最全的構(gòu)詞法用法詳解
語言中詞的總和構(gòu)成詞匯，但是詞匯并不是一堆雜亂無章、互不相關(guān)的群體，而是一個(gè)嚴(yán)密體系，在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的體系中，詞與詞之間有著各種各樣的聯(lián)系。英語中的這些聯(lián)系的規(guī)律總結(jié)起來就是構(gòu)詞。英語中構(gòu)詞的方法就是構(gòu)詞法。構(gòu)詞法主要有合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、派生法和縮略法四種。掌握構(gòu)詞法是迅速擴(kuò)大詞匯量的重要方法之一。
第一節(jié) 合成法
合成法就是指由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞合成的詞叫合成詞。這種構(gòu)詞方式主要有兩種：復(fù)合法、結(jié)合法。合成法主要是構(gòu)成合成名詞和合成形容詞。
復(fù)合法構(gòu)成的復(fù)合詞，它們各個(gè)結(jié)合的部分相互間的語法關(guān)系是緊密相關(guān)的。如blackboard和darkroom都是形容詞和名詞形成的結(jié)構(gòu)，writing desk是動(dòng)詞名詞和名詞形式的結(jié)構(gòu)。
結(jié)合法形成的詞是形態(tài)合成詞，它的結(jié)合是用一個(gè)起來連接作用的中綴來把兩個(gè)或兩上以上的詞根詞素緊緊的連綴在一起。如，用輔音字母－s－來綴全兩個(gè)詞根詞素構(gòu)成的詞有：salesman, townspeople等。
合成的方式常見的有如下幾種：
一、合成名詞
1、名詞／代詞＋名詞：
woman-doctor, women-doctors, worhop, spaceship, he-goat, coal fire, motorcycle, gas cooker, oil well, power plant, silk worm, gold mine, bottleneck, piano keys, telephone receiver, television screen, chairman, fireman, motorman, police-officer, postman, pine tree, girl friend, boy friend, goldfish, raindrop, birdcage, breakfast time, flowerbed, tearoom,
2、動(dòng)詞＋名詞：blowpipe, flashlight, watchdog, call-girl, searchlight
3、形容詞＋名詞：
blacmith, blackboard, supermarket, superman, darkroom, blackbird, highchair, hothouse, greenhouse, madman
4、動(dòng)名詞＋名詞：
reading-room, sitting-room, classroom, schoolroom, dining room, building materials, dancing girl, cleaning women, flying machine, washing machine, working conditions, boilding point, drinking water, swimming pool, drinking cup, typing paper, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick,
5、名詞＋動(dòng)名詞：
machine-building, shoe-making, paper-correcting, book-keeping, dressmaking, letter-writing, story-telling, town-planning, handwriting, sun-bathing, horse riding, churchgoing,
daydreaming
6、動(dòng)詞＋副詞：
stand-by, take-off, cut-off, breakdown
7、副詞＋名詞：
downfall, rainfall, outhouse
8、現(xiàn)在分詞＋名詞：
running dog, running water, flying fish, rising sun, burning stick,
9、名詞＋介詞＋名詞：
man-of-war, editor-in-chief,
10、名詞＋連詞字母＋名詞：
handiwork, nowadays
afternoon, inland, overbalance
二、合成形容詞
1、形容詞＋名詞＋ed：
five-storeyed, one-eyed, double-faced, blue-eyed,
2、名詞＋名詞＋ed：
honey-mouthed,
3、名詞／代詞＋分詞：
man-made, heart-broken, self-educated, snow-covered, man-eating, peace-loving, paper-making, ocean-going, heartfelt, handmade, home-made, sunburnt, weather-beaten
4、名詞／代詞＋形容詞：
color-blind, ice-cool, seasick, airsick, tax-free, grass-green, snow-white, rock-hard, sea-green
5、形容詞／數(shù)詞＋名詞：
full-time, high-grade, second-hand,
6、形容詞／數(shù)詞＋分詞：
ready-made, sleepy-looking, good-looking,
7、副詞＋分詞：
far-reaching, so-called, hard-working, far-reaching, well-meaning, newly-laid, well-meant, wide-spread
8、副詞＋形容詞：
ever-green, under-ripe,
9、形容詞＋形容詞：
dark-blue, red-hot, grey-green
10、介詞＋名詞：
downhill, overnight
三、合成副詞
1、形容詞＋名詞：
sometimes, meanwhile
2、副詞＋名詞：
oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead
3、介詞＋名詞：
alongside, beforehand
4、名詞＋形容詞：
skyhigh, stonestill,
5、副詞＋介詞：
nearby, upalong,
四、合成動(dòng)詞
1、 名詞＋動(dòng)詞：
overhear, underline
2、 形容詞＋動(dòng)詞：
moonwalk
3、 副詞＋動(dòng)詞：
white-wash, safeguard
五、其它合成詞
1、合成代詞：
everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything
2、合成介詞：
outside, inside, throughout
第二節(jié) 轉(zhuǎn)化法
不用借助構(gòu)詞詞綴，把一個(gè)單詞從一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種詞類的方法就是轉(zhuǎn)化法。由于詞類轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果，英語中就形成了大量外形相同但詞類不同的詞，即同形異類詞。轉(zhuǎn)化主要有如下幾種類型。
一、名詞起定語作用（類似名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞）：
space travel, television network, stone table, paper bag, water pipe, history teacher, college students
二、名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞：
boat?go boating, dust?to dust the desk, film?to film this story, mail?to mail, ship?to ship the goods, train?to train
三、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞：
slow?to slow down a little bit, dry?to dry your hands, wrong?to wrong sb, free?to free the slaves, narrow?to narrow the street,
四、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞：
to act?an act, to dress?a good dress, to doubt?without any doubt, to guide us?a local guide, to smell?a terrible smell, to love?love of one’s country, to taste?a good taste, to demand?a demand for more equal rights
五、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞：
chemical?dangerous chemicals, daily?China Daily, final?a maths final, native?a native
第三節(jié) 派生法
派生法又叫詞綴法，即在一個(gè)單詞前或其后加上詞綴，構(gòu)成新的單詞。中學(xué)英語中以派生法生成的詞匯占整個(gè)中學(xué)詞匯總量的25％。
一、前綴
一般說來前綴不會改變一個(gè)詞的詞性。
1、否定前綴
(1) un-
a. un +形容詞：unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, uncomfortable, unselfish, unusual, uncommon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, unforgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue
b. un+副詞：undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily
由un＋形容詞構(gòu)成的詞除了unknown, unseen, unfit等詞之外，其它詞都可變?yōu)榧?/span>-ly的副詞（個(gè)別形容詞尾需要變動(dòng)）。
c. un＋動(dòng)詞：uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack
(2) im＋形容詞：impossible, impolite
(3) in＋形容詞：incorrect, incomplete, invisible, independent
(4) ir＋形容詞：irregular
(5) mis＋動(dòng)詞：misspell, misunderstand, mistake
(6) dis-
a. dis＋名詞：dishonour, disease, discomfort
b. dis＋形容詞：dishonest, discouraged
c. dis＋動(dòng)詞：disappear, dislike, discover, disclose, disagree, discomfort, dismiss
2、表示空間、位置關(guān)系的前綴
(1) a－，大多加在音節(jié)較少的名詞或不及物動(dòng)詞上構(gòu)成新詞，表示“在……之上、向……、處于……狀態(tài)”：ahead, abroad, aside, alive, awake, above, about等。
(2) fore－，表示“在……前面”：forehead, foreground, forearm, foreleg
(3) in, il, im, ir表示“向……內(nèi) 在……內(nèi)”：inside, include, import
(4) inter－，表示“在……間、相互”：international
(5) intro－，表示“在（向）……內(nèi)”：introduce
(6) out－，表示“向外”：outside, outlook, outdoors, outflow
(7) over－，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead, overlook, overcoat, overcome, overtime, overgrow
(8) pre－，表示“在前”：prefix, preposition
(9) pro－，表示“在（向）前”：progress, programme
(10) sur－，表示“在……上”：surface, surround
(11) trans＿，表示“轉(zhuǎn)移”：translate
(12) under－，表示“在……下”：undergraound, underline
(13) up－，表示“向上”：upward, upset, upstairs
(14) be－，表示“在，靠近”：before, behind, below, between, beyond
(15)ex－，表示“向外，從……出來”：exchange, export
(16) tele－，表示“遠(yuǎn)”：telephone, television, telegram, telegraph
3、表示時(shí)間、序列關(guān)系的前綴
(1) fore－，表示“在前，預(yù)先”：foreword, foresight, foretell
(2) mid－，表示“中間”：midnight, midsummer, midautumn
(3) post－，表示“在……后”：postwar, postlistening
(4) re－，表示“重復(fù)”：review, retell, rewrite, replace, return, rebuild
(5) extra－，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary
(6) over－，表示“超過”： overcome, overeat, overpass
(7) super－，表示“極、超”：supermarket, superpower, superman, superpower
4、表示共同、相等關(guān)系
(1) com－（在b, m, p前），col－，con－，cor－（com在g, l, r及其它輔音前）：company, cnnect, correct
(2) co－：cooperate, coexist
(3) sym－：sympathy, symphony
5、表示整個(gè)、完全關(guān)系
(1) al－：alone, almost, altogether
(2) over－：overall, overflow, overfall
6、表示“離、離開”
(1) a－：arise, away, apart
(2) de－：depart, dewater, decolour
(3) se－：separate, select
(4) for－：forget, forgive
7、變換詞類作用的前綴
(1) en－／em－：enable, enlarge, enrich, enclose, empower
(2) ad－，ac－，af－，ag－，an－，ap－，ar－，as－，at－，（ad－在c, f, g, I, n, p, r , s, t前的變體）：adapt, across, affect, appear, arrange, assist, attend, attract
8、表示加強(qiáng)意義
(1) a－：ashamed, arouse, amuse
(2) ad－：address, admire, advise, advance
(3) be－：belong, believe
9、表示特殊意義
(1) arch－，表示“首位、主要”：architect
(2) auto－，表示“自動(dòng)”：automobile, autobiography
(3) magni－，表示“大”：maginificent
(4) micro－，表示“微小”：microscope, Microsoft, microcomputer
(5) bi－，表示“數(shù)量”：biweekly, bicycle, bimonthly
(6) mini－，表示“小型”：minibus, miniskirt, mini-factory, mini-market
二、后綴
后綴是指在一個(gè)詞的尾部加上一個(gè)詞綴構(gòu)成新的詞。后綴往往會改變一個(gè)詞的詞性。常用后綴大約有96個(gè)，大致可分為五類。
1、名詞后綴
(1) 構(gòu)成表示人的名詞后綴
a. 動(dòng)詞＋er表示人：traveller, hunter, reader, worker, keeper, driver, listener, discoverer, reporter, owner, speaker, weaver, winner, buyer, leader, runner, swimmer, ruler, viewer
b. 名詞＋er表示人或物：villager, prisoner, geographer, farmer, lawyer, cooker
c. 形容詞＋er表示人：foreigner, stranger, southerner
d. 動(dòng)詞＋or表示人：actor, director, inventor, operator, governor, professor, conductor, visitor, sailor
e. 名詞＋eer表示人：engineer, volunteer, mountaineer, pioneer
f. 名詞（動(dòng)詞）＋ress表示女性：actress, waitress, authouress, millionaires, tailoress, tigeress
g. 名詞＋cian：mathematician, physician, politician, musician
h. 名詞＋ese：Chinese, Japanese, Portugese, Taiwanese, Cantanese
i. 名詞＋an：American, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Hungarian, Indian, Italian, Russian
j. 名詞（或－al結(jié)尾的形容詞）＋ist：artist, communist, novelist, physicist, violinist, pianist, naturalist, socialist, scientist, typist
(2) 構(gòu)成抽象名詞與集合名詞的后綴
a. 動(dòng)詞＋age：package, marriage, carriage, postage, storage, luggage, baggage, percentage
b. 動(dòng)詞＋ure：failure, pleasure, pressure, mixture, fixture
c. 形容詞＋ity：majority, electricity, activity, equality, possiblility, ablility
d. 動(dòng)詞＋ment：argument, judgement, achievement, astonishement, development, excitement, encouragement, movement, government, punishment, treatment, statement, department, enrichment
e. 動(dòng)詞＋ion/sion/ation/action/cation/ition：education, graduation, translation, separation, operation, celebration, congratulation, action, invention, attraction, connection, election, collection, devotion, pollution, decision, division, attention, description, production, redution, revision, permission, examination, explanation, consideration, invitation, imagination, pronunciation, satisfaction, addition, repetition, competition
f. 名詞／形容詞／動(dòng)詞＋ery/ry：bravery, discovery, machinery, slavery, chemistry
g. 形容詞／動(dòng)詞＋y： difficulty, honesty, safety, activity, injury, unity, discovery
h. 動(dòng)詞＋al：arrival, survival, burial, proposal, disapproval, refusal
i. 名詞／形容詞＋ship：friendship, leadership, hardship, citizenship, comradeship, professorship, warship, memberhip
j. 名詞＋hood：boyhood, girlhood, childhood, neighbourhood, manhood
k. 動(dòng)詞＋ance/ence：appearance, entrance, guidance, difference, reference
l.. 形容詞／動(dòng)詞＋th：truth, length, youth, strength, depth, wealth, warmth, width, growth
m. 形容詞／名詞＋dom：wisdom, freedom, kingdom
n. 形容詞／名詞＋ism：communism, socialism, Marxism, imperialism
o. 動(dòng)詞＋ing：building, feeling, dancing, meeting
p. 形容詞＋ness：kindness, illness, sickness, brightness, selfness, correctness, happiness, darkness, weakness, carelessness
2、形容詞后綴
(1) 名詞／動(dòng)詞＋able/ible：valuable, reasonable, comfortable, countable, enjoyable, horrible, terrible, responsible
(2) 名詞＋al/ia/ual：cultural, agricultural, natural, physical, musical, practical, national, technical, industrial, material, actual
(3) 名詞＋ic/ical：electric, basic, electric, atomic, plastic, magic, scientific, electrical, historical, medical, chemical, physical
(4) 名詞＋ish：foolish, childish, womanish, Spanish, British, English
(5) 名詞／動(dòng)詞＋ful：careful, powerful., tearful, beautiful, hopeful, wonderful, fearful, thankful, harmful, useful, frightful
(6) 名詞／動(dòng)詞＋less：careless, hopeless, useless, harmless, homeless, wireless, endless, selfless, powerless, fearless, valueless
(7) 名詞＋ar：regular, particular,
(8) 名詞＋ary：revolutionary, extraordinary, contrary
(9) 名詞／形容詞＋ly：friendly, motherly, brotherly, monthly, weakly, wooly, lovely, lively, lonely
(10) 名詞＋en：wooden, woolen, golden,
(11) 名詞＋ern：eastern, western, northern, southern
(12) 名詞＋y：cloudly, sunny, shiny, windy, rainy, snowy, lucky, salty, hilly, funny, healthy, sleepy, foggy, dusty, lucky, muddy, wealthy, noisy, easy, dirty, thirsty, angry, hungry, smoky, sandy
(13) 名詞＋ous/ious：dangerous, famous, nervous, poisonous, serious, curious, various, mountainous, homourous
(14) 名詞／動(dòng)詞＋some：handsome, troublesome, tiresome
(15) 動(dòng)詞＋ant：pleasant, excellent
(16) 動(dòng)詞＋ive(atove)：active, expensive, talkactive, comparative, relative
(17) 動(dòng)詞＋ed：excited, learned, tired, interested, surprised, pleased
(18) 動(dòng)詞＋ing：interesting, moving, exciting, tiring, surprising
3、副詞后綴
(1) 形容詞＋ly：badly, nearly, mostly, quickly, roughtly, quietly, sliently, sadly, slowly, commonly, softly, frequently, rapidly, deeply, slightly, lightly, fairly, smartly, certainly, excitedly, curiously, firmly, sliently, constantly, seriously, particularly, coldly, suddenly, freely, highly, lately, finely, politely, completely, widely, immediately, unfortunately, surely, closely, truly, wholly, probably, simply, possibly, impossibly, getly, terribly, easily, busily, happily, heavily, angrily, prettily, hungrily, shyly, dryly, carefully, finally, usually, actually, really, naturally, beautifully, dully, fully, scientifically, phsically
(2) 名詞／介詞＋ward/wards：northward, southward, eastward, westeward, downward, upward, backward, forward, toward, afterwards
4、動(dòng)詞后綴
(1) 形容詞／名詞＋en：
deepen, broaden, widen, darken, weaken, sharpen, blacken, redden, whiten, tighten, stengthen, lengthen, heighten
(2) 形容詞／名詞＋fy：beautify, satisfy, electrify, purify, terrify
(3) 名詞／形容詞＋ ize/ise：realize, modernize
(4) －ate／由外來詞構(gòu)成：libreate, educate, operate, translate, graduate, separate, celebrate, congratulate
(5) －ish／由外來詞構(gòu)成：finish, publish, astonish
(6) 形容詞＋en：enable, enlarge, enrich
5、數(shù)詞后綴
(1) 基數(shù)詞＋teen：thirteen, fourteenk fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen
(2) 基數(shù)詞＋ty：twenty, thirty, forty, fifty
(3) 基數(shù)詞＋th：fourth, fifth, sixth, eighth, ninth
三、中綴
在英語有些詞在結(jié)合時(shí)，需要有一個(gè)中間的起連接作用的中綴，這類詞匯不多，常見的中綴是字母―s―。如：salesgirl, salesman, townspeople, townsman。
第四節(jié) 縮略法
縮略法是把原有的詞匯通過縮短，在讀音和寫法一呈現(xiàn)新的形式，這種構(gòu)詞方式用得很普遍，特別是近幾年來，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)生了很多新的縮略詞?？s略法構(gòu)詞主要有如下幾種。
一、剪切法（clipping）
剪切法的含義是從某個(gè)詞的完整形式中刪除一個(gè)或更多音節(jié)，這種方法構(gòu)成的詞匯往往認(rèn)為是非正式的。
1、剪切原詞的開始部分：omnibus---bus, bicycle---cycle, airplane/aeroplane---plane, taxicab---cab, telephone---phone
2、剪切原詞的末尾部分：advertisment---ad, examination---exam, photograph--- photo, taxicab---taxi, laboratory---lab, public house---pub
(3) 剪切原詞的中間部分：foot/feet---ft, half---hf, Greek---GK, yard---yd, year---yr, continued---contd
(4) 剪切原詞的兩端部分, 保留中間的部分字母：infludenza---flu, refiderator---fridge
二、混成法 (blending)
混成法是由兩個(gè)詞混合或緊縮而成為一個(gè)復(fù)合詞的方法。這種復(fù)合詞都保留了原來兩個(gè)詞的一部分，其后半表示主體，前半部分表示屬性。
breakfast＋luch? brunch smoke＋fog? smog motor＋hotel?motel boat＋motor?botor news＋broadcast?newscast television＋braodcast?telecast
cheese＋hamburger?cheeseburger beef＋hamburger?beefburger
European＋television?Eurovision
三、用首字母縮略（acronym）
大量的縮略語是其所含各個(gè)成分的第一個(gè)字母或多個(gè)字母構(gòu)成的，由這種方式楊成的詞叫做首字母縮略語 (acronym)。
(1) 按首字母拼讀的縮略語：British Broadcasting Corporation---BBC, European Economic Community---EEC, United Nations---UN, Unidentified Flying Object---UFO, Very Important Person---VIP, Do-it-yourself---DIY, World Tread Organization---WTO
(2) 象單詞一樣拼讀的首字母縮略語：North Atlantic Treaty Organization---NATO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization---UNESCO, lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation---laser, acquired immunity deficiency syndrome---AIDS
