作用
關(guān)系代詞
that、 【which、 who 、whom 、whose】這4個(gè)用在疑問(wèn)句中就是疑問(wèn)代詞 關(guān)系詞:關(guān)系代詞→在從句中可以作主、賓、定語(yǔ)和關(guān)系副詞→只作狀語(yǔ)
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句【限定性和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句】連接主句和從句,在從句作一定的句子成分。定語(yǔ)從句修飾先行詞,與主句一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合句,定語(yǔ)從句在主句后。緊跟在被修飾詞后。
限定性定語(yǔ)從句That is the woman (whom賓) I met in the street yesterday 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:He works in a factory,which主 is not far from his home
定語(yǔ)【或定語(yǔ)從句】(修飾名詞或代詞的詞或短語(yǔ)):限定的意思,對(duì)名詞、代詞起修飾、限定作用,翻譯成“…的” Anna is a beautiful girl安娜是個(gè)漂亮的女孩 Anna has short hair安娜留有短發(fā)
引導(dǎo)詞放在主句和從句之間,從句在主句中作定語(yǔ),被從句修飾的名詞或代詞,叫先行詞 Anna is a beautiful girl who has short hair安娜是留有短發(fā)的漂亮女孩
指人:that、who、whom、whose 指物:that、which、whose;作主、賓語(yǔ):that、who、which 定語(yǔ):whose 賓語(yǔ):whom 作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)關(guān)系代詞可以省略 that作表語(yǔ)也可省略
that指人、物,在從句中作主、賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)可以省略 。The girl that is wearing a hat is my sister This is the book (that賓) I want to buy
“什么”對(duì)人的職業(yè)提問(wèn)What is your brother? He is a doctor 對(duì)東西物品進(jìn)行提問(wèn)What are you eating?你在吃什么 What did he say?他剛才說(shuō)什么
What does she want to be when she grows up?她長(zhǎng)大了想干什么【when后用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)】
which、as指物,哪一個(gè) 哪一些,在從句中作主、賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)可以省略 。The is a bag which主 was bought by my sister I just found the book (which賓) I lost several day ago
除可詢問(wèn)指代的情況外,還可以針對(duì)說(shuō)明人物的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、歲數(shù)、顏色、大小、狀況提問(wèn) People there live a very sad life. Which people live a sad life?哪些人生活凄慘
which的先行詞可以是個(gè)句子。He said he saw me there,which was a lie他說(shuō)在那看到了我,純屬謊言
who指人,誰(shuí),對(duì)人的身份提問(wèn),代替主、賓、表。在從句中作主、賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)可省略 。The boy who is dancing is my young brother The man (who賓) I met today is handsome今天我見(jiàn)過(guò)的那個(gè)男人很帥
Who wants to go home誰(shuí)想回家【對(duì)主語(yǔ)進(jìn)行提問(wèn),回答時(shí)給出明確的主語(yǔ)Lily名詞 wants to go home She人稱代詞 wants to go home
whom指人,誰(shuí) ,在從句中只作賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)可以省略 。 The man (whom賓) I met today is handsome今天我見(jiàn)過(guò)的那個(gè)男人很帥
Whom is she talking to?她在跟誰(shuí)說(shuō)話?【回答用名詞或人稱代詞的賓格】She is talkong to Tom or the boy or him
** Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?你都邀請(qǐng)了誰(shuí)參加你的生日聚會(huì)的【whom更合適,因?yàn)閕nvite缺賓格】
who whom只能獨(dú)立使用。Who可做主、表、賓語(yǔ);whom只能做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ);what which whose杰克隊(duì)里用作主、表、賓語(yǔ),也可語(yǔ)名詞構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)短語(yǔ)
Who is that man? What colour are their hats? The man in the car is my father車(chē)?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H Which man is your father哪個(gè)男人是你的父親
whose指人、物,在從句中作定語(yǔ)。 The girl whose eyes are blue is my friend那個(gè)藍(lán)眼睛的女孩是我的朋友
“誰(shuí)的”who的所有格,作定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)。Whose pen is it【回答用人稱代詞的所有格形式放pen前作定語(yǔ)】It's his pen
as主句中有such…as…、 the same…as…、 so+adj+冠詞 結(jié)構(gòu)是,關(guān)系代詞用as He is such a good teacher as his father is
whoever無(wú)論誰(shuí) I’ll give the ticket to whoever wants it. 請(qǐng)想要這票,我就把它給誰(shuí)。 Whoever breaks the rules will be punished. 誰(shuí)違反這些規(guī)則都將受到處罰
whatever無(wú)論什么 He does whatever she asks him to do. 她要他做什么,他就做什么
whichever無(wú)論哪一個(gè) Whichever team gains the most points wins. 哪個(gè)隊(duì)得分最多,哪個(gè)隊(duì)就贏
***關(guān)系代詞有主格、賓格、所屬格之分,并有指人、指物之分。指人:who、whom 指物:which、as 指人和物:whose、that
主格:who人、which物、that人或物;賓格:whom、that、that;所有格:whose人、of which/whose物、of which/whose人或物
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,不能用that作關(guān)系代詞 which的先行詞可以是一個(gè)句子 He said he saw me there,which was a lie
兩者both兩者都后加名詞復(fù)數(shù)、動(dòng)詞也用復(fù)數(shù)形式;部分否定形式not both并非兩者都三者以上all三者或三者以上都/全部的all+可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù);否定形式not+all并非全部
neither兩者都不是both的全部否定形式;動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)Neither person is a student沒(méi)有一個(gè)人是學(xué)生
none三者或三者以上都不
either兩者中任何一個(gè)、每個(gè)There are persons on either side of the river河的每一邊都有人
any三者或三者以上中的任何一個(gè)
each 兩者或兩者以上中的每一個(gè),強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體 every三者或三者以上中的每一個(gè),強(qiáng)調(diào)整體
不定代詞
一般的,不定代詞(包括復(fù)合不定代詞)在句子中,通常用第三人稱單數(shù)形式
some
一些,某些,某個(gè)。可代替名詞和形容詞,在肯定句中作主語(yǔ)(也可在would,may,can,could疑問(wèn)詞開(kāi)頭的句子做主語(yǔ))、賓、定等。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞(單、復(fù)數(shù))和不可數(shù)名詞some are nurses
any
一些,任何??梢源婷~和形容詞,常用在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中作主、賓、定。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞(多為復(fù)數(shù))和不可數(shù)名詞。there isn’t any ink in my pen.我的鋼筆沒(méi)有墨水(定語(yǔ)
有時(shí)也可以用在肯定句中,表示"任何的"。例如:you may come at any time;i’ll be home the whole day.你任何時(shí)候來(lái)都行,我整天都將呆在家里。
也可以用作副詞,做狀語(yǔ),表示程度。例如:is he any better today?他今天好一點(diǎn)了嗎?
all
全體、所有(3者或以上) both全部、都(2個(gè)人或物)
none
無(wú)人或物,和all相反,和no one、not any同義。相當(dāng)于名詞,一般作主或賓語(yǔ)。它代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;代替可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單、復(fù)數(shù)皆可。
either
兩者之中的任何一個(gè),這個(gè)或那個(gè)。不定代詞 either 可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。
neither
兩個(gè)之中一個(gè)也不是(兩者都不)。不定代詞 neither 是 either 的否定形式,可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)
a.不定代詞neither表示"兩個(gè)都不",所以漢語(yǔ)的"我倆都沒(méi)去那兒"譯成英語(yǔ)為"Neither of us went there."而不能譯成 "Both of us did not go there."后者意為"我倆沒(méi)都去那兒".
b.肯定形式的動(dòng)詞+neither=否定形式的動(dòng)詞+either 例如:I like neither of them.=I dont like either of them.
each
每個(gè),各自的。不定代詞each指每一個(gè)人或事物的個(gè)別情況,甚至指這些個(gè)別情況各不相同。它在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。
every
每個(gè),每一的,一切的。不定代詞every有"全體"的意思,和all的意義相近,但只能作定語(yǔ)。
other
其他的,另外的。相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞,作主、賓、定。當(dāng)名詞時(shí)有復(fù)數(shù)形式;還有所有格形式others, other前常用冠詞 the :He has two daughters .One is a teacher,the other is a nurse.(主)
another
另一個(gè),又一個(gè)。由an和other構(gòu)成,只代替或修飾可數(shù)單數(shù)名詞,前面不再用冠詞。作主、賓、表和定語(yǔ)You will have to stay here for another five days定語(yǔ),five days形式是復(fù)數(shù),但意義是單數(shù),可和another連用
one
人、一個(gè)人。指不定人稱,它有反身代詞oneself和所有格形式ones;也可以用來(lái)代替前面出現(xiàn)過(guò)的可數(shù)名詞,以免重復(fù)。它有復(fù)數(shù)形式ones,可以與冠詞連用,可以有自己的定語(yǔ).
作主或賓語(yǔ);ones只能作定語(yǔ).例如:One has to do ones best.(one 作主語(yǔ),ones作定語(yǔ).) Please give me the book,the one on the desk.(one作賓語(yǔ))
none of
沒(méi)有一個(gè),作主語(yǔ)時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可單可雙
(a)few (a)little
(幾乎沒(méi)有)有一些。(a)few+可數(shù) 復(fù)數(shù)few (指幾乎沒(méi)有,含否定意味)+可數(shù);(a)little+不可數(shù) little(指幾乎沒(méi)有,含否定意味)+不可數(shù)
other,the other,another,others指單數(shù)時(shí),若泛指用another,若特指用the other;
指復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),若泛指用other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞)或others(其后不接名詞),若特指用the other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞)或the others(其后不接名詞)
如: Show me some others. 再拿一些給我看。 Where are the other students? 其他同學(xué)在哪里?
注:another后一般要單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,但若其后的名詞有數(shù)詞或 few 修飾,則也可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞。如:I’ve got another five minutes. 我還有5分鐘
不定代詞代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的。普通some、any;many、much;each、every;few、(a)little;either、neither;both、all;none、no one;one、ones;other、theother、another;theother、the others
復(fù)合nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something, everybody, every one, everyting, anybody, anyone, anything
1.some和any:①都是“一些”,都可以修飾可數(shù)、不可數(shù)名詞;作主、賓、定語(yǔ)。some用于肯定句,表示“一些、某些、某個(gè)”,any用在否定、疑問(wèn)、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中 表示:一些、任何
I have some questions to ask肯定句 I don't have any questions to ask否定 Do you have any questions to ask 疑問(wèn) You can talk to me if you have any problems條件
②some也可用于委婉語(yǔ)氣的疑問(wèn)句。在表請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)、征求、建議的疑問(wèn)句中,或希望得到對(duì)方肯定回答時(shí),多用some而不是any。Would you like some tea?【請(qǐng)求】What about some coffee?喝杯咖啡怎么樣【建議】
③any表“任何一個(gè)(一些)”時(shí),起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用,可用肯定句。You can come here with any friend你可以和任何朋友一起來(lái) Any students can answer this question任何同學(xué)都可以回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題
作主語(yǔ):Some like sports,others likes music有些人喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng),有些人喜歡音樂(lè) 作賓語(yǔ):do you have any good friends? Yes,I have some賓語(yǔ)
作定語(yǔ):修飾可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞 You may come to ask questions at any time,I'll be here你任何時(shí)間都可以來(lái)問(wèn)問(wèn)題,我都在 Any student can solve this proplem任何學(xué)生都能解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題
“not any-”和no- 均表示全否定。He listened, but heard nothing=He listened, but didn’t hear anything.他聽(tīng)了聽(tīng),但什么也沒(méi)聽(tīng)到
2.each和every、one①each指2或2個(gè)以上人或物中的一個(gè),強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人或事物:每個(gè)、各個(gè)意思,是單個(gè)概念;作主、定、同位語(yǔ) Each主 of us has strong and weak points Each定 pupil has a pencil-box each可用于兩者、3者或3者以上
every 3或3者以上人或物中的一個(gè)“每一個(gè)”。強(qiáng)調(diào)整體共同性:每個(gè)都,只作定語(yǔ) 作主語(yǔ)用單數(shù)Every定 one has strong and weak points每個(gè)人都有優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)There are many flowers on each(every) side of the square操場(chǎng)四邊有許多花
one“一個(gè)、某個(gè)” one+名詞 作主、賓語(yǔ) 所有格one's 復(fù)數(shù)是ones,反身代詞oneself; one放adj和this that后可替代上文提過(guò)的名詞 on one hand…on the other hand一方面…另一方面
②each+名詞 each+of+名詞/代詞 every沒(méi)有 They are very busy.Each of them has something to do他們非常忙,每個(gè)人都有事做。
③not+every或every- 連用,表示部分否定,意為“并非都,不都”;但each不行 Not every book is worth reading并不是每本書(shū)都值得讀 Not everything will go well. 并非一切都會(huì)那么順利
④“每隔… 或 每… ”,用every+基數(shù)詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) We hand in our homework every three days我們每隔兩天(每三天)交一次作業(yè)
****all、each、every:從強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)上看:all強(qiáng)調(diào)整體地考慮總體,every 強(qiáng)調(diào)考慮總體中的所有成員(與all很接近),each則強(qiáng)調(diào)逐個(gè)逐個(gè)地考慮總體;
從用法上看:all和each既可單獨(dú)使用,也可后接名詞,還可后接of短語(yǔ); 而every后必須接名詞,既不能單獨(dú)使用也不能后接 of短語(yǔ);
指兩者(如both, either, neither),指三者(如all, any, none, every),具體使用時(shí)要根據(jù)一定的上下文正確選用。如:Were they all college students?他們都是大學(xué)生嗎?
3.many和much 都表示“許多”,many修飾或代替可數(shù),much修飾或代替不可數(shù),作主、賓、定、狀語(yǔ) I have many books(可數(shù)) I have much money(不可數(shù)) I don't have many賓語(yǔ)
4.few和a few、little和a little ①few、a few修可數(shù);little、a little修不可數(shù) ②few、little幾乎沒(méi)有,強(qiáng)調(diào)少,表否定a few、a little有一點(diǎn)、有一些,雖少但還有,強(qiáng)調(diào)有,肯定a little肯定,還有一點(diǎn);little帶否定,只剩一點(diǎn)兒了
She is very shy,and she has few friends她很靦腆,幾乎沒(méi)什么朋友 She has a few books about stars她有幾本關(guān)于星星的書(shū) There is still a little left還剩一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)
He is very poor,and he has little money他很窮,幾乎沒(méi)有什么錢(qián) Don't worry.There is still a little time left別著急,還有點(diǎn)時(shí)間呢
5.either、neither、both、all、none【neither做主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù);both作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)】I don't believe either賓 of you我不信你倆任何一人(2都不信)Either主 of them will agree to the arrangement他們兩個(gè)都會(huì)同意這樣的安排
either表:兩者中的任何一個(gè),做主、賓、定 Here are two dictionaries,you may use either賓 of them你用哪本都行 There are many trees on either定 side of the street街道兩邊都有很多的樹(shù)
neither兩者都不,either的否定,作主、賓、定 Neither主 of them learns Russian,Both主 of them learn German Neither定 film is interesting兩部電影都沒(méi)意思 XQ called neither of us yesterday沒(méi)給我倆打
all三者以上:全部、所有、一切。作主、賓、表、定、同位語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),表人時(shí)all作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù);事物時(shí)“一切”視為單數(shù) All主 are here大家都到了 All主 is quiet on the street街上一切都很安靜
They all同位語(yǔ) agree to carry out the plan他們都同意執(zhí)行這個(gè)計(jì)劃 That's all表 I can do那是我能做的全部 That's all狀語(yǔ) wrong全是錯(cuò)的 All定 knowledge comes from practice
both兩者都。做主、賓、定、同位語(yǔ) Both主 of them are fond of fishing他們倆都喜歡釣魚(yú) These two novels are very interesting,I want both賓 of them我兩個(gè)都想要
Both定 brothers didn't go there兄弟倆都不同意去那兒 Last Sunday I met XQ and XH both同位語(yǔ) in the cinema上周日在電影院我遇見(jiàn)了小強(qiáng)和小花他們倆
****neither2者都不,both的否定; none是3者以上都不,是all的否定not+both not+all有部分否定的意思;全部否定用Neither of them 和none of them
Not all of the books are mine這些數(shù)不全是我的Not both of them like playing basketball他們兄弟倆不全都喜歡打籃球
①either/neither/both/all/none+of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/代詞復(fù)數(shù) either/neither+of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/代詞復(fù)數(shù) 作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù) Neither of us speaks French我們倆都不會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)
both/all+of+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/代詞復(fù)數(shù) 作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) Both of the two girls are clever這倆女孩都聰明
none+of+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/代詞復(fù)數(shù) 作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)或以都可以 None of the students has/have a cell phone
②both…and...固定搭配:和…都, 此結(jié)構(gòu)做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù) Both Angela and Anna are good students安杰拉和安娜都是好學(xué)生
③either…or..固定搭配:或者…或者,此結(jié)構(gòu)做主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)就近原則 Either you or she is right不是你對(duì),就是她對(duì) Either she or you are right
either譯為“也”,用在否定句中,放句末,前面“,”隔開(kāi)They didn't go to the park yesterday,I didn't go there,either昨天他們沒(méi)去公園,我也沒(méi)去
④neither..nor固定搭配:既不..也不..此結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞符合就近原則。Neither you nor I am good at math我們兩個(gè)都不擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)
6.other、others、the other、the others、another。 作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)【other books其它的書(shū);another cup of tea再來(lái)一杯】、賓語(yǔ)
Other adj.其它的、別的、另外的,形容詞不能單獨(dú)用。修飾名詞 other+可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)I want some other books other people=others other books=others, She has two sons,One is teacher,the other is an engineer
others其它的人或其它的什么東西,泛指別的人或物,后不接名詞單獨(dú)用=other+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) Some of us like singing,others like dancing我們當(dāng)中一些人喜歡唱歌,其他人 XQ enjoys helping others(other people)
the other 2者中的另一個(gè)one…the other She has two sisters,one is a teacher,the other is a worker,另一個(gè)You have seen one of the two picture,Now I'll show you the other賓
the others剩余的人或東西,特指某一范圍內(nèi)其余的人或物,the others后不接名詞,單獨(dú)用=the other+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) Where are the others?其它的學(xué)生在哪Many students are in the classroom,some are talking,and the others are sleeping
another3或3者以上的另一個(gè),another+可數(shù)名詞單/(基數(shù)詞+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)) I don't like this one,please show me another one給我看另一件 I don't like this T-shirt,please give me another
7.one和ones①one代替上文的一個(gè)人或事物,ones代替上文的多個(gè)人或事物;兩者前面都可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等 I don't like green one/ones我不喜歡綠色的這個(gè)/這些
Which bag do you like,this one or that one?你虛幻那個(gè)包,這個(gè)還是那個(gè) There are two bags,which one do you like有2個(gè)包包,你喜歡哪一個(gè)
8.no、 none、 no one no表:沒(méi)有。作定語(yǔ),修飾可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞 no+名詞/動(dòng)名詞 There is no定 milk and no定 eggs for breakfast早飯沒(méi)雞蛋和奶 XQ has no定 brother小強(qiáng)沒(méi)兄弟
none代替可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,表示沒(méi)有人或沒(méi)有什么東西,作主、賓。代替可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)可單可復(fù);代替不可數(shù)名詞作主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)I know none賓 of them None主 of the stories is(are) interesting
none和no one:都表示沒(méi)有人,但none表示有范圍 no one表示沒(méi)有范圍 None of the students can finish it in 10 minutes No one knows about it No one likes being laughed at沒(méi)有人喜歡被嘲笑
****拓展:it指提到的同一事物的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù);one泛指前面提到同類不同事物中的一個(gè),同類但不同物。I lost my old watch,I want to buy a new one. I lost my watch yesteday,but I found it this morning
9.復(fù)合不定代詞①?gòu)?fù)合不定代詞在句子中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),都看作單數(shù),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式 Is everyone here today今天每個(gè)人都到齊了嗎? Nobody knows his name. 沒(méi)有人知道他的名字。
②含-body、-one的復(fù)合不定代詞指人時(shí),兩者可以互換; 含-thing的復(fù)合不定代詞用來(lái)指物I can heat nothing but your voice除了你的聲音,我什么也聽(tīng)不見(jiàn)
③some構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞,其作用和some相同,一般用于肯定句,含any的復(fù)合不定代詞一般用于否定、疑問(wèn)和條件句中,也可以用在肯定句表示“任意/何…”的意思 ;no構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞表示否定含義,用于否定句
something可用于提建議、請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng),并希望得到對(duì)方肯定回答的疑問(wèn)句中。如:Would you like something to eat? 你要吃點(diǎn)東西嗎? there is something wrong with my watch【肯定】
Do you have anything to say?【疑問(wèn)】你有話要說(shuō)嗎? I didn't go to the party with anyone【否定】我沒(méi)有和任何人去聚會(huì)
Would you like something to eat?你要吃些東西嗎?【詢問(wèn)、建議的疑問(wèn)句】 Anything is okay什么都行/任何東西都行【肯定句中表示任何東西】
④不定代詞的定語(yǔ)要后置。形容詞修飾復(fù)合不定代詞,要放在復(fù)合不定代詞的后面,不定代詞+形容詞Today is your birthday,I bought you something special 今天是你生日,我給你買(mǎi)了特殊的東西
⑤.復(fù)合不定代詞的否定not every部分否定,并非都,不都Not everything will go well并非一切都會(huì)那么順利not any和no表全否定He listened, but heard nothing=He listened, but didn't hear anything他聽(tīng)了聽(tīng),但什么也沒(méi)聽(tīng)到
指示代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)含義
this(這個(gè))these(這些)指較近的人和物that承上this啟下
that(那個(gè))those(那些)指較遠(yuǎn)的人和物
such (這樣的人/物)指上文提過(guò)的人和物
that、those代替前面提到過(guò)的名詞,this、these沒(méi)這個(gè)功能
same (同樣的人/物)指和上文提過(guò)的相同的人和物
it (這人/這物)指不太清楚是誰(shuí)或者是什么時(shí)Who is it?是誰(shuí)? --It’s me!是我!
指示代詞既可單獨(dú)用做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ),也可作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞。 Do the same as the teacher tells you.按老師說(shuō)的做
說(shuō)明近或遠(yuǎn)處、上文或下文、以前或現(xiàn)在的人或事物的詞。表人或物空間或時(shí)間近處【this這個(gè)(單、these那些(復(fù)】指后面要講到的事物;遠(yuǎn)處【that那個(gè)(單、those這些(復(fù)】指前邊講到過(guò)的事物。that承上this啟下
1.作主、賓、表、定語(yǔ) This主 is a book I like these賓 My idea is this表 These定 books are hers 指示代詞作主語(yǔ)可以指人、也可以指物;作其它成分則只能指物
2.為避免重復(fù),that、those代替前面提到過(guò)的名詞,但this、these沒(méi)有這個(gè)功能 The weather in Beijing is warmer than that代替天氣 in Harbin winter
3.this、that有時(shí)可代替句子或句中的一部分 He was ill,That's why he didn't come他生病了,所以他沒(méi)來(lái)【that作主語(yǔ),代替He was ill】
4.打電話this表自己that表對(duì)方This is Tom speaking. Who's that please? 喂,我是湯姆。請(qǐng)問(wèn)是哪位?This is Jack我是杰克 Who's that?你是誰(shuí)【詢問(wèn)對(duì)方用that】This is Anna speaking我是安娜【介紹自己用this】
5.回答this 或that 作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),回答用it代替this或that What's that(主語(yǔ))那時(shí)什么 It's a map那時(shí)一幅地圖
6.回答these或those作主語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句時(shí),回答用they代替these或those What are those那些是什么 They are apples那些是蘋(píng)果
在回答指示代詞做主語(yǔ)的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)→指示代詞指人時(shí):用相應(yīng)的指示代詞或it/they 【who's that? 回答:that's/it's Lily 指物時(shí):只能用it或they【what are those? They(those是錯(cuò)的) are basketballs
this、thatWhat I want to tell you is this:The meeting is put off till Friday我要告訴你的是這樣:會(huì)議推遲到明天 We visited the well-known writer that day那天我們拜訪了那位知名的作家
these、thoseThe result of Class One is always better than that of Class Two一班的成績(jī)一直要比二班的成績(jī)好 These days we are very busy,those days we were spare enough這些天我們特別忙,而那些天我們又太閑了
such這樣作指示代詞,代替與前方類似的人或物,和as連用;在句中作主、定、表語(yǔ)。such a這樣一個(gè);such…as象…這樣的 They will plant flowers such as rose,sunflowers,etc【it's(e)ter?】t他們將種玫瑰、向日葵等花卉
名詞+such as=such+名詞 as I may have hurt your feelings,such was certainly not my intention我或許傷了你的感情,但那樣的事的確非我所愿【助動(dòng)詞+have+p.p→表示過(guò)去
與some,any,every,no,many,all時(shí),作形容詞。Have you ever tasted any such food before?你以前嘗過(guò)任何這樣的食物嗎?
主語(yǔ):Such is life! 人生便是如此! 定語(yǔ):I don’t like such books. 我不喜歡這類書(shū)。 表語(yǔ):His kindness is such that we will never forget him. 他待人那么厚道,我們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記他
I have never seen such a moving film(指出后面的名詞)我從沒(méi)看過(guò)如此(這樣)令人感動(dòng)的電影 such(主語(yǔ)) is our study plan(指之前說(shuō)過(guò)的內(nèi)容)這就是我們的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃
More and more friends,visit such fine cities as Chengde and Yinchan想要參觀像...這樣美麗的城市 Such is the result of his efforts這就是他努力的結(jié)果
same、the same也可以看作指示代詞,在句中能作主、賓、定、表和狀語(yǔ)。常與定冠詞the 連用 the same
作主語(yǔ):The same is true of me. 我的情況也是如此。 The same(主語(yǔ))can be fit for others同樣的情況可以適合別人
作表語(yǔ): The two books are the same. 這兩本書(shū)是一樣的?! hether he will come or not,it is all the same(表語(yǔ)) to me他來(lái)不來(lái)對(duì)我多一樣
作賓語(yǔ):XH will go swimming and XQ will do the same(賓語(yǔ))小花要去有用,小強(qiáng)也要去
作定語(yǔ): The teacher said the same thing all over again. 老師把同樣的話又說(shuō)了一遍。
作狀語(yǔ): Sorry, I can’t find the book for you.不好意思,沒(méi)能幫你找到書(shū)。 Thank you all the same. 還是要謝謝你
it指人時(shí)可看作是指示代詞,作主語(yǔ)。Who is it? Oh,it is me XQ 誰(shuí),是我小強(qiáng) The door opened and a person came in ,It was XQ's father門(mén)開(kāi)了,進(jìn)來(lái)一個(gè)人,那就是小強(qiáng)的爸爸
so放動(dòng)詞后,代替前面提及之事 。 I speak so我也是這樣說(shuō)的 I believe so我也是這樣相信的 I fear so恐怕也是這樣哦 I hope so我希望如此 I say so我這么說(shuō) I think so我也是這么想的
I am afraid恐怕如此 I expect so我也是這樣期待的/我想是的;我想會(huì)的/我希望如此 I guess so我也是這樣猜測(cè)的/我想是的(吧) I imagine so我也是這樣想像的/我想是的 ( it's) sounds good聽(tīng)起來(lái)不錯(cuò)
** 為了避免重復(fù),可用that,those代替前面提到過(guò)的名詞,但是this,these不可?!he grain output in 2015 was much higher than that of 2014. 2015年的糧食產(chǎn)量比2014年高很多。
this和that有時(shí)可代替句子或句中的一部分。 He was ill. That's why he didn't come to school. 他生病了,那就是他沒(méi)來(lái)學(xué)校的原因。(that作主語(yǔ),代替He was ill)
...