(2012-10-08 23:34:40)
標簽：
教育分類：
我的教學(xué)點滴從命題視角談2012高考英語時態(tài)的復(fù)習(xí)備考要點
湖南省長沙市長郡中學(xué) 陳春華
摘要：
動詞的時態(tài)一直是每年高考英語測試的熱點之一，也是考生學(xué)習(xí)中的難點之一。2011年湖南高考試卷對此語法項目考查的力度與2010年持平，高達3道，這在僅15道小題的單項填空題中占有很大比重。本文將從時態(tài)的考點分布、命題角度分析、時態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)要點以及解題技巧幫助考生進行考前梳理。
關(guān)鍵詞：
高考真題 命題角度 復(fù)習(xí)要點解題技巧
時態(tài)是英語語法各項目中的一道“靚麗風(fēng)景”，一來“她”要求語用者根據(jù)某動作發(fā)生的不同時間，采用不同的時態(tài)形式來表示表達這一動作，使得語言具體、形象；二來作為年年高考命題熱點，多少考生為“她”“癡狂”，耗費了時間精力不說，運用起來居然依舊是那么的怯生，那么的不自信。下面就請你跟著我一起從命題視角來探索英語的時態(tài)吧。
1、2007—2011的五年間，湖南省高考英語試卷“時態(tài)”考點的分布情況以及命題角度剖析
1.1 “時態(tài)”考題真題回顧
( 2011) 22. ---Joan, what ______ in your hand?
---Look! It’s a birthday gift for my grandma.
A. had you held B. are you holding C. do you hold D. will you hold
( 2011) 27. In 1492, Columbus ______ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India.
A. lands B. landed C. has landed D. had landed
( 2011) 30. It is the most instructive lecture that I ______ since I came to this school.
A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended
( 2010 ) 27. I was just going to cut my rose bushes but someone ______it. Was it you?
A. has done B. had done C. would do D. will do
( 2010) 31. I walked slowly through the market, where people ______ all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold
( 2010) 34. I'm tired out. I all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
A. shopped B. have shopped C. had shopped D. have been shopping
( 2009 )35.— The food here is nice enough.
— My friend ______ me a right place.
A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing
( 2008)32. I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _______ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
( 2007真題 )31. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she ________ English for a year.
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying
（答案依次為：BBDBB DBAD）
1.2 “時態(tài)”考題的熱點
英語共有16種時態(tài)；2011年湖南高考英語考試說明要求考生掌握10種時態(tài)，即：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現(xiàn)在進行時、過去進行時、過去將來時、將來進行、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行。但觀察上面的近五年湖南高考英語對“時態(tài)”的考察情況，我們不難看出：對“時態(tài)”的考察主要涉及6種，即：一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時、過去進行時、現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行。
2、 “時態(tài)”考點的命題角度剖析
近幾年的“時態(tài)”考題形式靈活多樣,多體現(xiàn)在上下文語境中,且融多個考點于一題, 這樣無疑增加了試題的難度。但盡管如此，我們還是不難發(fā)現(xiàn)其常命題的幾個角度：
角度1：題干中直接出現(xiàn)時間狀語，考生可直接根據(jù)所給時間狀語作出選擇；但此種命題角度的題目越來越少；
例1：( 2010上海真題 )Every few years, the coal workers _____ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
A. are having B. have C. have had D. had hadBTF新課程英語教育
【解析】B。句意闡述的是煤礦公認的現(xiàn)狀，再根據(jù)表示頻度的時間狀語every few years可判斷本句應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時。BTF新課程英語教育
例2：( 2011真題 ) In 1492, Columbus _______ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off India.
A. lands B. landed C. has landed D. had landed
【解析】B。根據(jù)句意和題中具體的過去時間in 1492，所以排除A和C。另外根據(jù)題目沒有明確說明"登陸"是發(fā)生在"誤解"之前的動作，排除D；過去時態(tài)講述1492年發(fā)生的一件事件。
角度2：題干中雖然有時間狀語，但干擾性和迷惑性較強，考查考生靈活運用時態(tài)的能力；
例3：( 2010上海真題 )The church tower which _____ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being
【解析】D。restore意為“修復(fù)”，但此題的答題依據(jù)卻不是soon，而是 “The work is almost finished”表明工程還未完成，因此為“正在修復(fù)中”，故選擇D。BTF新課程英語教育
例4：( 2010湖南題 )I'm tired out. I all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
A. shopped B. have shopped C. had shopped D. have been shopping
【解析】D。句意為：“我現(xiàn)在精疲力竭了。我整個下午都在購物，卻好像什么也沒買到似的?！爆F(xiàn)在完成進行時可以表示動作的重復(fù)并含有感情色彩；現(xiàn)在完成時一般不表示動作的反復(fù)，只是一般平鋪直敘。
角度3：不提供動作的直接時間信息，只給出一個上下文情景或一個結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜的句子；
例5：( 2011湖南真題 ) ---Joan, what _______ in your hand?
---Look! It’s a birthday gift for my grandma.
A. had you held B. are you holding C. do you hold D. will you hold
【解析】B。根據(jù)對話提供的語境，尤其是動詞Look，可將答案鎖定為B。
例6：( 2010浙江真題 ) If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you ______ fresh watermelon in the fall.
A. eat B. would eat C. have eaten D. will be eating
【解析】 D。根據(jù)句意以及條件句中謂語動詞plant的形式，可判斷這是真實的條件從句。If從句中通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來，故主句中應(yīng)該使用將來時。此句意為：如果你在春天種下西瓜種子，你就會在秋天吃到新鮮的西瓜。將來進行時態(tài)，可用于表示將來勢必的結(jié)果。故D符合語境。
角度4：考察考生對某些固定句式中的動詞時態(tài)運用能力。
例7：( 2011湖南真題 ) It is the most instructive lecture that I _______ since I came to this school.
A. attended B. had attended C. am attending D. have attended
【解析】D。根據(jù)英語時態(tài)的運用規(guī)則，在句型“This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級+ n +定語從句”中，如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的謂語動詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時。
例8：（2011北京卷真題）——Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.
——I wish they always late.
A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been
【解析】A。此題考查wish后接賓語從句的謂語形式。wish后的賓語從句謂語必須用虛擬語氣形式，通常有三種。根據(jù)提問的動詞時態(tài)以及題干中出現(xiàn)的always，從句虛擬使用一般過去時。選A。
角度6：動詞時態(tài)在從句中的正確運用。命題人在題干中加入具體情景,以測試考生對動詞時態(tài)知識的綜合運用能力。
例9：（2010北京真題）It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they _____ for me.
A. had done B. did C. would do D. were doing
【解析】：A。全句用的是一般過去時。“was able to fully appreciate”已經(jīng)是過去，而他們對我的幫助則是過去的過去，故用過去完成時。
例10：( 2010湖南真題 ) I walked slowly through the market, where people _____ all kinds of fruits and vegetables.
I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A. sell B. were selling C. had sold D. have sold
【解析】B。本題考查過去進行時陳述原因的用法。句中where引導(dǎo)的非限制性定于從句，其實是補充說明“I walked slowly through the market”的原因。
角度7：將時態(tài)與語態(tài)、主謂一致等一起綜合考查。
例11：（2010湖南真題）24. This coastal area a national wildlife reserve last year.
A. was named B. named C. is named D. names
【解析】A。根據(jù)主語“area”與name之間的被動關(guān)系排除B、D兩項。又根據(jù)句中的last year判斷用一般過去時，故選A項。
例12：（2011湖南真題）In the near future, more advances in the robot technology _______ by science.
A. are making B. are made C. will make D. will be made
【解析】D。根據(jù)時間狀語"in the near future"可可知謂語動詞要用將來時態(tài)。又因短語"make progress"中make與progress互為動賓關(guān)系，故此題應(yīng)該用將來時的被動語態(tài)。
例13：（2010全國Ⅱ真題）Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ________evening dress.
A. wear B. wears C. has worn D. have worn
【解析】：B。此處考查定語從句的謂語形式。根據(jù)句意確定the only one of …. 中的one為先行詞，而非后面的復(fù)數(shù)women，謂語動詞應(yīng)該用單數(shù)，故排除A，D。另外，從“is”可以看出該句講述的是一種習(xí)慣，因此要用一般現(xiàn)在時，故選A。
3、備戰(zhàn)高考英語“時態(tài)”考點復(fù)習(xí)要點概述
熟練的解題技巧源自考生對所測試的相應(yīng)語法知識掌握的熟練程度。就時態(tài)考題而言，考生只要做到對常見、?？嫉囊韵聨追N時態(tài)輕車熟路，對各種時態(tài)的用法了如指掌，那么時態(tài)的考分就自然朗闊在你的手中了。下面我們一起來復(fù)習(xí)常見時態(tài)考點的要點吧！
時間
名稱
時態(tài)構(gòu)成
常見用法特點
現(xiàn)
在
時
態(tài)
一
般
現(xiàn)
在
時
ask
asks
a. 表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的動作或存在狀態(tài)。
He always listens to VOA for half an hour after supper.
b. 表示客觀事實或普遍真理。
Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.
c. 表示主語的特征、能力和狀態(tài)。
This silk feels soft. I love pop music.
d. 表示按計劃、安排、時刻表將要發(fā)生的動作。常見的動詞有： come, go, stay, leave, begin, start。
Our first class begins at 7:00.
e. 在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中表示將來動作。
When you come next time, bring me some magazines.
If time permits, we shall go to the zoo tomorrow.
現(xiàn)
在
進
行
時
am / is / are doing
a. 表示說話的此刻正在進行的動作。
Listen! Little Betty is singing a Chinese song in her room.
b. 表示現(xiàn)在時間段中正在進行的動作。
I don't really work here; I am just helping out until Mr. Li comes back..
c. 表示按計劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動作。常見的動詞有arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay 等。這種用法比較生動，給人以一種期待感。
Jane and Betty are flying to Paris in a few days.
d. 與constantly, always, forever等頻度副詞連用，表示一種重復(fù)的動作，帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感情色彩。
I dislike her; she's always complaining.
He is forever thinking of doing more for his motherland.
e. 強調(diào)動作的重復(fù)
The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.
They are jumping with joy.
f. “am, is, are + being + 形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示一時性或故意如此。
The girl is being naughty. 這孩子有點兒淘氣。
You are not being polite. 你可有點兒不禮貌了。
現(xiàn)
在
完
成
時
現(xiàn)
在
完
成
時
have / has done
have / has done
a. 表結(jié)果 (著眼于過去的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響)。
Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.
( Air pollution is very serious now.）
b. 表示經(jīng)歷（強調(diào)過去某一時刻到說話時這段時間中的經(jīng)歷)。
She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.
c. 表示延續(xù) (表示一個動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還
要繼續(xù)下去)。
He's loved playing football for a long time.
注意：
1) 當(dāng)句中有時間段狀語，謂語動詞又是短暫動作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，如：see, hear, open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)。但可以用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“未完成”，
I haven't seen a film for weeks. （對?。?div style="height:15px;">
I have opened the windon for a week. （ 錯?。?div style="height:15px;">
